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2. Environmental Degradation
3. Globalized Economic Development
Disaster 4. Poverty and Inequality
5. Poorly-planned and Managed Urban
A sudden calamitous event, bringing great Development
damage, loss, destruction and devastation to 6. Weak Governance
life and property. 7. Severity of Exposure
8. Gender and Family
9. Age
Socio-cultural Perspective 10. Developing Countries
11. Low or Negative social support
A serious disruption of the functioning of
society, causing widespread human, material or Effects of Natural Disasters on
environmental losses, which exceed the ability Human Life
of affected people to cope using their human
resources.
● Displaced Populations
Its origin can be natural (earthquakes, floods, ● Health Risks
and hurricane) or human (explosions and ● Food Scarcity
nuclear accidents) ● Emotional Aftershocks

Nature of Disaster How and When an Event

Becomes a Disaster
Natural - originates from the different “forces” of
nature (geological, hydrometeprp;ogical, When it is sudden or progressive causing
meteorological, and biological). widespread human, material, or environmental
losses.
Human-made - occurrence to people’s actions
against human, material and environment. Areas/Location Exposed to
Hazards
Disaster Risk
● Coastal Areas - Stormsurge, Tsunami
● Reclaimed - Flooding, Sinkhole
The probability that a community’s structure or
● Near Fault Lines - Earthquake
geographical area is to be damaged or
● On food denuded mountains -
disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard,
Mudslides/Landslides
on account of its nature, construction and
● Near Volcanoes (danger zones) -
proximity to a hazardous area.
Volcanic Eruption - pyroclastic materials,
lahar flow
Risk Factors ● River Banks and Esteros - Flooding or
Flash Floods
1. Climate Change
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● Open Fields - Thunderstorm, Halistorm,

Blizzard ● Political Perspective - Governmentality
● Near Oil Depots - Oil Spill POllution or deliverance of government services to
● Near Mining Project - Toxic Waste - constituents can be a plus or minus
heavy metal, lead, mercury, nitric acid factor since humanitarian assistance is
● Near Chemical Plants - Chemical up to them. They must be ready for
Fumes, Chemical Waste phases of DRRM:
● Near Nuclear Plants - Nuclear Waste, ○ Prevention
Technical Failure, Leaks ○ Mitigation
● Near Factories - Factory Waste, ○ Preparedness
Pollution ○ Recovery
● Unsafe Building Structures - Fire
● Public Places in Mega Cities - ● Environmental Perspective - Intensify
Terrorists our collective efforts to reduce the
number and effects of natural hazards
and man-made disasters.
Disaster from Different
Perspective

● Physical Perspective - can cause

Exposure and
damage to buildings, infrastructures Vulnerability
including people and their properties.
Physical effects are the most visible and The severity of the impacts of disasters and
quantifiable effects of disaster. other extreme weather and climate events
depends strongly on the level of vulnerability
● Psychological Perspective - Post and exposure to these events.
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a
variety of their disorders, the more
stress defined in a variety of ways, the Exposure
more likely there to be emotional
consequences.
Exposure refers to the “elements at risk” from a
natural or man-made hazard event. The
● Socio-Cultural Perspective - a disaster
location attributes, and value of assets that are
is analyzed based on how people
important to communities (people, buildings,
respond having as parameter their
factors, farmland, etc.) and that could be
social conditions and cultural settings.
affected by a hazard.
These two factors are important
determinants of the degree of risk,
resilience and vulnerability of those Elements Exposed to Hazards
affected.
1. Human Beings
● Economic Perspective - negative 2. Dwellings or households or
impact on assets, production factor, communities
output, and employment consumption. 3. Buildings and structures
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4. Public facilities and infrastructures

assets
Dealing with after effects
5. Public transport systems
6. Agricultural commodities ● Insurance Cover - individuals purchase
7. Environment assets insurance policies to mitigate their
losses, thus preparing them better for
similar future events.
Vulnerability
● Aid Request - humanitarian aid is
The characteristics and circumstances of a necessary. It should be fast and
community system or asset that make it efficient. Inefficiency and
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. mismanagement of aids, especially
foreign aids will possibly result in further
death and loss of property.
Community Preparedness
● Emergency personnel - the availability
● Building Codes - rigorous and applied of such personnel will vary depending
building codes protect most buildings on the time of day and location of the
from collapse during earthquakes; hazard event.
should be seriously considered in
issuance of building permits and land
Vulnerability to specific hazards
development.

