AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by

SHOWKAR SAKTHI N -412420106064

In Partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI SAI RAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution; Affiliated to AnnaUniversity,Chennai-600025)

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI - 600 025

APRIL 2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this internship report “Python” and “Electric Panel Manufacturing
and PLC” are the Bonafide works of “SHOWKAR SAKTHI N (412420106064)”
who carried out the internship works in the “SHIASH INFO SOLUTIONS
PRIVATE LIMITED” and “PROSER AUTOMATION”.

Dr. S. Rajarajan, Professor Dr. G. ThamaraiSelvi, Professor

Dean/ Academics HoD/ ECE

Dr. P. Saravanan, Assoc. Prof Mrs. R. Janaki, Assoc. Prof

Strategist Talent Enabler

Mrs. K . Sivasankari, AP Mrs.S. Sweetline Shamini, AP

Placement facilitator Internship Incharge

Mrs .G. Valarmathi, Assoc. Prof

Student Mentor

Submitted for the internship review held on ________________________________at

Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai- 600 044.
 DETAILS OF INTERNSHIP

SECTION COMPANY MODE OF YEAR/SEM

NO NAME INTERNSHIP
I Shiash Info Online II/ IV
Solutions Private
Limited
II Proser Offline IV/ VIII
Automation
SECTION I
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION -I

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 1

1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 ABOUT THE COMPANY 2

2 PYTHON AND ITS PLATFORM 4

2.1 PYTHON 4
2.2 DJANGO 6

2.3 JUPYTER NOTEBOOK 7

3 TASKS AND IMPLEMENTATION 9

3.1 TASKS AND IMPLEMENTATION 9

USING SOFTWARE

4 DEEP LEARNING WITH PYTHON 12

4.1 DEEP LEARNING WITH PYTHON 12

5 IMPLEMENTING PYTHON WITH DEEP 14

LEARNING IN REAL TIME APPLICATION
5.1 TARIFF STROLL FOR MONETARY 14
TRADING USING DEEP LEARNING

6 CONCLUSION 17

6.1 IMPACT OF THE INTERNSHIP 17

 LIST OF FIGURES

SECTION II

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1 SHIASH COMPANY LOGO 3

2 PYTHON INTERFACE 4

3 DJANGO INTERFACE 7

4 JUPYTER NOTEBOOK INTERFACE 8

5 CODE IN JUPYTER NOTEBOOK 10

6 PYCHARM INTERFACE 10

7 DEEP LEARNING WITH PYTHON 13

8 SELLER LOGIN PAGE 15

9 PROPERTY SEARCH PAGE 16

10 BACK-END CODE IMPLEMENTATION 16

 ABSTRACT

In the programming languages, Python stands out as a versatile and powerful tool,
renowned for its simplicity and efficiency. This abstract encapsulates the enriching
experience of an internship journey centered around Python, understanding about its
various applications and functionalities at Shiash Info Solutions Private Limited. The
internship commenced with an exploration of Python's fundamentals, learning its
syntax, data structures, and control flow mechanisms. A strong foundation was
established through practical activities, promoting a thorough comprehension of
Python's fundamental ideas. As the internship progressed, focus shifted towards
Python's extensive libraries and frameworks. From web development using Django and
Jupyter Notebook, each module offered valuable insights into real-world applications
of Python across diverse domains. Moreover, the internship provided exposure to
Python's role in machine learning and artificial Intelligence.Collaborative projects
further enhanced the internship experience, offering opportunities to work alongside
seasoned developers and contribute to meaningful initiatives. In conclusion, this
internship journey served as a transformative experience, not only in mastering Python
as a programming language but also in cultivating essential skills for a successful career
in software development. The insights gained and challenges overcome have laid a solid
groundwork for future endeavors, underscoring the enduring significance of Python in
the ever-evolving landscape of technology.

1
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE COMPANY

Shiash Info Solutions is an IT services, Digital and Business solutions company based
in Chennai (India) providing Customized Software Development, Web Application
Development, Mobile Application Development and IT Consulting Services. We have
earned the pride of being one of the leading desktop & web based software solution
provider in India, we develop software solution that helps our customers to outperform
the competition and stay ahead in today’s competitive business environment. We firmly
believe that business needs can be only met when technology is in sync with business
process. At Shiash Info Solution , we provide multi-dimensional IT services that caters
to high-end internet strategy, software development and design solutions for corporate
clients all across the globe. We have a wide and varied range of products & services
that can suit the divergent needs of our large client base. We understand that for the
success of any project Time, Quality and Support has to be top class, for this our
planning & quality control team make sure that your projects are very planned &
designed to be delivered on time & also the quality of the project is more than what you
have expected. We rapidly transform our self-motivated ideas and concepts into new
products and applications along with improving application performance, thus,
reducing the complexities of business operations and accelerating the business output
or efficiency of our clients. To provide the best in class, creative, unique Software
Solutions that can solve all our client’s business problems that they face on day to day
bases. We provide software & solutions for companies of all sizes and all industry
sectors.

2
We thrive in achieving excellence in providing the best IT solutions to our clients so
that they can meet their business needs in the most effective and efficient way.

