Algebra and Trigonometry

Eleventh Edition

Chapter 1

Edited by:
Dr. Mohamad Hammoudi

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 Chapter 1 Topics

• 1.5 Solving Inequalities

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 1.5 Solving Inequalities

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 Learning Objectives

1. Use Interval Notation

2. Use Properties of Inequalities
3. Solve Inequalities
4. Solve Combined Inequalities

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 LO 1: Use Interval Notation

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 Definition 1

An open interval, denoted by (a, b), consists of all real

number x for which a < x < b.
A closed interval, denoted by [a, b], consists of all real
number x for which a  x  b.
The half-open, or half-closed, intervalsa arex(a,b,b],
consisting of all real number x for which
and [a, b), consisting of all real number x for which
a  x  b.

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 Interval Notation

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 Example 1

Writing Inequalities Using Interval Notation

Write each inequality using interval notation.

(a) 1  x  3
(b) 4  x  0
(c) x  5
(d) x  1

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 Solution 1

(a) 1  x  3 describes all real numbers x between 1

and 3, inclusive. In interval notation, we write 1,3.
(b) In interval notation, 4  x  0 is written  4,0  .
(c) In interval notation, x  5 is written  5,   .
(d) In interval notation, x  1 is written  ,1.

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 Example 2

Writing Intervals Using Inequality Notation

Write each interval as an inequality involving x.
(a) 1, 4 
(b)  2,  
(c)  2,3
(d)  , 3

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 Solution 2

(a) 1, 4  consists of all real numbers x for which 1  x  4.

(b)  2,   consists of all real numbers x for which x  2.

(c)  2, 3 consists of all real numbers x for which 2  x  3.

(d)  ,  3 consists of all real numbers x for which

is written x  3.

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 LO 2: Use Properties of Inequalities

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 Nonnegative Property

For any real number a,

a2  0 (1)

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 Addition Property of Inequalities (1 of 2)

For real numbers a, b, and c,

If a  b, then a  c  b  c. (2a)

If a  b, then a  c  b  c. (2b)

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 Addition Property of Inequalities (2 of 2)

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 Multiplication Properties for
Inequalities

For real numbers a, b and c,

If a  b and if c  0, then ac  bc.
(3a)
If a  b and if c  0, then ac  bc.

If a  b and if c  0, then ac  bc.

(3b)
If a  b and if c  0, then ac  bc.

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 Reciprocal Property for Inequalities

1 1
If a  0, then  0. If  0, then a  0. (4a)
a a

1 1
If a  0, then  0. If  0, then a  0. (4b)
a a

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 LO 3: Solve Inequalities

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 Procedures That Leave the Inequality
Symbol Unchanged
1. Simplify both sides of the inequality by combining like terms
and eliminating parentheses:
Replace x  2  6  2 x  5  x  1
by x  8  7x  5
2. Add or subtract the same expression on both sides of the
inequality:
Replace 3x  5  4
by  3x  5  5  4  5
3. Multiply or divide both sides of the inequality by the same
positive expression:
4 x 16
Replace 4 x  6 by 
4 4
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 Procedures That Reverse the Sense
or Direction of the Inequality Symbol
1. Interchange the two sides of the inequality:

Replace 3  x by x  3

2. Multiply or divide both sides of the inequality by the same

negative expression:

2 x 6
Replace 2 x  6 by 
2 2

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 Example 3

Solving an Inequality
Solve the inequality 4 x  7  2 x  3, and graph the
solution set.

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 Solution 3

4x  7  2x  3
4x  7  7  2x  3  7 Subtract 7 from both sides.
4 x  2 x  10 Simplify.
4 x  2 x  2 x  10  2 x Subtract 2x from both sides.
2 x  10 Simplify.
2x 10 Divide both sides by 2. (The direction
 of the inequality symbol is unchanged.)
2 2
x  5 Simplify.

The solution set is  x | x  5 or, using interval notation, all numbers in
the interval  5,   . See Figure 4 for the graph.

Figure 4

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 LO 4: Solve Combined Inequalities

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 Example 4

Solving a Combined Inequality

Solve the inequality 5  3 x  2  1 and graph the
solution set.

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 Solution 4 (1 of 2)

Recall that the inequality

5  3x  2  1
is equivalent to the two inequalities
5  3 x  2 and 3x  2  1

Solve each of these inequalities separately.

5  3 x  2 3x  2  1
5 + 2  3 x  2 + 2 Add 2 to both sides. 3x  2 + 2  1 + 2
3  3x Simplify. 3x  3
3 3x 3x 3
 Divide both sides by 3. 
3 3 3 3
1  x Simplify. x 1

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 Solution 4 (2 of 2)

The solution set of the original pair of inequalities consists

of all x for which
1  x and x  1

This may be written more compactly as  x | 1  x  1 . In

interval notation, the solution is  1, 1 . See Figure 5 for the
graph.

Figure 5

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Algebra and Trigonometry
Eleventh Edition

Chapter 2

Edited by:
Dr. Mohamad Hammoudi

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 Chapter 2 Topics

2.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Intercepts

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 2.2 Graphs of Equations in Two
Variables; Intercepts; Symmetry

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 Learning Objectives

1. Graph Equations by Plotting Points

2. Find Intercepts from a Graph
3. Find Intercepts from an Equation

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 LO 1: Graph Equations by Plotting
Points

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 Example 1

Graphing an Equations by Plotting Points

Graph the equation: y  2 x  5

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 Solution 1 (1 of 2)

The graph consists of all points  x, y  that satisfy the equation. To locate
some of these points (and get an idea of the pattern of the graph), assign
some numbers to x, and find corresponding values for y.

By plotting these points and then connecting them, we obtain the graph
of the equation (a line), as shown in Figure 12 on next slide.
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 Solution 1 (2 of 2)

Figure 12

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 Example 2

Graphing an Equations by Plotting Points

Graph the equation: y  x 2

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 Solution 2 (1 of 2)

Table 1 provides several points on the graph. Plotting these

points and connecting them with a smooth curve gives the
graph (a parabola) shown in Figure 13 on next slide.
Table 1

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 Solution 2 (2 of 2)

Figure 13

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 LO 2: Find Intercepts from a Graph

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 Intercepts

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 Figure 2

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 LO 3: Find Intercepts from an
Equation

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 Procedure for Finding Intercepts

1. To find the x-intercept(s), if any, of the graph of an

equation, let y = 0 in the equation and solve for x,
where x is a real number.
2. To find the y-intercept(s), if any, of the graph of an
equation, let x = 0 in the equation and solve for y,
where y is a real number.

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 Example 3

Finding Intercepts from an Equation

Find the x-intercept(s) and the y-intercepts(s) of the graph
of y  x 2  4. Then graph y  x 2  4 by plotting points.

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 Solution 3 (1 of 4)

To find the x-intercept(s), let y = 0 and obtain the equation

x2  4  0 y  x 2  4 with y = 0
 x  2  x  2   0 Factor.

x  2  0 or x  2  0 Zero-Product Property

x  2 or x  2 Solve.

The equation has two solutions, −2 and 2. The x-intercepts

are −2 and 2.

To find the y-intercept(s), let x = 0 in the equation.

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 Solution 3 (2 of 4)

y  x2  4
 02  4  4
The y-intercepts is −4.

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 Solution 3 (3 of 4)
Table 2

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 Solution 3 (4 of 4)
Figure 16

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