Ministry of higher education and

Scientific researcher
Faculty of Law
Department of Politics and International Relations
Stage 2

Conjunction
Prepared by:

Jwan Abduljabar

znar yousf

Supervised by:

Mr. Mukhlis

(2023-2024)
 Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
what are the different types of conjunctions ........................................ 2
what is the difference between coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions ........................................................................................ 3
what are some examples of coordinating conjunctions ....................... 4
what are some examples of subordinating conjunctions ...................... 4
what is the function of coordinating conjunctions in a sentence.......... 5
what is the difference between a subordinating conjunction and a
coordinating conjunction..................................................................... 5
what are some examples of sentences with subordinating conjunctions
............................................................................................................ 6
how do coordinating conjunctions affect sentence meaning ................ 6
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 7
Reference ............................................................................................ 8

i
 Introduction
A conjunction in grammar is a part of speech that connects words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences. It plays a crucial role in linking various elements within a
sentence to create coherent and structured communication. There are three main
types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Coordinating
conjunctions connect words or phrases of equal importance, subordinating
conjunctions join dependent clauses to independent clauses, and correlative
conjunctions work in pairs to link similar elements within a sentence.
Conjunctions help in forming complex sentences by establishing relationships
between different parts of speech.

1
 what are the different types of conjunctions
Conjunctions in grammar are classified into four main types: coordinating,
subordinating, correlative, and conjunctive adverbs.
Coordinating Conjunctions: These connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
that are equal in importance. Examples include "for," "and," "nor," "but," "or,"
"yet," and "so." Coordinating conjunctions help create smooth and coherent
sentences by linking elements of the same level.
Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating conjunctions link independent
clauses with dependent (subordinate) clauses. They establish relationships
between ideas by showing the dependence of one clause on the other. Examples
of subordinating conjunctions are "because," "although," "if," "when," and
"while."
Correlative Conjunctions: These conjunctions come in pairs and work together to
connect similar grammatical elements within a sentence. Common pairs include
"both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor," and "not only...but also." Correlative
conjunctions emphasize balance and parallelism in sentences.
Conjunctive Adverbs: While technically adverbs, conjunctive adverbs function as
conjunctions to link independent clauses. Examples include "however,"
"therefore," and "nevertheless." Conjunctive adverbs are used to show
relationships between ideas and often require specific punctuation rules for
correct usage.
Understanding the distinctions between these types of conjunctions is essential
for constructing clear and effective sentences in written and verbal
communication

2
 what is the difference between coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions
The main difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions lies in
how they connect clauses within a sentence:
Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions link two or more words, phrases,
or clauses of equal importance. They create a compound sentence by connecting
independent clauses that can stand alone. Examples of coordinating conjunctions
include "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "yet," and "so." Coordinating conjunctions
form a weak connection between elements and are placed between two
independent clauses, often requiring a comma before them.
Subordinating Conjunctions: In contrast, subordinating conjunctions join a
dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent clause. They establish a
relationship where one clause is dependent on the other. Subordinating
conjunctions emphasize the main clause over the subordinate clause and create a
complex sentence structure. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include
"after," "because," "if," "since," "while," and "although." Subordinating
conjunctions form a strong connection between elements and are typically found
at the beginning of a sentence or between clauses.
Understanding the distinction between coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions is essential for constructing sentences with varying levels of
importance and complexity

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 what are some examples of coordinating conjunctions
Examples of coordinating conjunctions include:
For: "I went to the store for milk."
And: "I went to the store and bought milk."
Nor: "I don't like pizza, nor do I like pasta."
But: "I like pizza, but I don't like pasta."
Or: "I can go to the store, or I can stay home."
Yet: "I am tired, yet I still want to go out."
So: "I was tired, so I went to bed."
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two independent clauses or phrases in
a sentence, emphasizing contrast, choice, reason, or result. They play a crucial
role in creating compound sentences and should be preceded by a comma when
joining two independent clauses

what are some examples of subordinating conjunctions

Some examples of subordinating conjunctions include:
Comparison: as much as, rather than, than
Concession: although, despite, even though
Condition: even if, in case, provided that
Manner: as if, as though
Place: where, wherever
Reason: because, since, so that
Time: after, before, once
These subordinating conjunctions play a crucial role in connecting dependent
clauses to independent clauses, indicating various relationships such as
comparison, concession, condition, manner, place, reason, and time within a
sentence