Fig.1 Company Logo

At Shiash Info Solutions we focus on high quality & timely delivery of our Services.
We provide cost effective and customized solutions. Our dedicated team provides you
solutions that make achieving business objectives easier and in a much efficient way.
We provide the highest standard of products to our client base belonging to all verticals.
We outsource IT services to different industries across the globe which includes
Complex Software Solutions, web application & Other IT services. Our team members
are young and trained. We listen and provide services to our clients that are tailor made
for their business. We have a sustainable base of clients who trust us for our quality
service in the field of Software & Web Application development.

Title of the Internship: Shiash Info Solutions Private Limited

Internship Period: 01/05/2022 to 30/07/2022 (90 Days)
Mode of Internship: Online

3
 CHAPTER 2

PYTHON AND ITS PLATFORM

2.1 PYTHON

Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Its design

philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation Python
is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming,
paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object oriented and
functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to
its comprehensive standard library.

Fig.2 Python Interface

Python's large standard library provides tools suited to many tasks, and is commonly
cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard
formats and protocols such as MIME and HTTP are supported. Some parts of the
standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the Web Server Gateway
Interface (WSGI) implementation follows PEP 333—but most are specified by their
code, internal documentation, and test suites. However, because most of the standard
library is cross-platform. Python supports modules and packages, which encourages
program modularity and code reuse. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard
4
library are available in source or binary form without charge for all major platforms,
and can be freely distributed. Often, programmers fall in love with Python because of
the increased productivity it provides. Since there is no compilation step, the edit-test-
debug cycle is incredibly fast. Debugging Python programs is easy: a bug or bad input
will never cause a segmentation fault. Instead, when the interpreter discovers an error,
it raises an exception. When the program doesn't catch the exception, the interpreter
prints a stack trace. A source level debugger allows inspection of local and global
variables, evaluation of arbitrary expressions, setting breakpoints, stepping through the
code a line at a time, and so on. The debugger is written in Python itself, testifying to
Python's introspective power. On the other hand, often the quickest way to debug a
program is to add a few print statements to the source: the fast edit-test-debug cycle
makes this simple approach very effective. Its high-level built in data structures,
combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for Rapid
Application Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect
existing components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes
readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Python is a high-
level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy
emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation Python is
dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming,
paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object oriented and
functional programming. There are various platforms or software that are used to
understand python and to use python in various applications.

For learning and testing purposes, software that are used

1. DJANGO
2. JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

5
2.2 DJANGO

Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and
clean, pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it takes care of much of the
hassle of web development, so you can focus on writing your app without needing to
reinvent the wheel. It’s free and open source. A framework is nothing more than a
collection of modules that make development easier. They are grouped together, and
allow you to create applications or websites from an existing source, instead of from
scratch. This is how websites – even simple ones designed by a single person – can still
include advanced functionality like authentication support, management and admin
panels, contact forms, comment boxes, file upload support, and more. In other words,
if you were creating a website from scratch you would need to develop these
components yourself. By using a framework instead, these components are already
built, you just need to configure them properly to match your site. Django websites
describes Django as “a high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid
development and clean, pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it takes care
of much of the hassle of Web development, so you can focus on writing your app
without needing to reinvent the wheel. It’s free and open source.” Django offers a big
collection of modules which you can use in your own projects. Primarily, frameworks
exist to save developers a lot of wasted time and headache. You might also be interested
in learning that Django was created with front-end developers in mind. “Django’s
template language is designed to feel comfortable and easy-to-learn to those used to
working with HTML, like designers and front-end developers. But it is also flexible and
highly extensible, allowing developers to argument. If you’re going to be working with
Python, especially for web applications or web design, you’ll want to remember the
Django framework. It will certainly come in handy.

6
 Fig.3 Django Interface

Thus the above figure 2.2 depicts the working and interface of the Django software.

2.3 JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

Project Jupyter is a non-profit, open-source project, born out of the IPython Project in
2014 as it evolved to support interactive data science and scientific computing across
all programming languages. Jupyter will always be 100% open-source software, free
for all to use and released under the liberal terms of the modified BSD license. Jupyter
is developed in the open on GitHub, through the consensus of the Jupyter community.
For more information on our governance approach, please see our Governance
Document. All online and in-person interactions and communications directly related
to the project are covered by the Jupyter Code of Conduct. This Code of Conduct sets
expectations to enable a diverse community of users and contributors to participate in
the project with respect and safety. Jupyter Notebook stands as a cornerstone in the
realm of interactive computing environments, offering a versatile platform for data
exploration, scientific research, and educational endeavors. Its intuitive interface
seamlessly blends code execution, visualization, and explanatory narrative,
empowering users to craft dynamic documents that marry computational insights with
textual explanations. Beyond its initial roots in Python, Jupyter's extensibility has
fostered a rich ecosystem, accommodating a multitude of programming languages
through diverse kernels. Markdown support further enhances its communicative
7
prowess, enabling users to intersperse code cells with formatted text, equations, and
multimedia elements. As a collaborative tool, Jupyter facilitates knowledge sharing and
reproducible research, with the ability to effortlessly disseminate notebooks through
various channels. Whether employed by data scientists, educators, or researchers,
Jupyter Notebook remains indispensable, embodying the fusion of computation and
communication in a single, accessible interface.

