Elementary Science

Class Three
(Experimental edition)

Writers and Editors Art Direction

Dr. Zulfiquar Hasan Khan Hashem Khan
Mohammad Anisuzzaman
Md. Mazharul Haque Translators
Apurbo Kumar Biswas
Professor Ratan Chandra Gosh
Bijoy Jabbar
Ahmed Karim Hasnain
Dr. Mohammed Norul Basher
Fatema Zohra Haque
Ramij Ahmed

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh

 Published by
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh
69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-100

(All right reserved by the publisher)

First edition: October, 2023

Illustrator
Suman Mallik

Computer Graphics
Jahirul Islam Bhuiyan Shetu

Design
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh

For free distribution under PEDP-4 of Ministry of Primary and Mass Education
by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Printed by :
 Preface
The child’s mental domain is a playground of immense wonders. Various colourful
imaginations play there. Philosophers, psychologists, child specialists and educators
have to constantly think about enriching education in that domain. The child’s boundless
curiosity, wonder, joy, interest and energy need to be used properly to achieve their holistic
development. The Revised Curriculum 2021 has been formulated to ensure the child’s
overall development by planning for their active and experiential learning.
Under the direction of Honourable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the government has
started an epoch-making programme of distributing textbooks free of cost to all branches
of education from pre-primary to the tenth grade since 2009. Following her direction, the
National Curriculum and Textbook Board has designed the learning competencies in this
curriculum which includes various active and experiential learning keeping in mind the
global and local needs, the fourth industrial revolution, SDG 2030 and Bangladesh’s Vision
2041 with the aim of educating today’s students with education relevant in the modern age.
In order to build students as global citizens in view of the potential and challenges of the
fourth industrial revolution, the revised curriculum lays emphasis on the development of
21st-century skills, especially socio-emotional skills, development of integrated values,
adaptability and scientific attitude. In selecting the contents, the student’s immediate
environment, practical experience, basic concepts of science, process skills, and the latest
technological innovations have been considered. In order to make the abstract concepts
of science easy to understand and visible, adequate images/pictures/demonstrations/
experiments etc. are included in the new textbooks. A variety of graphic organizers have
been used in the textbooks to enhance students’ thinking skills and ensure active learning.
This textbook has been enriched by the contributions of its authors, editors, logical assessors,
integrators, printing and publishing assistants at various stages of its composition and
publication. This textbook’s “Machine Language- What is Instruction or Code” section of
the ‘Information and communication’ chapter was written and edited by Professor Qurratul
Ayen Safdar, Professor Munabbir Hossain, Mohd. Golam Mostafa, Dr. Mohammed Norul
Basher, Dr. Muhamad Nur-E-Alam Siddiquee, Munir Hasan, Md. Afzal Hossain Sarwar
and Mr. Mazharul Islam Khan. We are especially grateful and thankful to each of them. If
there are any errors or mistakes in this textbook due to the short time of preparation, we will
surely appreciate logical and constructive suggestions. We hope that using this textbook
will be fruitful for the proper and up-to-date learning of children with great potential.

Professor Md. Farhadul Islam

Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh.
 Major Features of the Elementary Science Textbook
1. Learner-teacher friendly
• Learning contents, illustrations and text presentations are considered taking into
account the developmental stage of learners, which emphasize mainly on the conceptual
development rather than rote learning.
• Enquiring of pupils’ prior knowledge and experience are tried to address in the lesson.
• Grade fitting simple texts and child friendly description.
• Clear titles, subtitles, and large number of illustrations and photographs.
• Abstract things of science are portrayed with pictures/photographs as well as proper
description.
• Introduction of symbols to make lesson easy-to-understand & attractive for the children
• Two characters are used to engage learners and encourage their thinking abilities.
• New scientific terminologies used in each chapter are highlighted with coloured and bold
letters.
• Addition of glossary at the end of the textbook, where new scientific words are explained.

2. Emphasis on inquiry-based and active learning

• The key questions highlighted as the core points of teaching learning in each lesson.
• At the end each activity or experiment a summary of the activity or experiment results are
presented.
• At the end of the summary/results, sufficient information has been added under the
heading 'Let’s Learn more.'
• To visualize students` learning, improve learning skills and ensure active-learning graphic
organizers have been added where necessary.
• Experiment related alternative equipment/teaching aids are suggested.
• Coding has been incorporated in this textbook to develop systematic and critical thinking.