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 what is the function of coordinating conjunctions in a sentence
The function of coordinating conjunctions in a sentence is to connect words,
phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance. Coordinating conjunctions join
elements that are independent and can stand alone as complete sentences. They
are used to create compound sentences by linking related ideas, showing contrast,
providing choices, or indicating reason or result. Examples of coordinating
conjunctions include "for," "and," "nor," "but," "or," "yet," and "so." These
conjunctions play a crucial role in structuring sentences and maintaining
coherence by linking elements of the same level within a sentence

what is the difference between a subordinating conjunction and a

coordinating conjunction
The difference between a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating
conjunction lies in how they connect clauses within a sentence:
Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions link two or more words,
phrases, or clauses of equal importance. They form a weak connection between
elements and are used to create compound sentences by joining independent
clauses that can stand alone. Examples include "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for,"
"yet," and "so."
Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent
(subordinate) clause to an independent clause. They establish a strong connection
between elements by linking an independent clause (main clause) with a
dependent clause that cannot stand alone. Subordinating conjunctions emphasize
the main clause over the subordinate clause and are used to create complex
sentences. Examples include "because," "although," "if," "since," and "while."
In summary, coordinating conjunctions connect independent elements of equal
importance, while subordinating conjunctions link dependent clauses to
independent clauses, emphasizing the relationship between the clauses within a
sentence

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what are some examples of sentences with subordinating conjunctions
Here are some examples of sentences with subordinating conjunctions:
"Keep your hand on the wound until the bleeding stops." (Time - "until")
"Steve will sleep wherever there's a bed." (Place - "wherever")
"She left early because Tony arrived with his new girlfriend." (Reason -
"because")
"If it rains, the bet is off." (Condition - "if")
"Even though she has no money, she will still look a million dollars." (Concession
- "even though")
These sentences demonstrate how subordinating conjunctions are used to link a
subordinate clause to a main clause, indicating relationships such as time, place,
reason, condition, or concession within a sentence

how do coordinating conjunctions affect sentence meaning

Coordinating conjunctions play a significant role in shaping sentence meaning by
connecting ideas, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. They help establish
relationships between different parts of a sentence, indicating connections such
as addition, contrast, choice, reason, or result. By using coordinating conjunctions
like "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "yet," and "so," writers can create compound
sentences that flow logically and convey specific relationships between the
connected elements. These conjunctions influence the overall coherence and
clarity of a sentence by structuring the relationship between the ideas being
presented

6
 Conclusion
A conjunction in grammar is a part of speech used to connect words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences. It serves as the glue that holds thoughts together, linking
different elements within a sentence. There are three main types of conjunctions:
coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Coordinating conjunctions join
equals, such as "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," and "yet," while
subordinating conjunctions connect unequal elements by introducing dependent
clauses to independent clauses. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to
emphasize relationships between ideas. Conjunctions play a vital role in sentence
structure by establishing connections and creating more complex and coherent
sentences.

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 Reference

1. Greenblatt, Stephen (2006). The Norton Anthology of British Literature,

8th Ed. Vol. D. New York: Norton. p. 478.
2. ^ Richard Nordquist. "Is It Wrong to Begin a Sentence with 'But'?".
Grammar.about.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14.
Retrieved 2015-11-26.
3. ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2001). Legal Writing in Plain English: A Text with
Exercises. The University of Chicago Press. p. 20
4. https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-coordinating-and-
subordinating-conjunction.html#google_vignette
5. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Thomas Egerton, 1813.
6. Wilde, Oscar. "The Importance of Being Earnest." Dover Publications,
1895.