5 Marks Questions:

Q.Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement of

1920-22.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920
as a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the harshness of British
rule. Gandhi called for the boycott of foreign goods, government institutions,
and schools, and encouraged non-violence. The movement was successful in
mobilizing large sections of Indian society, especially the youth and women,
but it was called off in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, where violence
broke out.

Q.Discuss the importance of water conservation in India. Explain different

methods of water conservation.
Answer:
Water conservation is crucial for India due to the increasing demand for water
and frequent water scarcity in many parts of the country. Key methods of
water conservation include:
Rainwater harvesting: Collecting rainwater to recharge groundwater levels.
Watershed management: Using water sources in a way that ensures they
remain sustainable.
Drip irrigation: A technique that delivers water directly to the roots of plants to
reduce wastage.

Q.Explain the federal structure of India. How is power divided between the
Central and State governments?
Answer:
India follows a federal system, where power is shared between the central
government and state governments. The Union List (subjects under the central
government), State List (subjects under the state government), and Concurrent
List (subjects that both can legislate on) are defined in the Constitution. The
central government handles national issues (like defense), while state
governments handle local matters (like education, police). In case of conflict,
the central law prevails.
Q. Explain the impact of globalization on India’s economy, both positive and
negative.
Answer:
Positive impact: Globalization has led to the liberalization of trade, opening up
new markets for Indian goods. It has improved foreign investment, created
jobs, and introduced modern technology.
Negative impact: It has led to increased inequality, as the benefits are more
concentrated in urban areas. Small-scale industries often struggle to compete
with multinational corporations. It has also contributed to environmental
degradation.

Q.Discuss the causes and effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on the
global economy.
Answer:
The Great Depression was caused by a stock market crash in the United States,
overproduction in industries, and unequal distribution of wealth. Its effects
were global, with mass unemployment, bankruptcy of banks, and a decline in
trade. Countries like Germany and Japan faced economic challenges, which
contributed to the rise of extreme ideologies like Nazism and militarism.

4 Marks Questions:

Q.What were the causes and effects of the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe?
Answer:
Causes: Economic hardship, demands for political reforms, and the influence of
the French Revolution inspired uprisings across Europe. People demanded
constitutional governments, national unity, and better working conditions.
Effects: While most revolutions were suppressed, they contributed to the rise
of nationalism and the demand for liberal reforms across Europe. Some
changes occurred in the form of constitutions and greater political rights.

Q.Explain the factors affecting the distribution of crops in India. Give

examples of major crops grown in India.
Answer:
Factors affecting crop distribution include climate, soil type, irrigation facilities,
and availability of labor. For example, rice is grown in states with high rainfall
and a warm climate, like West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Wheat is grown in the
northern plains, like Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, where the climate is cooler.
Cotton is grown in drier regions like Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Q.Discuss the various Fundamental Rights provided by the Indian

Constitution. Why are they important?
Answer:
The Fundamental Rights ensure the protection of individual freedoms and
promote equality. They include:
Right to Equality: No discrimination based on religion, race, caste, etc.
Right to Freedom: Freedom of speech, assembly, and movement.
Right to Education: Free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14.
Right to Life: Protection of personal liberty. These rights are essential for the
functioning of a democratic society and safeguarding individual dignity.

Q.What is the role of banks in providing credit? Explain the difference

between formal and informal credit sources.
Answer:
Banks provide credit by lending money to individuals and businesses for
various purposes like buying homes, expanding businesses, etc. Formal credit
sources are banks and financial institutions, where interest rates and
repayment terms are regulated. Informal credit sources include moneylenders
or relatives, where interest rates are often high and terms are unregulated.
Q.Explain the importance of the iron and steel industry in India. Where is it
mostly concentrated, and why?
Answer:
The iron and steel industry is crucial for economic development as it provides
raw materials for construction, transport, and other industries. It is mostly
concentrated in regions with easy access to raw materials like iron ore and
coal. Major steel-producing regions include Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Bhilai
(Chhattisgarh), and Rourkela (Odisha).

3 Marks Questions:

Q.What was the significance of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in shaping the
Indian national movement?
Answer:
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, where British troops opened fire on
unarmed Indians, sparked widespread anger across India. It galvanized the
Indian population against British rule and led to increased support for the non-
cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Q.Define resources. Explain the types of resources with examples.

Answer:
Resources are materials that satisfy human needs and are used for production.
They can be classified as:
Natural resources: Provided by nature (e.g., water, coal, forests).
Human resources: Skills, knowledge, and labor.
Capital resources: Tools, machines, and buildings used for production.
Q.What is power sharing? Explain with an example from Belgium.
Answer:
Power sharing refers to the division of power among different levels of
government and communities. In Belgium, power is shared between Dutch-
speaking and French-speaking communities, and the government ensures
equality and fairness in the distribution of power, preventing conflict between
communities.

Q.What is the importance of the tertiary sector in the economy of India?

Answer:
The tertiary sector, which includes services like banking, education, health, and
IT, is crucial for India's economic growth. It contributes significantly to GDP,
provides employment, and supports other sectors, making it vital for the
country’s development.

Q.Explain the significance of rivers in India. Why is there a need to conserve

them?
Answer:
Rivers in India provide water for drinking, irrigation, and transport. They
support agriculture and industry. However, pollution and overuse have led to
water scarcity in many regions. Conservation is necessary to ensure a
sustainable water supply for future generations.

2 Marks Questions:

Q.What is globalization? How did it change the world economy?

Answer:
Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries,
driven by trade, technology, and investment. It has led to the growth of
international trade, the spread of technology, and the rise of multinational
corporations, transforming the world economy.
Q.What are the major types of farming in India?
Answer: The major types of farming in India are:
Primitive subsistence farming: Small-scale farming with low productivity.
Intensive farming: High input of labor and capital, like rice cultivation in the
Gangetic plains.
Commercial farming: Large-scale production of cash crops like cotton and
sugarcane.

Q.What is the role of political parties in a democracy?

Answer: Political parties play a key role in a democracy by contesting elections,
forming governments, and representing the interests of the people. They
mobilize public opinion, frame policies, and help in the formation of public
agendas.

Q.How do different people view development?

Answer: People view development differently based on their needs and
aspirations. For some, development means economic growth and wealth. For
others, it may mean access to education, health care, or a clean environment.
Thus, development is a multidimensional concept.

Q.Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? How did he contribute to the unification of

Italy?
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian nationalist who played a key role in
the unification of Italy. He formed the secret society Young Italy and promoted
the idea of a united Italy through revolution. Though unsuccessful in his
lifetime, his ideas inspired later leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour.