Inheritance
Single Inheritance
// inheritance using English Distances
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum posneg { pos, neg }; //for sign in DistSign
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Distance //English Distance class
{
protected: //NOTE: can't be private
int feet;
float inches;
public: //no-arg constructor
Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)
{ } //2-arg constructor)
Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in)
{ }
void getdist() //get length from user
{
cout << "\nEnter feet: "; cin >> feet;
cout << "Enter inches: "; cin >> inches;
}
void showdist() const //display distance
{ cout << feet << "\'-" << inches << '\"'; }
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class DistSign : public Distance //adds sign to Distance
{
private:
posneg sign; //sign is pos or neg
public:
//no-arg constructor
DistSign() : Distance() //call base constructor
{ sign = pos; } //set the sign to +
//2- or 3-arg constructor
DistSign(int ft, float in, posneg sg=pos) :
Distance(ft, in) //call base constructor
{ sign = sg; } //set the sign
void getdist() //get length from user
{
Distance::getdist(); //call base getdist()
char ch; //get sign from user
cout << "Enter sign (+ or -): "; cin >> ch;
sign = (ch=='+') ? pos : neg;
}
void showdist() const //display distance
{
cout << ( (sign==pos) ? "(+)" : "(-)" ); //show sign
Distance::showdist(); //ft and in
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
DistSign alpha; //no-arg constructor
alpha.getdist(); //get alpha from user
DistSign beta(11, 6.25); //2-arg constructor
DistSign gamma(100, 5.5, neg); //3-arg constructor
//display all distances
cout << "\nalpha = "; alpha.showdist();
cout << "\nbeta = "; beta.showdist();
cout << "\ngamma = "; gamma.showdist();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Overriding functions in the subclasses
// models employee database using inheritance
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int LEN = 80; //maximum length of names
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class employee //employee class
{
private:
char name[LEN]; //employee name
unsigned long number; //employee number
public:
void getdata()
{
cout << "\n Enter last name: "; cin >> name;
cout << " Enter number: "; cin >> number;
}
void putdata() const
{
cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class manager : public employee //management class
{
private:
char title[LEN]; //"vice-president" etc.
double dues; //golf club dues
public:
void getdata()
{
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter title: "; cin >> title;
cout << " Enter golf club dues: "; cin >> dues;
}
void putdata() const
{
employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Title: " << title;
cout << "\n Golf club dues: " << dues;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class scientist : public employee //scientist class
{
private:
int pubs; //number of publications
public:
void getdata()
{
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: "; cin >> pubs;
}
void putdata() const
{
employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: " << pubs;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class laborer : public employee //laborer class
{
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
manager m1, m2;
scientist s1;
laborer l1;
cout << endl; //get data for several employees
cout << "\nEnter data for manager 1";
m1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for manager 2";
m2.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 1";
s1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1";
l1.getdata();
//display data for several employees
cout << "\nData on manager 1";
m1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on manager 2";
m2.putdata();
cout << "\nData on scientist 1";
s1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on laborer 1";
l1.putdata();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Public and private inheritance
// tests publicly- and privately-derived classes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class A //base class
{
private:
int privdataA; //(functions have the same access
protected: //rules as the data shown here)
int protdataA;
public:
int pubdataA;
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class B : public A //publicly-derived class
{
public:
void funct()
{
int a;
a = privdataA; //error: not accessible
a = protdataA; //OK
a = pubdataA; //OK
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class C : private A //privately-derived class
{
public:
void funct()
{
int a;
a = privdataA; //error: not accessible
a = protdataA; //OK
a = pubdataA; //OK
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
int a;
B objB;
a = objB.privdataA; //error: not accessible
a = objB.protdataA; //error: not accessible
a = objB.pubdataA; //OK (A public to B)
C objC;
a = objC.privdataA; //error: not accessible
a = objC.protdataA; //error: not accessible
a = objC.pubdataA; //error: not accessible (A private to C)
return 0;
}
Levels of inheritance
// multiple levels of inheritance
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int LEN = 80; //maximum length of names
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class employee
{
private:
char name[LEN]; //employee name
unsigned long number; //employee number
public:
void getdata()
{
cout << "\n Enter last name: "; cin >> name;
cout << " Enter number: "; cin >> number;
}
void putdata() const
{
cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class manager : public employee //manager class
{
private:
char title[LEN]; //"vice-president" etc.