3. Emphasis on the holistic development of learners

• Adequate scopes for hands-on works are designed to acquire scientific process skills
such as observing, experimenting, comparing, measuring etc.
• Group works and pair works have been introduced to develop learners’ communication
skills, expressive abilities and positive attitudes.
 CONTENTS
Chapter Topics Page
Chapter 1 Introduction to Plants 1 - 10
Chapter 2 Introduction to Animals 11 - 22
Chapter 3 Food for Good Health 23 - 38
Chapter 4 Matter 39 - 58
Chapter 5 Energy 59 - 67
Chapter 6 Effects of Force on Objects 68 - 76
Chapter 7 Water 77 - 91
Chapter 8 Soil 92 - 106
Chapter 9 The Sun for Life 107 - 117
Chapter 10 Introduction to Technology 118 - 127
Chapter 11 Information and Communication 128 - 139
Glossary 140 - 143

Characters and Symbols

1. Characters

Hea and Reza will give you some tips

or clues about learning of science. Let's
learn science together!
Hea Reza
2. Symbols

Activity: Let's observe, investigate and experiment!

Discussion: Let's discuss with classmates!

Elementary Science

Chapter 1

Introduction to Plants
There are many living things in the world. Plants are one of them. We can see
lots of plants around us such as mango, blackberry, lemon, guava, rose, chili
and mustard plants. All of them are of different shapes, sizes and colours.

1. Different Parts of Plant

Plants are different, but they have some similarities in their structure.

What are the common parts of plants?

Activity: Observing the different parts of a plant

What to do:

Let’s…
1. Closely observe some familiar plants outside the classroom.
2. Draw a picture of a plant that you know in your exercise book.
3. Name the different parts of the plant in the picture.
4. Compare your picture with those of your classmates.

What are the different parts of

a plant? Let’s observe a plant with
Flower, root and umm… flowers and roots.
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1
 Introduction to Plants

Let’s learn more about the common parts of plants…

Almost all plants have roots, stems and leaves. Some of them also have
fruits and flowers
Root
The root of the plant remains under the ground.
The root holds the tree on the ground upright.
Stem
The most important part of the
plant above the ground is the stem.
It connects the other parts of the
plant. It has branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.
Leaf
The leaf of plants is
mostly flat and green. The leaf consists of a stalk,
blades and veins.
Flower
Flowers are a special part of
the plant. It is usually colorful.
Different plants have flowers of different
shapes, sizes and colours. Not all the plants have
flowers.
Fruit
Fruit is a special part
of the plant that contains seeds. For example,
mango is a fruit. It has seeds inside. Different
plants bear fruits of different shapes, sizes, and
colors. Not all plants have fruits.
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2
Elementary Science

2. Functions of Different Parts of Plants

We have already learned about the different parts of a plant. Every part is
important for the plant. The plant’s root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit have their
own functions.

What are the functions of the different parts of a plant?

Activity: Observing the transport of water through the stem

What to do:

Let’s …
1. Observe the given images and observe the changes carefully .
2. Think about the causes of the changes.
3. Discuss with your classmates how the stem of a plant works.

Well, will red Notice! The colors

coloured water come of flowers and leaves
to the leaves? have changed into
red. It means ………

6 -7 hours later --->

Red water

Image -A Image -B

Summary
The water flows through the stem to different parts of the plant.
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3
 Introduction to Plants

Let’s learn more about the different parts of the plant…

Plants use different body parts to fulfill their basic needs. For example, plants
use their roots to collect water and nutrients from the soil. Every part of the
plant has a specific function.

Flower
A flower is a part of
the plant that makes Leaves
seeds. When a seed Leaves make food
is planted, it will for the plants to
grow into a new grow. Leaves take
plant. in light energy from
the sun to make
plant food. Leaves
also help take in and
give off air.

Stem
A stem carries water
and nutrients to other
plant parts. It also
helps hold up the plant
and leaves. Roots
Roots take in water
and nutrients from
the soil and hold the
plant in the soil.
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4
Elementary Science

3. Classification of Plants Based on Stems

Stem is one of the parts of a plant. Are the stems of all the plants the same or
different?

How can we classify plants based on stems?

Activity: Comparing plants based on stems

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table like the one given below:

Similarities Dissimilarities

2. Observe the pictures carefully. Examine the stems of the different plants
and write their similarities and dissimilarities in the table drawn in the
exercise book.
3. Discuss with classmates how to classify the plants based on their differ-
ences.