Fig.4 Interface of Jupyter Notebook

Thus the above fig 2.3 depicts the working interface of the Jupyter Notebook. The
Jupyter Notebook is quite useful not only for learning and teaching a programming
language such as Python but also for sharing your data. You can turn your Notebook
into a slideshow or share it online with GitHub. If you want to share a Notebook without
requiring your users to install anything, you can use binder for that. Project Jupyter
recently launched their latest product, JupyterLab. JupyterLab incorporates the Jupyter
Notebook into an Integrated Development type Editor that you run in your browser.
You can kind of think of JupyterLab as an advanced version of Jupyter Notebook.
JupyterLab allows you to run terminals, text editors and code consoles in your browser
in addition to Notebooks.

8
 CHAPTER 3
TASKS AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 TASKS AND IMPLEMENTATION USING SOFTWARE

During a Python internship, participants engage in a diverse array of tasks aimed at
honing their programming skills and understanding software development principles.
Initially, interns typically familiarize themselves with fundamental Python concepts
such as data types, control flow structures, and functions. They implement basic
programs to solidify their understanding of these concepts and gradually progress to
more complex problem-solving tasks. This often involves tackling coding challenges
on platforms like LeetCode or HackerRank, where interns focus on writing efficient
algorithms and producing clean, readable code. As interns advance, they delve into
specific domains of Python development, such as web development. They learn to use
frameworks like Django or Flask to build web applications, gaining expertise in
handling HTTP requests, routing, and integrating databases. Projects in this domain
might include developing a blog platform or a simple e-commerce site, providing
interns with practical experience in full-stack development. Another prominent area of
exploration during a Python internship is data analysis and visualization. Interns learn
to manipulate and analyze data using libraries like Pandas and NumPy, and visualize
insights using tools such as Matplotlib or Seaborn. They might work on projects
involving real-world datasets, such as analyzing customer behavior or predicting stock
prices, thus gaining proficiency in data-driven decision-making.

9
 Fig.5 Code implementation in Jupyter Notebook

Furthermore, interns are often introduced to machine learning concepts and libraries
such as scikit-learn or TensorFlow. They explore tasks like classification, regression,
or clustering, and work on projects like sentiment analysis or image recognition. This
provides them with valuable exposure to the burgeoning field of artificial intelligence
and its applications in various domains.

Fig.6 Pycharm Code Task

10
Throughout the internship, interns also learn essential software development practices
such as version control using Git and writing documentation for their code. They gain
experience in collaborative coding, contributing to open-source projects or working on
team projects hosted on platforms like GitHub. Additionally, they learn about writing
and running tests to ensure the reliability and correctness of their code. Ultimately, a
Python internship equips participants with a comprehensive skill set in software
development, preparing them for diverse roles in the industry and laying a solid
foundation for continued learning and growth. In conclusion, Python's versatility is
reflected in the breadth of tasks and activities it encompasses. From mastering
fundamental concepts to tackling algorithmic challenges and delving into specialized
domains like web development, data analysis, and machine learning, Python offers a
rich learning journey. Engaging in collaborative coding, version control, and real-world
projects further enhances proficiency and prepares individuals for diverse roles in the
ever-evolving landscape of technology. Python's ubiquity, coupled with its powerful
libraries and community support, makes it a cornerstone for aspiring developers and
seasoned professionals alike, fostering innovation and driving progress in the digital
age. These are about the various tasks and activities throughout the internship and also
various implementations in the software.

11
 CHAPTER 4
DEEP LEARNING WITH PYTHON

4.1 DEEP LEARNING USING PYTHON

Deep Learning is a part of machine learning that deals with algorithms inspired by the
structure and function of the human brain. It uses artificial neural networks to build
intelligent models and solve complex problems. We mostly use deep learning with
unstructured data. "Deep Learning with Python" embarks on a transformative odyssey
through the realms of artificial intelligence, where neural networks unravel complex
patterns from data, mimicking the intricate workings of the human brain. At its core,
deep learning leverages multi-layered neural architectures to extract meaningful
representations from raw input data, enabling machines to perform tasks like image
recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics with unprecedented
accuracy. Python serves as the lingua franca for this journey, with its versatile syntax
and rich ecosystem of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, and PyTorch providing the tools
to sculpt and deploy these cutting-edge algorithms. The expedition begins with a
foundational exploration of neural networks, unraveling the intricacies of neurons,
layers, activation functions, and loss functions. Through practical examples and hands-
on exercises, learners traverse the landscape of building and training neural networks,
mastering the art of data preprocessing, network design, and model optimization to
achieve peak performance. As the journey unfolds, learners venture deeper into the
realm of advanced architectures, encompassing convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
for image recognition, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for sequential data analysis,
and generative adversarial networks (GANs) for creative synthesis.

12
 Fig.7 Deep learning with python datasets

Transfer learning and model fine-tuning emerge as essential techniques, empowering

learners to leverage pre-trained models and adapt them to new tasks, while
considerations of model deployment and scalability illuminate the path towards real-
world applications. Moreover, the journey delves into the theoretical underpinnings of
deep learning, exploring optimization algorithms like stochastic gradient descent
(SGD), regularization techniques like dropout and batch normalization, and model
evaluation metrics like accuracy, precision, and recall. Through this comprehensive
immersion, learners not only cultivate practical skills in model development but also
gain a profound understanding of the underlying principles driving the revolution in
artificial intelligence. In essence, "Deep Learning with Python" transcends mere
instruction, guiding learners on an expedition into the frontiers of AI, where creativity
converges with computation to redefine the boundaries of possibility. Armed with
Python's expressive power and the insights gleaned from this journey, learners emerge
equipped to navigate the complexities of the digital landscape and contribute to the
vanguard of innovation shaping our collective future.

13
 CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTING PYTHON WITH DEEP LEARNING IN REAL
TIME APPLICATION

Implementing Python with deep learning in real-time applications involves leveraging

libraries like TensorFlow or PyTorch for model development, training, and inference.
Integrating these models into systems for tasks like image recognition, natural language
processing, or autonomous driving enables real-time decision-making and interaction,
powering various industries from healthcare to finance.

5.1 TARIFF STROLL FOR MONETARY TRADING USING DEEP LEARNING

Deep learning methods have recently seen a growing number of applications in
financial trading. There are many different things you should consider before you dive
right in and put your money into a specific investment. Doing an analysis of the
potential investment's value can help you figure out whether it's a good choice or not.
This process is called valuation, and it helps investors determine an asset's current and
projected worth. Conducting an analysis of the value of an investment means you'll
need to know some of the metrics of the company as well as some information about
the company's management. This goes for companies in any kind of industry including
real estate. This article looks at price-to-earnings ratios (P/E) and how they're measured
in the real estate industry. Land value is the value of a piece of property including both
the value of the land itself as well as any improvements that have been made to it. This
is not to be confused with site value, which is the reasonable value of the land assuming
that there are no leases, mortgages or anything else present that would otherwise change
the site's value.

14
This project tariff control monetary trading using python deep learning is designed with
the help of PyCharm software. It has many advantages on trading the property and has
complete details of the nearby areas. It can also reduce fraud, it can estimate the rate of
the property with terms of popularity of the property. It can also register the property
through the software. This idea had many future scope in the upcoming digital world.

Fig.8 Seller Login Page of monetary software

The above fig 5.1 depicts the seller login page where the username and password is
filled by the user to access the software. This seller login page is done using the CSS
and the Javascript by the front-end developers.

15
 Fig.9 Property Search Page Interface

The Property Search page is used for the search for property based on the user's wish to
find property, the price of the property and many more details about it.

Fig.10 Back-end Code implementation

These are various things about the monetary project and also implementation of python
with deep learning in real time applications.

16
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

6.1 IMPACT OF THE INTERNSHIP

Internship on python in shiash for 3-months gives me a clear idea and some knowledge
on that language. I had learned the topics like functions of python, classes of python
and some algorithms in python like reinforcement learning, supervised learning and
also learned about the new software like jupyter, Django and shiash owned software.
Shiash company were developed their software and I have also learned to operate that
software and also I have done my project in that software with the other employees of
the shiash. It has also helped me in my college projects. I have planned to do a project
based on deep learning, so it was very helpful to me. It is also helpful in my career and
also, I am delighted to learn a new programming language. This internship training
helps me a lot to know about the data collection on various aspects. Mainly working
with the new persons is one of the key things and good experience for my career and
communication skills also some improved during the session interaction with other
persons attending the intern, I have gained some confidence on communication skills.
So, these are the impacts on my training.

17
18
SECTION II
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. NO CONTENTS PAGE
NO

ABSTRACT
iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 ABOUT THE COMPANY 1

