Table 5.
2
5.2.1 DESIGN OF THRUST BLOCKS - 800 mm
ABOVE GR. WITH DIA. 800 mm - RISING MAIN II
1) Design data:
1.1 Dimensions of Thrust Block: Symbol Units
1) Concrete cover on top tcov m 1.00
2) Length of block L m 6.00
3) Width of block b m 4.50
4) Height of block h m 2.00
5) GL above base of block ht m 1.00
1.2 Pipe Parameters:
1) Angle of deviation α degrees 15.00
2) Diameter of pipe d m 0.80
3) Internal water pressure Pi t / sqm 86.32
4) Water Hammer pressure Ph t / sqm 98.14
5) Thickness of pipe t m 0.007
1.3 Soil Parameters:
1) Angle of internal friction of soil around
block fy degrees 26.00
2) Unit weight of soil around block γs kg / cum 1800.00
3) Angle of internal friction of strata below Φ degrees 30
4) Soil cohesion of strata co kg / sqm 4880
5) Bearing capacity of strata BC t / sqm 25
1.4 Concrete & Steel Parameters:
1) Grade of concrete M20
2) Density of concrete γc kg / cum 2500
3) Grade of steel Fe 415
4) Unit weight of steel γst kg / sqm 7850
2) Forces acting on the block:
A) Weight of the block
a) Weight of concrete
Wc = (b x h - 0.785 x (d)2 x L x γc Wc kg 127459.2
b) Weight of empty steel pipe
Wst = π x d x t x L x γst Wst kg 828.734
c) Weight of water in the pipe
Ww = 0.785 x (d)2 x L x γw Ww kg 3016.32
131304.25
Total vertical load of the block Fv kg 131304.25
B) Passive resistance by soil around the block
0.44 0.4383
2
Ppass = γs x (ht) x (1 + sin fy) Ppass kg / m 2304.558
2 x ( 1 - sin fy)
C) Thrust of force in pipe due to valve closure
Fp (wh) = (Pi + Ph) x A Fp (wh) kg 92731.731
D) Considering 'At rest pressure'
Po: pressure due to soil at height ht
Po = γs x ht x (1 - sin Φ)
Height of soil considered is 1 m above the base of the block
Po @ ht = 0 m Po (0m) kg / m2 0.00
and Po @ ht = 1 m Po (0m) kg / m2 900
Fo : Force acting due to average soil pressure
Fo = (Po (0m) + Po (1m) ) x ht Fo kg / m 450.00
2
To: Radial thrust per unit length of block
To = Fv x (b' - b/3) + Fo x h2
h1
where b' = b/2 2.25
Fv is in kg / m
h2 = point @ which Fo acts = (ht)/3 0.33
(since triangular distribution)
h1 = h/2 1
... To kg / m 16438.03
3) To check the length
For At rest condition
Length = Fp(bend) / To
Fp(bend) = T = thrust due to deflection in pipe
... L m 1.4724
But the length provided for passive pressure is more
Hence the greater length is adopted for further calculations
4) Stability Checks:
A) Stability against overturning (along width)
Fpass_L: Passive resist force
Fpass_L = Ppass x L Fpass_L kg 13827.35
Fp(bend): Horizontal thrust force in pipe due to bend
Fp(bend) = 2 x (Pi + Ph) x A x sin (α/2) Fp(bend) kg 24202.982
Fot_w: Overturning force
Fot_w = Fp(bend) - Fpass_L Fot_w kg 10375.64
Rbend: Resultant of force Fot & Fv 0.07902
Ale: Angle subtended by Rbend with Fv
Ale = tan-1 (For_w / Fv) Ale degrees 4.51
Rbend intersect base of the block at distance 'y' from center of block width
y = (h-cover-d/2) tan (ale) y m 0.05 0.05
<
cover=1.0m b/6 m 0.75
Resultant is within middle 1/3; hence Safe
B) Stability against overturning (along length)
Fpass_b: Passive resist force
Fpass_b = Ppass x b Fpass_b kg 10370.509
Fot_L: Overturning force
Fot_L = Fp(wh) - Fpass_b Fot_L kg 82361.22
Rwh: Resultant of force Fot & Fv
Θ : Angle subtended by Rwh with Fv 0.62725
Θ = tan-1 (Fot_L / Fv) Θ degrees 32.09
Rwh intersect base of the block at distance 'x' from center of block length
x = (h-cover-d/2) tan (Θ) y m 0.38
<
L/6 m 1.00
Resultant is within middle 1/3; hence Safe
C) Stability against sliding
Resisting frictional force developed is given by
Fr = c' x L x b + Fv x tanΘ
where c' = 0.67 co c' kg / sqm 3269.60
... Fr kg 164081.146
Factor of safety
Ns = Fr /Fp (bend) Ns 6.78
should be greater than 1.5 > 1.5
Hence safe
Also,
Ns = Fr /Fp (wh) Ns 1.77
should be greater than 1.5 > 1.5
Hence safe
5) Check for bearing capacity
Bearing capacity of the strata BC t / sqm 25.00
Load intensity of the block
Fv/base area t / sqm 4.86
Check for stresses developed at the base of the block
Since the resultant is passing within the middle third
.. . Y = e e m 0.05
Hence maximum and minimum upward pressure
acting @ base of the sup
Pmax = Fv / A x (1 + 6 x e / b) Pmax t / sqm 4.57
should be less than bearing capacity < BC
Hence safe
Pmin = Fv / A x (1 - 6 x e / b) Pmin t / sqm 5.19
should be greater than zero >0
Hence safe
Load intensity of the block < B C of the strata; therefore safe.