double dues; //golf club dues
public:
void getdata()
{
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter title: "; cin >> title;
cout << " Enter golf club dues: "; cin >> dues;
}
void putdata() const
{
employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Title: " << title;
cout << "\n Golf club dues: " << dues;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class scientist : public employee //scientist class
{
private:
int pubs; //number of publications
public:
void getdata()
{
employee::getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: "; cin >> pubs;
}
void putdata() const
{
employee::putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: " << pubs;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class laborer : public employee //laborer class
{
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class foreman : public laborer //foreman class
{
private:
float quotas; //percent of quotas met successfully
public:
void getdata()
{
laborer::getdata();
cout << " Enter quotas: "; cin >> quotas;
}
void putdata() const
{
laborer::putdata();
cout << "\n Quotas: " << quotas;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
laborer l1;
foreman f1;
cout << endl;
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1";
l1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for foreman 1";
f1.getdata();
cout << endl;
cout << "\nData on laborer 1";
l1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on foreman 1";
f1.putdata();
cout << endl;
}
Member functions in multiple inheritance
// englmult.cpp
// multiple inheritance with English Distances
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Type //type of lumber
{
private:
string dimensions;
string grade;
public: //no-arg constructor
Type() : dimensions("N/A"), grade("N/A")
{ }
//2-arg constructor
Type(string di, string gr) : dimensions(di), grade(gr)
{ }
void gettype() //get type from user
{
cout << " Enter nominal dimensions (2x4 etc.): ";
cin >> dimensions;
cout << " Enter grade (rough, const, etc.): ";
cin >> grade;
}
void showtype() const //display type
{
cout << "\n Dimensions: " << dimensions;
cout << "\n Grade: " << grade;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Distance //English Distance class
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public: //no-arg constructor
Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)
{ } //constructor (two args)
Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in)
{ }
void getdist() //get length from user
{
cout << " Enter feet: "; cin >> feet;
cout << " Enter inches: "; cin >> inches;
}
void showdist() const //display distance
{ cout << feet << "\'-" << inches << '\"'; }
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Lumber : public Type, public Distance
{
private:
int quantity; //number of pieces
double price; //price of each piece
public: //constructor (no args)
Lumber() : Type(), Distance(), quantity(0), price(0.0)
{ }
//constructor (6 args)
Lumber( string di, string gr, //args for Type
int ft, float in, //args for Distance
int qu, float prc ) : //args for our data
Type(di, gr), //call Type ctor
Distance(ft, in), //call Distance ctor
quantity(qu), price(prc) //initialize our data
{ }
void getlumber()
{
Type::gettype();
Distance::getdist();
cout << " Enter quantity: "; cin >> quantity;
cout << " Enter price per piece: "; cin >> price;
}
void showlumber() const
{
Type::showtype();
cout << "\n Length: ";
Distance::showdist();
cout << "\n Price for " << quantity
<< " pieces: $" << price * quantity;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
Lumber siding; //constructor (no args)
cout << "\nSiding data:\n";
siding.getlumber(); //get siding from user
//constructor (6 args)
Lumber studs( "2x4", "const", 8, 0.0, 200, 4.45F );
//display lumber data
cout << "\nSiding"; siding.showlumber();
cout << "\nStuds"; studs.showlumber();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Constructors in multiple inheritance
// multiple inheritance with English Distances
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Type //type of lumber
{
private:
string dimensions;
string grade;
public: //no-arg constructor
Type() : dimensions("N/A"), grade("N/A")
{ }
//2-arg constructor
Type(string di, string gr) : dimensions(di), grade(gr)
{ }
void gettype() //get type from user
{
cout << " Enter nominal dimensions (2x4 etc.): ";
cin >> dimensions;
cout << " Enter grade (rough, const, etc.): ";
cin >> grade;
}
void showtype() const //display type
{
cout << "\n Dimensions: " << dimensions;
cout << "\n Grade: " << grade;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Distance //English Distance class
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public: //no-arg constructor
Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)
{ } //constructor (two args)
Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in)
{ }
void getdist() //get length from user
{
cout << " Enter feet: "; cin >> feet;
cout << " Enter inches: "; cin >> inches;
}
void showdist() const //display distance
{ cout << feet << "\'-" << inches << '\"'; }
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Lumber : public Type, public Distance
{
private:
int quantity; //number of pieces
double price; //price of each piece
public: //constructor (no args)
Lumber() : Type(), Distance(), quantity(0), price(0.0)
{ }
//constructor (6 args)
Lumber( string di, string gr, //args for Type
int ft, float in, //args for Distance
int qu, float prc ) : //args for our data
Type(di, gr), //call Type ctor
Distance(ft, in), //call Distance ctor
quantity(qu), price(prc) //initialize our data
{ }
void getlumber()
{
Type::gettype();
Distance::getdist();
cout << " Enter quantity: "; cin >> quantity;
cout << " Enter price per piece: "; cin >> price;
}
void showlumber() const
{
Type::showtype();
cout << "\n Length: ";
Distance::showdist();
cout << "\n Price for " << quantity
<< " pieces: $" << price * quantity;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
Lumber siding; //constructor (no args)
cout << "\nSiding data:\n";
siding.getlumber(); //get siding from user
//constructor (6 args)
Lumber studs( "2x4", "const", 8, 0.0, 200, 4.45F );
//display lumber data
cout << "\nSiding"; siding.showlumber();
cout << "\nStuds"; studs.showlumber();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Ambiguity in multiple inheritance
// ambigu.cpp
// demonstrates ambiguity in multiple inheritance
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class A
{
public:
void show() { cout << "Class A\n"; }
};
class B
{
public:
void show() { cout << "Class B\n"; }
};
class C : public A, public B
{
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
C objC; //object of class C
// objC.show(); //ambiguous--will not compile
objC.A::show(); //OK
objC.B::show(); //OK
return 0;
}
Aggregation: Classes within classes
// containership with employees and degrees
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class student //educational background
{
private:
string school; //name of school or university
string degree; //highest degree earned
public:
void getedu()
{
cout << " Enter name of school or university: ";
cin >> school;
cout << " Enter highest degree earned \n";
cout << " (Highschool, Bachelor's, Master's, PhD): ";
cin >> degree;
}
void putedu() const
{
cout << "\n School or university: " << school;
cout << "\n Highest degree earned: " << degree;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class employee
{
private:
string name; //employee name
unsigned long number; //employee number
public:
void getdata()
{
cout << "\n Enter last name: "; cin >> name;
cout << " Enter number: "; cin >> number;
}
void putdata() const
{
cout << "\n Name: " << name;
cout << "\n Number: " << number;
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class manager //management
{
private:
string title; //"vice-president" etc.
double dues; //golf club dues
employee emp; //object of class employee
student stu; //object of class student
public:
void getdata()
{
emp.getdata();
cout << " Enter title: "; cin >> title;
cout << " Enter golf club dues: "; cin >> dues;
stu.getedu();
}
void putdata() const
{
emp.putdata();
cout << "\n Title: " << title;
cout << "\n Golf club dues: " << dues;
stu.putedu();
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class scientist //scientist
{
private:
int pubs; //number of publications
employee emp; //object of class employee
student stu; //object of class student
public:
void getdata()
{
emp.getdata();
cout << " Enter number of pubs: "; cin >> pubs;
stu.getedu();
}
void putdata() const
{
emp.putdata();
cout << "\n Number of publications: " << pubs;
stu.putedu();
}
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class laborer //laborer
{
private:
employee emp; //object of class employee
public:
void getdata()
{ emp.getdata(); }
void putdata() const
{ emp.putdata(); }
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
manager m1;
scientist s1, s2;
laborer l1;
cout << endl;
cout << "\nEnter data for manager 1"; //get data for
m1.getdata(); //several employees
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 1";
s1.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for scientist 2";
s2.getdata();
cout << "\nEnter data for laborer 1";
l1.getdata();
cout << "\nData on manager 1"; //display data for
m1.putdata(); //several employees
cout << "\nData on scientist 1";
s1.putdata();
cout << "\nData on scientist 2";
s2.putdata();
cout << "\nData on laborer 1";
l1.putdata();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