2 INTRODUCTION TO PLC 2
2
2.1PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER(PLC)

2.2 APPLICATION AREAS 3

2.3 PLC SYSTEM 4

3 MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR 6

3.1 MEDIUM VOLTAGE GEAR 6

4 TYPES OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR 7

4.1 COMPACT SWITCHGEAR 7

4.2 METAL-CLAD SWITCHGEAR 8

4.3 METAL ENCLOSED SWITCHGEAR 9

4.4 PAD MOUNTED SWITCHGEAR 10

5 PLC IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION 11

5.1 WORKING PROCESS 11

11
5.2 ROLE OF PLC

i
6 PLC METHODS AND MODES 12

6.1 PLC OPERATING SEQUENCE 12

6.2 MODE OF OPERATION 14

16
6.3 PROGRAMMING METHODS

7 SCADA 18

7.1 SCADA 18

19
7.2 COMPONENTS OF SCADA
20
7.3 FEATURES OF SCADA

8 CONCLUSION 21

8.1 IMPACT OF INTERNSHIP 21

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES

SECTION II

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1 PROSER COMPANY LOGO 1

2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PLC 2

3 THE PLC SYSTEM 4

4 TYPES OF SIGNALS 5

5 MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCH-GEAR 6

6 COMPACT SWITCH-GEAR 7

7 METAL CLAD SWITCH-GEAR 8

8 METAL ENCLOSED SWITCH-GEAR 9

9 PAD MOUNTED SWITCH-GEAR 10

10 BACK END CODE IMPLEMENTATION 19

iii
 ABSTRACT
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) have revolutionized industrial
automation by providing flexible and efficient control solutions across various
manufacturing processes. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of
PLC programming, focusing on its significance, principles, and applications in
modern industries.The significance of PLC programming lies in its ability to
automate complex tasks, enhance productivity, and ensure consistency in
manufacturing processes. By utilizing ladder logic, a graphical programming
language, PLCs enable engineers to design intuitive control systems tailored to
specific industrial requirements. The principles underlying PLC programming
involve understanding input-output relationships, logical operations, and data
manipulation techniques. Through sensors and actuators, PLCs interact with the
physical world, receiving input signals, processing data, and executing control
functions in real-time. Moreover, modular programming techniques facilitate
scalability and maintenance of PLC-based systems. In industrial applications,
PLC programming finds widespread use in diverse sectors including automotive,
pharmaceuticals, and food processing. From simple machine control to
sophisticated process automation, PLCs offer versatility and reliability, ensuring
seamless operation and swift response to dynamic production demands. In
conclusion, PLC programming represents a cornerstone of modern industrial
automation, empowering businesses to optimize efficiency, enhance quality, and
maintain competitiveness in the global market. Embracing advancements in PLC
technology and programming methodologies is crucial for realizing the full
potential of automation in industrial settings.

iv
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE COMPANY

The major activity of Proser Automation is Manufacturing, Sub-classified into

Manufacture of electrical equipment and is primarily engaged in the Manufacture
of electricity distribution and control apparatus electrical apparatus for switching
or protecting electrical circuits e.g. switches, fuses, voltage, limiters, surge,
suppressors, junction boxes, etc,.. For a voltage exceeding 1000 volts similar
apparatus including relays, sockets, etc,.. For a voltage not exceeding 1000 volts
boards, panels, consoles, cabinets and other bases equipped with two or more of
the above apparatus for electricity control or distribution of electricity including
power capacitors. With a focus on innovation and customer satisfaction, the
company’s panels are designed to cater to a wide range of applications.

Fig.1 Proser Company Logo

Their panels are designed to seamlessly integrate with modern automation systems,
allowing for efficient monitoring and control. With a focus on precision
manufacturing and customization, the company delivers panels tailored to specific
requirements. We also provide customize control panel solutions to our customers
as per their specifications. We have commitment to delivering quality products has
earned them a strong reputation in the market.

1
 CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION OF PLC

2.1 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a special form of microprocessor-based

controller that uses programmable memory to store instructions and perform
functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control
machines and processes. It is intended for use by engineers who may have little
knowledge of computers and computer languages. They are not designed so that only
computer programmers can configure or modify programs. So PLC designers have
pre-programmed it so that the control program can be entered using a simple, fairly
intuitive form of language. The term logic is used because programming is primarily
concerned with the implementation of logic and switching functions; for example, if
A or B is present, turn on C; if A and B are present, turn D on. Input devices (ie
sensors such as switches) and output devices (motors, valves, etc.) of the controlled
system are connected to the PLC. After that, the user enters the command set, the
program, into the PLC memory. The controller then monitors the inputs and outputs
according to this program and executes the rules for which it is programmed. An
important advantage of PLCs is that the same basic controller can be used with many
different control systems..

Fig 2. Block diagram of PLC

2
2.2 APPLICATION AREAS

Programmable Logic Controllers are suitable for a variety of automation tasks.

They provide a simple and economic solution to many automation tasks such as
1. Logic/Sequence control

2. PID control and computing

3. Coordination and communication

4. Operator control and monitoring

5. Plant start-up, shut-down

Any manufacturing application that involves controlling repetitive, discrete

operations is a potential candidate for PLC usage, e.g. machine tools, automatic
assembly equipment, molding and extrusion machinery, textile machinery and
automatic test equipment. Some typical industrial areas that widely deploy PLC
controls are as follows.
1. Chemical/ Petrochemical Metals

a) Batch process

b) Pipeline Control

c) Weighing, Mixing

d) Finished Product Handling

2. Meta

a) Blast Furnace

b) Continuous Casting

c) Rolling Mills

d) Soaking Pit

e) Steel Melting Shop

3
 3. Manufacturing/Machining

a) Material Conveyors, Cranes

b) Assembly

c) Milling, Grinding, Boring

2.3 PLC SYSTEM

A PLC system has the basic functional components of processor unit, memory,
power supply unit, input/output interface section, communications interface, and
the programming device in the basic arrangement. The processor unit or central
processing unit (CPU) is the unit containing the microprocessor. This unit
interprets the input signals and carries out the control actions according to the
program stored in its memory, communicating the decisions as action signals to
the outputs.