● Scientific Monitoring and Early ● Poor design and construction of

Warning Systems - through this we can buildings and other infrastructures
be prepared for the onslaught of any ● Inadequate protection measures of
kind of disaster typhoon Yolanda was assets
forecasted but not storm surges ● Lack of public information and
because of lack of advanced equipment. awareness
● Limited official recognition of risks
● Community Networks - countries with and preparedness measures
good quality and widespread ● Disregard for wise environmental
communication networks allow management
messages to be quickly shared;
communication plans should not be left
4 main types of Vulnerability
out.

● Emergency Planning - preparations 1. Physical Vulnerability - may be

are the key elements of prevention; to determined by aspects such as
prepare a person or family for such population, density levels, remoteness
events and take action based on data. of settlement, the site, design, and
material used for critical infrastructures.
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2. Social Vulnerability - refers to inability

of people, organizations, and society to This is the basic concept of hazard everyone
withstand adverse impacts to hazards should be aware of.
due to characteristics inherent in social
interaction, institutions and systems of
cultural values; includes aspects related Hazards
to literacy and education.
Are those elements of the physical environment
3. Economic Vulnerability - the poor are harmful to man and caused by forecasts
usually more vulnerable to disasters extraneous to him. (Burton, at. Al., 1978)
because they lack the resources to build
sturdy structures and put engineering A source of potential harm in a situation with
measures in place to protect themselves potential. (Standards Australia, 2000)
from being negatively impacted.
A natural event that has the potential to cause
4. Environmental Vulnerability - natural harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness
resource depletion and resource Center - ADPC)
degradation are key aspects of
environmental vulnerability. Mitigation
measures like reforestation must be USGS (United States Geological
undertaken. Survey) Hazard terminologies
defined Hazard as

● A phenomenon or situation, which has

Risk Factors the potential to cause disruption or
damage to people, their property, their
Risk signifies the possibility of adverse effects services, and their environment.
in the future. It is derived from the interaction of
social and environmental processes from the ● Most hazards are dormant or potential,
combination of physical hazards and with only a theoretical risk of harm.
vulnerabilities of exposed elements. Risk =
(Hazard*Exposure*Vulnerability)/Capacity ● However, once a hazard become
“active”, it can create an emergency.

● A hazardous situation that has come to

Basic Concept of Hazard pass is called an incident.

One important key to society is understanding a ● Hazard and possibility interact together
particular incident or phenomenon that may to create risk.
affect people’s life.

An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon

may turn into a hazard once it becomes active
and poses harm or danger to life and property.
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○ Drought
General classification of Hazards ○ Rapid glacier advance

1. Natural Hazard - such as earthquakes ● Geologic

or floods arise from purely natural ○ Mass movements - landslide,
processes in the environment. mudslide, avalanches
○ Earthquake
2. Quasi -Natural Hazard - such as smog ○ Volcanic eruption
or desertification that arise through the ○ Rapid sediment movement
interaction of natural processes and
human activities. ● Biologic
○ Epidemic in humans
3. Technological/Human Made Hazard - ○ Epidemic in plants
such as toxicity of pesticides to ○ Epidemic in animals
agricultural lands, accidental leaks of ○ Locusts
chemicals from chemical laboratories,
radiation from a nuclear plant. These ● Technologic
arise directly as a result of human ○ Transportation accident
activities. ○ Industrial explosions and fire
○ Accidental release of toxic
elements
Types of Hazard ○ Nuclear accident
○ Collapse of public building
Hewitt and Burtch (1971) provided a typology of ○ Cyber terrorism
hazards as follows.

● Atmospheric (Single Element) Impacts of Various Hazards on

○ Excess rainfall Different Exposed Elements
○ Freezing rain (Glaze)
○ Hail According to International Center for Integrated
○ Heavy snowfall Mountain Development (ICIMOD) the impacts
○ High wind speeds of various hazards vary in severity and vary in
○ Extreme temperature regard to how long they last.

● Atmospheric (Combined Element) It is further underscored that impacts of hazards

○ Glaze storms are not so easy to classify as short term and
○ Thunderstorms long term as these tend to vary for each
○ Blizzards individual event.
○ Tornadoes
○ Heat/cold stress However, there are a number of common long
term impacts, which need a longer period of
● Hydrologic recovery.
○ Floods-river and coastal area
○ Wave action
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○ Loss of natural rivers and other

Common long term impacts of Natural
tributaries
hazards
● Biological Impact
● Physical Impact ○ Epidemic to people, flora, and
○ Death of People fauna
○ Destruction and loss of vital ○ Chronic and permanent illness
infrastructure like transport due to nuclear radiation
systems, roads, bridges, power ○ Mental disorder developed from
lines, and communication lines. consumption of contaminated
○ Widespread loss of housing foods
○ Proliferation of different viral and
● Psychological Impact bacterial diseases
○ Grief and psychological trauma -
Post Traumatic Severe Disorder
○ Marital conflicts
○ Depression due to loss of loved Earthquake
ones and properties
○ Chronic anxiety among children Earthquake, also known as quake, tremor,
severely affected temblor, is the perceptible shaking of the
surface of the earth, resulting from the sudden
● Socio-Cultural Impact release of energy in the Earth’s crust that
○ Displacement of population creates seismic waves.
○ Loss of cultural identity
○ Forced adoption of new sets of
culture Potential Earthquake Hazard
○ Ethnic conflicts
1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion -
● Economic Impact used to describe the vibration of the
○ Loss of job due to displacement ground during an earthquake. It is
○ Loss of harvest and livestock caused by body waves and surface
○ Loss of farms, fish cages, and waves. The severity of ground shaking
other sources of living increases as magnitude increases and
○ Loss of money and other decreases as distance from the
valuables like jewelries, furniture causative fault increases. Body and
and appliances surface waves cause the ground, and
consequently a building, to vibrate in a
● Environmental Impact complex manner.
○ Loss of forest due to forest fires a. Phivolcs Earthquake Intensity
○ Loss of fresh water dues to Scale
salination- intrusion of saltwater i. White - Scarcely
to fresh water sources Perceptible
○ Disturbance of biodiversity ii. Gray - Slightly Felt
iii. Light Blue - Weak
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iv. Light Blue - Weak It usually occurs in saturated soils, that

v. Light Green - Strong is, soils in which the space between the
vi. Yellow - Very Strong individual particles is completely filled
vii. Orange Yellow - with water. This water exerts a pressure
Destructive on the soil particles that influences how
viii. Orange - Very tightly the particles themselves are
Destructive pressed together. Prior to an
ix. Red - Devastating earthquake, the water pressure is
x. Dark Red - Completely relatively low. However, earthquake
Devastating shaking can cause the water pressure to
increase to the point where the soil
Strong ground shaking can cause particles can readily move with respect
objects to fall, break windows among to each other.
others. It can also result to a minor
damages to buildings and worse, cause Buildings whose foundation bear directly
collapse of a structure. on sand which liquefies will experience a
sudden loss of support which will result
Most parts of the Philippines will in drastic and irregular settlement of the
experience shaking at different degrees building causing structural damage,
depending on magnitude of earthquake, including cracking or foundations and
distance of one’s location from the fault damage to the building structure, or
that moves. leaving the structure unserviceable,
even without sr=tructural damage.
2. Ground or Surface Rupture - is an
offset of the ground surface when fault 4. Earthquake-induced ground
rupture extends to the Earth’s Surface. subsidence and lateral spreading
Normal - and reverse - (collectively
called dip-slip) daunting, surface Subsidence, or lowering of the ground
ruptures feature vertical offsets while surface, often occurs during
strike slip faulting produces lateral earthquakes. This may be due to
offsets. Many earthquake surface downward vertical displacement on one
ruptures are combinations of both. (Ex. side of a fault, and can sometimes affect
Masbate 1994 Earthquake (left lateral a huge area of land. Coastal areas can
strike slip fault), Luzon 1990 Earthquake become permanently flooded as a
(ground rupture)) result. Subsidence can also occur as a
ground shaking causes loose sediments
3. Liquefaction - is a phenomenon in to “settle” and to lose their load bearing
which the strength and stiffness of a soil strength or slump down sloping ground.
is reduced by earthquake shaking or
other rapid loading. External stressors Lateral spreading occurs where sloping
loosen the soil particles, changing the ground starts to move downhill, causing
ground into a less stable base for cracks to open up that are often seen
building and other structures. along hill crests and river banks.
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5. Tsunami - also known as a seismic sea volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis.
wave, is a series of waves in a water Hazard maps help prevent serious damage and
body caused by the displacement of a deaths.
large volume of water generally in an
ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and other
Parts of the Hazard Map
underwater explosions (including
detonation of underwater nuclear ● Title
devices), landslides, glacier cavings, ● Map Ruler or Bar Scale
meteorite impacts and other ● Orientation Compass
disturbances above or below water all ● Legend
have the potential to generate a
tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, Seismic Design Categories
which are generated by wind or tides
and by the gravitational pull of the Moon
and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the A Seismic Design Category will help us in
displacement of water. interpreting an earthquake map.

6. Earthquake-induced landslides - ● SDC A (White)

landslides are frequently triggered by ○ Very small probability of
strong ground motions. They are an experiencing damaging
important secondary earthquake hazard. earthquake effects.
The term landslide includes a wide
range of ground movement such as rock ● SDC B (Gray)
falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow ○ Could experience shaking of
debris flows. However, gravity acting on moderate intensity
a steep slope is the primary reason for ○ Moderate shaking felt by all
all landslides. Strong many frightened. Some heavy
earthquake-induced ground shaking furniture moved in a few
greatly increases the likelihood of instances of fallen plaster.
landslides where landscape is Damage is slight.
susceptible to these types of ground
failure. If the ground is saturated with ● SDC C (Yellow)
water particularly following heavy ○ Could experience strong shaking
rainfall, the shaking will result in more ○ Strong shaking. Damage
landslide than normal. negligible in buildings of good
design and construction, slight to
moderate in well built ordinary
Hazard Map structures; considerable damage
in ordinary substantial buildings
with partial collapse. Damage is
A hazard map is a map that highlights areas
great in poorly built structures.
that are affected by or are vulnerable to a
particular hazard. They are typically created for
natural hazards, such as earthquakes,
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● SDC D0 (Light Brown), D1 (Darker turbulent mass of ejected fragmented

Brown), D2 (Darkest Brown) volcanic materials (ash and rocks),
mixed with hot gases (200oC to 900oC)
○ Could experience very strong that flow downslope at very high speeds
shaking (the darker the color, the (>60kph). Surges are the more dilute,
stronger the shaking) more mobile derivatives or pyroclastic
○ Very strong shaking. Damage flows.
slight in specially designed
structures; considerable damage Pyroclastic flows and surges are
in ordinary substantial buildings potentially highly destructive owing to
with partial collapse. Damage is their mass, high temperature, high
great in poorly built structures. velocity and great mobility. Pyroclastic
flows can destroy anything on its path by
● SDC E (Red) direct impact, burn sites with hot rocks
○ Near major active faults capable debris, burn forests, farmlands, destroy
of producing the most intense crops and buildings. Deadly effects
shaking. include asphyxiation (inhalation of hot
○ Strongest shaking—Damage ash and gases), burial, incineration
considerable in specially (burns) and crushing from impacts. The
designed structures; frame only effective method of risk mitigation is
structures thrown out of plumb. evacuation prior to such eruptions from
Damage great in substantial areas likely to be affected by pyroclastic
buildings, with partial collapse. density currents.
Buildings shifted off foundations.
Shaking intense enough to ● Ballistic projectiles are volcanic
completely destroy buildings. materials directly ejected from the
volcano’s vent with force and trajectory.
These endanger life and property by the
force of impact of falling fragments, but
Volcanic Hazard this occurs only close to an eruption
vent.
Volcanic Hazards are phenomena arising from
volcanic activity that pose potential threat to ● Lava flows are stream-like flows of
persons or property in a given area within a glowing molten rock erupted from a
given period of time. Below is a list of volcanic crater or fissure. When lava is degassed
hazards common in Philippine active and/or very viscous, it tends to extrude
volcanoes. extremely slowly, forming lava domes.
Lava flows move so slowly that it does
not pose much risk. However, it should
Different types of Volcanic not be disregarded. Major hazards of
Hazards lava flows include burying, crushing,
covering, burning everything in their
● Pyroclastic flows and surges path. The intense heat of lavas melts
(Pyroclastic density current) are and burns. As lava flows are hot and
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incandescent, areas it covers are pumping stations, storm sewers and

burned (forest, built up areas, houses). surface-drainage systems and sewage
Lavas can bury homes and agricultural treatment plants, and short circuit
areas under meters of hardened rock. electric-transmission facilities, telephone
Areas affected by lava flows once lines, radio and television transmitters.
solidified are also rendered useless and
will not be agriculturally useful anymore ● Lahars are a rapidly flowing thick
for years due to the solid nature of the mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
lava deposit. Lavas can also block pyroclastic materials) and water, usually
bridges and highways, affecting mobility triggered by intense rainfall during
and accessibility of people and typhoons, monsoons and
communities. Collapsing viscous lava thunderstorms. Lahar can occur
domes can trigger dangerous pyroclastic immediately after an eruption or can
flows. become a long-term problem if there are
voluminous pyroclastic materials
● Ashfall or tephra fall are showers of erupted.
airborne fine-grained to coarse-grained
volcanic particles that fallout from the Lahars can destroy by direct impact
plumes of a volcanic eruption; ashfall infrastructures and houses. It can block
distribution/ dispersal is dependent on tributary stream and form a lake. This
prevailing wind direction. can submerge villages within the valley
of the tributary that was blocked. There
Ashfalls can cause poor or low visibility is also the danger of the lake breakout
which may affect driving and cause and if this happens, this puts to danger
slippery roads. If burial by ashfall is the lives of people in communities
greater than 10 cm depth, it can render downstream. It can lead to increased
agricultural lands useless. The deposition of sediments along affected
suspensions of fine-grained particles in rivers and result to long-term flooding
air and water can cause clogged filters problems in the low-lying downstream
and vents of motors, human lungs, communities.
industrial machines, and nuclear power
plants. Ash suspended in air is also ● Volcanic gases and aerosols released
dangerous for aircrafts as the abrasive into the atmosphere include water vapor
ash can cause the engines to fail if the (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur
suspended ash is encountered bythe dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO),
airplane. It also carries of harmful gases, hydrogen chloride (HCl), and hydrogen
acids, salts, and heat, which are fluoride (HF). SO2, CO2, and HF are
dangerous for humans, animals, plants, some volcanic gases that pose hazard
and properties. Burial by tephra can to people, animals, agriculture and
collapse roofs of buildings, break power property. SO2 can lead to acid rain. High
and communication lines and damage or concentrations of CO2 can be lethal to
kill vegetation. Even thin falls of ash can people, animals and vegetation. Fluorine
damage such critical facilities as compounds can deform and kill animals
hospitals, electric-generating plants,
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that grazed on vegetation covered with

Signs of Volcano Eruption
volcanic ash.

● Volcanic landslide or debris 1. Ground Deformation - some subtle

avalanche is a massive collapse of a ground movements may be detected
volcano, usually triggered by an only by sensitive instruments. An
earthquake or volcanic eruption. When a increase in the frequency and intensity
huge portion of the side of a volcano of felt earthquakes.
collapses due to slope failure, this
results to massive destruction to Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)
vegetation and nearby structures. The measures accurately to millimeter
huge volcanic debris avalanche typically changes on ground (if the slope for the
leaves an amphitheater-like feature and volcano swells). Electromagnetic
at the base of volcanoes with debris distance measuring instrument is a
avalanche event, a hummocky surveying instrument for measuring
topography (small hills all over). distance between two points through
electromagnetic waves.
● Tsunami is a series of sea waves
generated by sudden displacement of 2. Geochemistry - gas emission from
water (could be generated during volcanoes.
undersea eruptions or debris
avalanches). An eruption that occurs Changes in the composition or relative
near a body of water may generate abundances of fumarolic gases (SO2).
tsunamis if the pyroclastic materials
enter the body of water and cause it to Noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity
be disturbed and displaced, forming and new or enlarged areas of hot
huge waves. ground. Observe changes in
temperature and water becomes more
acidic.
How can we tell when a volcano
will erupt? Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC)
is used to measure the amount of sulfur
Most volcanoes provide warnings before an dioxide in a passing air mass (or
eruption. Magmatic eruptions involve the rise of volcanic plume).
magma towards the surface, which normally
generates detectable earthquakes. It can also
deform the ground surface and cause 3. Seismic Activity - observe increase in
anomalous heat flow or changes in the number of volcanic earthquake records.
temperature and chemistry of the groundwater
and spring waters. Steam-blast eruptions, Seismometer is the equipment used to
however, can occur with little or no warning as detect occurrences of volcanic
superheated water flashes to steam. earthquakes.
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4. Remote Sensing - use of remote

Alert Level system of PHIVOLCS
sensing technology or techniques as
applied to volcano monitoring.
Monitoring surface changes on a ● Alert Level 0 (No Alert)
volcano from afar using available tools ○ Quiet
such as satellite images. ○ No eruption in the foreseeable
future
Advantages: less exposure on the
ground for volcanologists, safer; but ● Alert Level 1 (Abnormal)
sometimes interpretation needs field ○ Low level unrest
verification. ○ No eruption imminent

5. Sensory Observations: ● Alert Level 2 (Increasing Unrest)

○ Moderate unrest
a. Intensifies steaming activity ○ Unrest probably of magmatic
origin, could eventually lead to
b. What used to be white steam eruption
slowly or drastically change to
gray to dark (suggests increasing ● Alert Level 3 (Increasing Tendency
presence of ash). Towards Eruption)
○ Relatively high unrest
c. Drying up of vegetation, drying ○ Margma is close to the crater
up of streams, and water wells.
● Alert Level 4 (Hazardous Eruption
d. Crater flow at the summit area Imminent)
○ Intense unrest
e. Increasing frequency of rolling ○ Hazardous eruption is possible
rocks from the summit; localized within days
landslides not related to heavy
rains ● Alert Level 5 (Hazardous Eruption)
○ Hazardous eruption
f. Summit area appears to glow or
becomes incandescent at night

g. Hear rumbling sound

h. Smell of sulfur (rotten eggs)

i. Ground movement/volcanic
earthquake increasingly become
felt