6) Steel Reinforcement
Weight of steel reinforcement provided is 5 kg/sqm of surface area
Surface area of block (including around
the pipes) Sa sqm 193.58
Weight of steel reinforcement Ws kg 968
Thus provide steel both ways on all faces & around the pipe 10 # 250 c/c
Table 5.2
5.2.1 DESIGN OF THRUST BLOCKS - 2000 mm
ABOVE GR. WITH DIA. 2000 mm - RISING MAIN II
1) Design data:
1.1 Dimensions of Thrust Block: Symbol Units
1) Concrete cover on top tcov m 0.50
2) Length of block L m 7.0
3) Width of block b m 4.50
4) Height of block h m 5.50
5) GL above base of block ht m 2.00
1.2 Pipe Parameters:
1) Angle of deviation α degrees 18.00
2) Diameter of pipe d m 2.00
3) Internal water pressure Pi t / sqm 10.00
4) Water Hammer pressure Ph t / sqm 40.00
5) Thickness of pipe t m 0.012
1.3 Soil Parameters:
1) Angle of internal friction of soil around
block fy degrees 30.00
2) Unit weight of soil around block γs kg / cum 1600.00
3) Angle of internal friction of strata below Φ degrees 30
4) Soil cohesion of strata co kg / sqm 4880
5) Bearing capacity of strata BC t / sqm 25
1.4 Concrete & Steel Parameters:
1) Grade of concrete M20
2) Density of concrete γc kg / cum 2500
3) Grade of steel Fe 415
4) Unit weight of steel γst kg / sqm 7850
2) Forces acting on the block:
A) Weight of the block
a) Weight of concrete
Wc = (b x h - 0.785 x (d)2 x L x γc Wc kg 378140
b) Weight of empty steel pipe
Wst = π x d x t x L x γst Wst kg 4143.670
c) Weight of water in the pipe
Ww = 0.785 x (d)2 x L x γw Ww kg 21994.00
404277.67
Total vertical load of the block Fv kg 404277.67
B) Passive resistance by soil around the block
0.5
2
Ppass = γs x (ht) x (1 + sin fy) Ppass kg / m 9600.000
2 x ( 1 - sin fy)
C) Thrust of force in pipe due to valve closure
Fp (wh) = (Pi + Ph) x A Fp (wh) kg 157100
D) Considering 'At rest pressure'
Po: pressure due to soil at height ht
Po = γs x ht x (1 - sin Φ)
Height of soil considered is 1 m above the base of the block
Po @ ht = 0 m Po (0m) kg / m2 0.00
2
and Po @ ht = 2 m Po (0m) kg / m 1600
Fo : Force acting due to average soil pressure
Fo = (Po (0m) + Po (1m) ) x ht Fo kg / m 1600.00
2
To: Radial thrust per unit length of block
To = Fv x (b' - b/3) + Fo x h2
h1
where b' = b/2 2.25
Fv is in kg / m
h2 = point @ which Fo acts = (ht)/3 0.67
(since triangular distribution)
h1 = h/2 2.75
... To kg / m 15806.49
3) To check the length
For At rest condition
Length = Fp(bend) / To
Fp(bend) = T = thrust due to deflection in pipe
.