Fig 3. The PLC System

The power supply unit is needed to convert the mains AC voltage to the low DC
voltage (5V) necessary for the processor and the circuits in the input and output
interface modules. The programming device is used to enter the required program

4
into the memory of the processor. The program is developed in the device and then
transferred to the memory unit of the PLC.

Fig 4. Types of signals

The memory unit is where the program containing the control actions to be
exercised by the microprocessor is stored and where the data is stored from the
input for processing and for the output. The input and output sections are where the
processor receives information from external devices and communicates
information to external devices. The inputs might thus be from switches, as
illustrated in Figure with the automatic drill, or other sensors such as photoelectric
cells, as in the counter mechanism in Figure, temperature sensors, flow sensors, or
the like. The outputs might be to motor starter coils, solenoid valves, or similar
things. Input and output devices can be classified as giving signals that are discrete,
digital or analog. Devices giving discrete or digital signals are ones where the
signals are either off or on. Thus a switch is a device giving a discrete signal, either
no voltage or a voltage. Digital devices can be considered essentially as discrete
devices that give a sequence of on/off signals. Analog devices give signals of which
the size is proportional to the size of the variable being monitored. For example, a
temperature sensor may give a voltage proportional to the temperature. The
communications interface is used to receive and transmit data on communication
networks from or to other remote PLCs. It is concerned with such actions as device
verification, data acquisition, synchronization between user applications, and
connection management.
5
 CHAPTER 3
MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR

3.1 AC TO DC CONVERSION CIRCUIT

A medium voltage switchgear is a set of electrical equipment enclosed in
a predominantly metal structure. This centralized set includes a variety of
switches, transformers, fuses and circuit breakers. Electrical panels are
used to better protect, control and separate electrical equipment from each
other. Electrical switchgears are commonly found throughout power
transmission and distribution systems, as well as in medium to large
commercial or industrial facilities. In this article, we will introduce and
review the types of medium voltage electrical panels and its relevant
standards

Fig 5. Medium Voltage Switch Gear

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 CHAPTER 4
TYPES OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCH-GEAR

4.1 COMPACT SWITCH-GEAR

Compact switchgear is a medium-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear solution that
consists of sealed circuit breakers and disconnects, which are ideal for installations
in confined spaces or areas with low accessibility. The circuit breakers can be
designed as 3 phases in a single tank or in an isolated phase configuration.

Compact switchgear is designed, manufactured, and tested to IEEE C37.20.9 and

the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) performance standard 62271.

Fig 6. Compact Switch Gear

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4.2 MEDIUM-CLAD SWITCH-GEAR
Metal-clad switchgear is defined by IEEE C37.20.2 and refers to the construction of
medium-voltage electrical switchgear where all electrical components including the
incoming bus, outgoing bus, instrumentation and main circuit breaker or switch, are
enclosed in separate metal compartments to provide an additional level of safety,
ruggedness and ease of maintenance. Rated voltage levels for metal-clad switchgear
range from 5 kV to 38 kV. Metal-clad switchgear features draw-out circuit breakers
for ease of maintenance and is often applied in industrial facilities and in electrical
power generation and power transmission facilities.

Fig 7. Metal-Clad Switch Gear

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4.3 MEDIUM-ENCLOSED SWITCH-GEAR

Metal-enclosed switchgear is defined by IEEE C37.20.3. Metal-enclosed switchgear

contains circuit protection devices including circuit breakers, power fuses and
fusible switches as well as control and metering equipment. These devices can be
mounted in common compartments and do not require the separate barriers, or
compartmentalization required in metal-clad switchgear. Metal-enclosed switchgear
is applied in commercial and many industrial facilities where the incoming electrical
service is above 480/600V.

Fig 8. Metal Enclosed Switch Gear

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4.4 PAD-MOUNTED SWITCH-GEAR
Pad-mounted switchgear is defined by IEEE C37.74. Pad-mounted switchgear is
designed for underground distribution systems rated from 5 to 38 kV that are
required to be above grade operable. Pad-mounted switchgear’s outdoor rated, low
profile and tamper-resistant construction makes it ideal for utility distribution, feeder
sectionalizing and circuit protection applications. Switches, fuses and vacuum
Interrupters are used to protect loads, isolate faults and minimize outages. Pad-
mounted switchgear is available with up to 6-ways in a common insulated
sealedtank. Insulation means include air, SF6 gas, fluid, solid-dielectric-in-air
technologyand solid materials.

Fig 9 . PAD Mounted Switch Gear

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 CHAPTER 5
PLC IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

5.1 WORKING PROCESS

PLCs process information received from input devices and use that information to
trigger required outputs based on preprogrammed parameters. They can easily
monitor and record information such as machine failures, operating temperatures,
productivity, and start/stop processes. This makes them ideal for use with complex
logic and diagnostic operations.

5.2 ROLE OF PLC

PLCs are multifaceted tools that are invaluable to the industrial industry. They have
the brawn to hold up in even the toughest environments, making it possible for busy,
logic-based industries such as the automotive industry to automate easily and
effectively. Let’s look at the various roles of programmable logic controllers in
automation.The main role of a PLC is to automate processes by processing input
information and using it to trigger outputs. PLCs can turn components on and off,
raise and lower temperatures, and display an alarm whenever it detects
abnormalities.PLCs can also monitor and record data from connected inputs and
machines. You can process data and view information such as live trends,
productivity reports, and other valuable metrics by connecting PLCs to Machine
Monitoring or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.

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 CHAPTER 6
PLC METHODS AND MODES

6.1 PLC OPERATING SEQUENCE

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) operating sequence refers to the step-by-

step sequence of actions and events that a PLC-controlled system follows to perform
a specific task or process. PLCs are widely used in industrial automation to control
various processes such as manufacturing, machinery operation, and more. The
operating sequence programmed into a PLC typically consists of the following
components:

Inputs: These are signals received by the PLC from sensors, switches, and other
devices in the system. Inputs can be digital (ON/OFF) or analog (continuous range
of values). Inputs provide information about the current state of the system.

Logic and Processing: The PLC contains a program that processes the input signals
based on the logic programmed by the user. This logic determines how the PLC
responds to specific input conditions. It can include conditions, comparisons, timers,
counters, and mathematical operations.

Output Control: Based on the processed inputs and programmed logic, the PLC
activates or deactivates output devices such as motors, solenoids, valves, relays, and
other components. Outputs control the various elements of the system to achieve the
desired outcome.

Timers and Delays: PLC programs often include timers and delays to introduce
time-based control. Timers can be used to delay an action, measure time intervals,
or control processes that depend on specific time durations.

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Counters: Counters keep track of events or occurrences. They can be used to count
items on a conveyor belt, track the number of products produced, or monitor other
processes that involve a quantifiable event.
Sequencing: Many systems require a specific sequence of steps to be followed.
PLCs can manage these sequences by controlling the order in which outputs are
activated based on the current state of inputs and the programmed logic.

Safety Interlocks: PLCs often incorporate safety interlocks to prevent hazardous

situations. These interlocks ensure that certain conditions are met before allowing
critical operations to occur, enhancing the overall safety of the system.

Error Handling: PLC programs can include error-handling routines to respond to

abnormal conditions or faults in the system. These routines might trigger specific
actions, alarms, or shutdown procedures to prevent further issues.

HMI (Human-Machine Interface): Many PLC-controlled systems have an

interface that allows operators to monitor the system's status, input/output values,
and make adjustments if necessary.

Communication: PLCs can communicate with other devices and systems, such as
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, through various
communication protocols. This enables remote monitoring, data collection, and
control. The specific operating sequence programmed into a PLC will vary
depending on the application. It could involve simple ON/OFF control of motors or
complex processes requiring precise coordination of multiple inputs, outputs, timers,
and safety mechanisms. Programmers use programming languages like ladder logic,
structured text, or function block diagrams to create the desired operating sequence
within the PLC.
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6.2 MODE OF OPERATION

Each mode of operation in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Run Mode:
• In Run Mode, the PLC is executing the control program that has been developed
and downloaded into it.
• The PLC continuously scans inputs from sensors and devices connected to it,
processes this input data using the control logic programmed, and generates
outputs to control actuators and other devices.

Program Mode:
• Program Mode is used for creating, editing, and modifying the control program.
• During this mode, the PLC is typically disconnected from the actual equipment
or process to prevent unintended actions.
• Engineers and programmers use programming software to develop and test the
control logic before transferring it to the PLC for execution in Run Mode.

Monitor Mode:
• In Monitor Mode, the PLC program is not actively controlling the process; rather,
it allows observation of the program's behavior.
• Engineers can monitor various parameters such as input values, output states,
variable values, and internal memory locations to diagnose issues, troubleshoot
problems, and analyze program execution.

Remote Mode:
• Remote Mode enables remote access and control of the PLC, often over a network
connection.
• It allows engineers and operators to monitor and modify the control program from
a remote location.

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• Remote access can facilitate real-time monitoring, troubleshooting, and
adjustments to the control logic without being physically present at the PLC
location.

Maintenance Mode:
• Maintenance Mode is used for performing maintenance tasks on the PLC system
itself.
• This mode may provide options for updating firmware, performing diagnostics
on the hardware, or creating backups of the control program and configuration
settings.

Test Mode:
• Test Mode is employed to test specific sections of the control program or specific
outputs without affecting the entire process.
• Engineers can simulate different scenarios to validate the behaviour of the control
logic before deploying changes to the Run Mode.

Simulation Mode:
• Simulation Mode allows running the control program in a virtual environment
without physical hardware.
• Engineers can test the program's behaviour, identify potential issues, and fine-
tune the logic before deploying it to the actual PLC.

Emergency Stop Mode:

• Emergency Stop Mode is a critical safety feature that halts all PLC operations
when an emergency situation is detected.
• This mode is typically triggered by pressing an emergency stop button or through
safety interlock signals.

• It is designed to immediately stop the process and prevent potential hazards. In

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 the context of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), the term "mode of
operation" refers to the different operational states or modes that a PLC can be in
to control and manage a process, system, or machine. PLCs are industrial control
systems that are widely used in various industries to automate and control
processes.

6.3 PROGRAMMING METHODS

Programming in PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) involves creating and

designing control logic for industrial automation systems. PLCs are specialized
hardware devices used to control and monitor machinery and processes in
manufacturing, industrial, and commercial settings.

There are different methods to program PLC and is described here:

1. Ladder Diagram Programming

• This is the most common PLC methods

• The diagram looks like a ladder. The vertical lines are for power supply and are
known as vertical rails. The horizontal lines are known as rung.

• The inputs are arranged on the left side and outputs are arranged on the right side
of the ladder diagram.

• Example: I1 and I2 are the two inputs and O1 is the output. This ladder diagram
performs logical AND function.

2. Function Block Diagram

• It is a pictorial method of programming.

• It consists of blocks for each function to show inputs and outputs.

• Lines drawn between the blocks indicate how outputs change according to
inputs.Eg: A process in which alarm has to sound when weight measured is too
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low or too high. Then there will be a line drawn from weight scale block to the
alarm hornblock.

3. Sequential Function Chart

• It is another pictorial method, it is similar to a flow chart.

• There are 2 elements in sequential function chart: actions and transitions

• Actions are individual steps in a process (Weighting an item, sounding an alarm)

• Transitions are change from one step to another.

4. Structured Text

• This is text language and is not much used with PLCs

• It is similar to c or c++ languages and is suitable for people familiar with computer
programming

• Complex mathematical functions are easy to implement using structured text

compared to ladder diagram

5. Instruction List

• It is a complicated method and is similar to programming the microcontrollers.

• The language is known as assembly language.

• It is difficult compared to ladder diagram programming.

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 CHAPTER 7
SCADA

7.1 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition):

It is a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant, or in other
remote locations and sends this data to a central computer that then manages and
controls the data. This is used to control geographically distributed processes. It is
scattered over 1000s of kms. It has applications in the following areas:

• Mining industries

• Water distribution system

• Waste water treatment

• Oil and gas pipelines

• Electrical Power distribution

In SCADA, data from various remote locations are collected using sensors using
RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) and displays the data on HMIs (Human Machine
Interfaces) at the Master Station. The data is also recorded on the SCADA database.
SCADA has hardware and software components. The hardware consists of main 3
components. SCADA systems typically uses a data type, which contains data
elements called tags or points, which relate to specific instrumentation or actuators
within the process system. Data is accumulated against these unique process control
equipment tag references. The key attribute of a SCADA system is its ability to
perform a supervisory operation over a variety of other proprietary devices.

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7.2 Components of SCADA (Block diagram of SCADA)

Fig 10. Back-end Code implementation

Master Station:

It is the heart of SCADA system. It has a dedicated computer in a central location.

It monitors and controls the RTUs. The master station consists of Engineering work
stations, HMI (Human Machine Interface) stations and large databases (for storing
data). The master station performs the following functions:

• Collects and processes information from the RTUs.

• Stores collected data on a database

• Provides interface to the operators through HMIs

Communication equipment

• Communication is carried out between Master Station and Remote Terminal Units.

• The communication is bidirectional (both to and from).

• It can be wired or wireless.

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Wired communication can be through twisted pair cables or fiber optic cables or
telephone lines. Wireless communication can be using radio signals or satellites.

Remote Terminal Unit (RTUs)

• These are special units like PLCs which are placed at geographically distributed
field sites.

• They are connected with sensors for getting various information like voltage,
current, temperature or pressure.

• They are also connected with actuators like pumps, relays or valves

• RTUs collect information from the field and controls the field devices.

• Sometimes they store data in a local data base and waits for instruction from Master
Station to send data.

7.3 Features of SCADA

• Data acquisition is done by the Master Station with the help of RTUs

• Display of information in the form of pictures or text is provided on several HMIs

• The SCADA executes supervisory form of control. Control of equipment which

are at remote locations is done from the master station

• Alarm Processing – There is facility to alert the operator by informing the place
and time of an event.

• Information storage and reports – Data is stored in a temporary data base for 40
days or 12 months. Later it is shifted to a permanent storage device.

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 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

8.1 IMPACT OF INTERNSHIP:

The internship experience in electric panel manufacturing and PLC has been
immensely enriching and rewarding. I acquired the knowledge regarding automation
and learned new concepts through training. Because of their extremely accurate
control capabilities, PLCs are perfect for robotics and process automation
applications. Simple to maintain, because PLCs are modular in nature, it is simple to
replace malfunctioning parts without having an impact on the system as a whole.
SCADA systems are utilized for operator interaction and visualization, whereas
PLCs are used for control and monitoring. Whereas SCADA is more centralized and
generic, PLCs are more focused and specialized. Overall, the internship experience
has not only enhanced my technical skills IoT but also provided me with invaluable
insights into the practical applications of these technologies in an industrial setting.
I am confident that the knowledge and experiences gained during the internship will
serve as a solid foundation for my future career endeavors in the field of industrial
automation and advanced technologies.

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