. . L m 6.1622
But the length provided for passive pressure is more
Hence the greater length is adopted for further calculations
4) Stability Checks:
A) Stability against overturning (along width)
Fpass_L: Passive resist force
Fpass_L = Ppass x L Fpass_L kg 67200.00
Fp(bend): Horizontal thrust force in pipe due to bend
Fp(bend) = 2 x (Pi + Ph) x A x sin (α/2) Fp(bend) kg 97402
Fot_w: Overturning force
Fot_w = Fp(bend) - Fpass_L Fot_w kg 30202.00
Rbend: Resultant of force Fot & Fv 0.07471
Ale: Angle subtended by Rbend with Fv
Ale = tan-1 (For_w / Fv) Ale degrees 9.75
Rbend intersect base of the block at distance 'y' from center of block width
y = (h-cover-d/2) tan (ale) y m 0.30
<
cover=0.5m b/6 m 0.75
Resultant is within middle 1/3; hence Safe
B) Stability against overturning (along length)
Fpass_b: Passive resist force
Fpass_b = Ppass x b Fpass_b kg 43200
Fot_L: Overturning force
Fot_L = Fp(wh) - Fpass_b Fot_L kg 113900.00
Rwh: Resultant of force Fot & Fv
Θ : Angle subtended by Rwh with Fv 0.28174
Θ = tan-1 (Fot_L / Fv) Θ degrees 28.84
Rwh intersect base of the block at distance 'x' from center of block length
x = (h-cover-d/2) tan (Θ) y m 1.13
<
L/6 m 1.17
Resultant is within middle 1/3; hence Safe
C) Stability against sliding
Resisting frictional force developed is given by
Fr = c' x L x b + Fv x tanΘ
where c' = 0.67 co c' kg / sqm 3269.60
... Fr kg 216892.400
Factor of safety
Ns = Fr /Fp (bend) Ns 2.23
should be greater than 1.5 > 1.5
Hence safe
Also,
Ns = Fr /Fp (wh) Ns 1.38
should be greater than 1.5 > 1.5
Hence safe
5) Check for bearing capacity
Bearing capacity of the strata BC t / sqm 25.00
Load intensity of the block
Fv/base area t / sqm 12.83
Check for stresses developed at the base of the block
Since the resultant is passing within the middle third
.. . Y = e e m 0.30
Hence maximum and minimum upward pressure
acting @ base of the sup
Pmax = Fv / A x (1 + 6 x e / b) Pmax t / sqm 9.18
should be less than bearing capacity < BC
Hence safe
Pmin = Fv / A x (1 - 6 x e / b) Pmin t / sqm 21.33
should be greater than zero >0
Hence safe
Load intensity of the block < B C of the strata; therefore safe.
6) Steel Reinforcement
Weight of steel reinforcement provided is 5 kg/sqm of surface area
Surface area of block (including around
the pipes) Sa sqm 331.49
Weight of steel reinforcement Ws kg 1657
Thus provide steel both ways on all faces & around the pipe 10 # 250 c/c
0.30
Table 5.2
5.2.1 DESIGN OF THRUST BLOCKS - 2000 mm
ABOVE GR. WITH DIA. 2000 mm - RISING MAIN II
1) Design data:
1.1 Dimensions of Thrust Block: Symbol Units
1) Concrete cover on top tcov m 0.40
2) Length of block L m 5.0
3) Width of block b m 3.00
4) Height of block h m 3.50
5) GL above base of block ht m 4.30
1.2 Pipe Parameters:
1) Angle of deviation α degrees 45.00
2) Diameter of pipe d m 2.10
3) Internal water pressure Pi t / sqm 10.00
4) Water Hammer pressure Ph t / sqm 40.00
5) Thickness of pipe t m 0.012
1.3 Soil Parameters:
1) Angle of internal friction of soil around
block fy degrees 30.00
2) Unit weight of soil around block γs kg / cum 1600.00
3) Angle of internal friction of strata below Φ degrees 30
4) Soil cohesion of strata co kg / sqm 4880
5) Bearing capacity of strata BC t / sqm 25
1.4 Concrete & Steel Parameters:
1) Grade of concrete M20
2) Density of concrete γc kg / cum 2500
3) Grade of steel Fe 415
4) Unit weight of steel γst kg / sqm 7850
2) Forces acting on the block:
A) Weight of the block
a) Weight of concrete
Wc = (b x h - 0.785 x (d)2 x L x γc Wc kg 87949.313
b) Weight of empty steel pipe
Wst = π x d x t x L x γst Wst kg 3107.752
c) Weight of water in the pipe
Ww = 0.785 x (d)2 x L x γw Ww kg 17320.28
c) Weight of soil over pipe
E w= LxdxEcxEdw 20160.00
128537.34
Total vertical load of the block Fv kg 128537.34
B) Passive resistance by soil around the block
0.5
2
Ppass = γs x (ht) x (1 + sin fy) Ppass kg / m 44376.000
2 x ( 1 - sin fy)
C) Thrust of force in pipe due to valve closure
Fp (wh) = (Pi + Ph) x A Fp (wh) kg 173202.75
D) Considering 'At rest pressure'
Po: pressure due to soil at height ht
Po = γs x ht x (1 - sin Φ)
Height of soil considered is 1 m above the base of the block
Po @ ht = 0 m Po (0m) kg / m2 0.00
2
and Po @ ht = 2 m Po (0m) kg / m 3440
Fo : Force acting due to average soil pressure
Fo = (Po (0m) + Po (1m) ) x ht Fo kg / m 7396.00
2
To: Radial thrust per unit length of block
To = Fv x (b' - b/3) + Fo x h2
h1
where b' = b/2 1.5
Fv is in kg / m
h2 = point @ which Fo acts = (ht)/3 1.43
(since triangular distribution)
h1 = h/2 1.75
... To kg / m 8556.53
3) To check the length
For At rest condition
Length = Fp(bend) / To
Fp(bend) = T = thrust due to deflection in pipe
.
. . L m 12.5502
But the length provided for passive pressure is more
Hence the greater length is adopted for further calculations
4) Stability Checks:
A) Stability against overturning (along width)
Fpass_L: Passive resist force
Fpass_L = Ppass x L Fpass_L kg 221880.00
Fp(bend): Horizontal thrust force in pipe due to bend
Fp(bend) = 2 x (Pi + Ph) x A x sin (α/2) Fp(bend) kg 107385.71
Fot_w: Overturning force
Fot_w = Fp(bend) - Fpass_L Fot_w kg -114494.30
Rbend: Resultant of force Fot & Fv -0.89075
Ale: Angle subtended by Rbend with Fv
-1
Ale = tan (For_w / Fv) Ale degrees 9.75
Rbend intersect base of the block at distance 'y' from center of block width
y = (h-cover-d/2) tan (ale) y m -1.83
<
cover=0.5m b/6 m 0.50
Resultant is within middle 1/3; hence Safe
B) Stability against overturning (along length)
Fpass_b: Passive resist force
Fpass_b = Ppass x b Fpass_b kg 133128
Fot_L: Overturning force
Fot_L = Fp(wh) - Fpass_b Fot_L kg 40074.75
Rwh: Resultant of force Fot & Fv
Θ : Angle subtended by Rwh with Fv 0.31178
-1
Θ = tan (Fot_L / Fv) Θ degrees 28.84
Rwh intersect base of the block at distance 'x' from center of block length
x = (h-cover-d/2) tan (Θ) y m 0.64
<
L/6 m 0.83
Resultant is within middle 1/3; hence Safe
C) Stability against sliding
Resisting frictional force developed is given by
Fr = c' x L x b + Fv x tanΘ
where c' = 0.67 co c' kg / sqm 3269.60
.
. . Fr kg 89118.750
Factor of safety
Ns = Fr /Fp (bend) Ns 0.83
should be greater than 1.5 > 1.5
Hence safe
Also,
Ns = Fr /Fp (wh) Ns 0.51
should be greater than 1.5 > 1.5
Hence safe
5) Check for bearing capacity
Bearing capacity of the strata BC t / sqm 25.00
Load intensity of the block
Fv/base area t / sqm 8.57
Check for stresses developed at the base of the block
Since the resultant is passing within the middle third
.
. .Y=e e m -1.83
Hence maximum and minimum upward pressure
acting @ base of the sup
Pmax = Fv / A x (1 + 6 x e / b) Pmax t / sqm -3.23
should be less than bearing capacity < BC
Hence safe
Pmin = Fv / A x (1 - 6 x e / b) Pmin t / sqm 1.84
should be greater than zero >0
Hence safe
Load intensity of the block < B C of the strata; therefore safe.
6) Steel Reinforcement
Weight of steel reinforcement provided is 5 kg/sqm of surface area
Surface area of block (including around
the pipes) Sa sqm 212.19
Weight of steel reinforcement Ws kg 1061
Thus provide steel both ways on all faces & around the pipe 10 # 250 c/c
-1.83