We can compare these two plants

based on their sizes, shapes and
colors. Apart from this, how else
can we compare these plants? 2024

5
 Introduction to Plants

Summary

Not all the plants have similar stems. There are differences in their colors,
hardness or softness and sizes .

Let’s learn more about the classification of plants based on their stems . . .

We can classify plants based on their stems.

Herb
Some plants have soft, thin, and green stem. Plants
with soft and green
stems are called herbs.
Paddy, mustard, tomato
and chili are herbs.
These plants are smaller than shrubs in size. Their
roots stay in the uper layer of the soil.
Shrub
Plants like roses, ixora and hibiscus are shrubs.
Their stems are hard,
but their size is
smaller than trees.
Their branches start
to grow from the base of the stem. Their
roots do not go too deep into the soil.
Tree
Plants with long and strong stems are
known as trees. Branches and leaves grow
from the stem. Their roots go deep into the soil.
Mango, jackfruit, wood apple, etc. are trees.
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6
Elementary Science

4. Classification of Plants Based on Flowers

So far, we have learned that we can classify plants based on their stem. Can
we classify plants based on flowers?

Can we classify plants based on having flowers?

Activity: Classifying plants based on flowers

What to do:
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one shown below.

Rose plant Fern plant

2. Observe the pictures carefully. Write down the different parts of the rose
and fern plants in the table.
3. After making the table, let us think of the answer to the following question
based on the table. Do the different parts of the rose and fern plants look
similar or different?
4. Share opinions with classmates.
5. Discuss with classmates how we can classify plants based on having flowers.
Have you ever seen What are the common parts
the flower of fern? of rose and fern plants?

Rose and Fern

Summary
Rose and fern plants both have roots, stems and leaves. However, fern does
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not have flowers.

7
 Introduction to Plants

flower

leaves

stem
roots

Rose Fern

The plants that grow flowers are known as flowering plants. Almost 90% of
the plants have flowers. For example, mango, rose and water lily.
On the other hand, the plants that do not have flowers are known as non-
flowering plants. Most of these kinds of plants grow in shades and cool moist
places. For example, moss and fern.

Fern Moss Mango Water-lily

Non-flowering Plants Flowering Plants
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8
Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

A picture of a known plant

1. Name the parts of the plant shown in the picture marked a, b and c and
write at least one function of them in the table.

Name Functions

c
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2. What will happen to the plant if the part mentioned in no. 'a' is missing
and why?

9
 Introduction to Plants

3. The characteristics of tomato, hibiscus, jackfruit and fern are summarized

in Table-1. Complete Table-2 using the information from Table 1 and classify
the plants.
Table-1
Stem Soft/ Thin/ Strong/ Woody/ Less woody
Root Goes too deep into the soil / Does not go too deep into the soil
/ Does not go deep into the soil
Flower Has flower/ Has no flower

Table-1
Class of the
Root Stem Flower
specific plant
Tomato

Hibiscus

Jackfruit

Fern

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10
Elementary Science

Chapter 2

Introduction to Animals
There are many kinds of living things in the world. Animals are a kind of
living thing. We can see a plenty of animals around us. There are differences
in their movement, food intake, body structure, size, shape and color.

1. Different parts of animal body

There are many types of animals in the world. Different animal bodies have
different structures. But are there any common characteristics in all animals?

What are the common organs in animal body?

Activity: Observing animals
What to do:
Let’s…
1. Observe different types of animals outside our classroom.
2. Draw a picture of a familiar animal and write the names of different organs
of its body.
3. Compare your drawings with those of your friends.
4. Discuss the common parts of the drawing with our classmates.

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11
 Introduction to Animals

Summary
Animals generally have eyes, ears and mouths.

Let’s learn more about different organs of animal…

Animal bodies are made up of different organs. Different types of animal
bodies have different organs.

Fish Bird

Fishes have eyes, mouth, fins,

scales and gills. Birds have eyes, beak, wings,
tails, feathers and legs.
Crocodile
Frog

Crocodiles have eyes, nose, mouth, Frogs have eyes, nose,

scales, tails and legs. mouth, skin and legs.
Tiger
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Tigers have eyes, nose, mouth, ears, hairs, tail and legs.

12
Elementary Science

2. Functions of different organs of an animal body

Animals live a healthy and proper life with the help of different organs of their
body. Every organ has its particular function.

What are the functions of the different organs of an animal body?

Activity: Finding the functions of different organs of animal body

What to do:
1. Make a table in your exercise book like the one given below.
Different parts of an animal Function
body
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Mouth
Fins
Wings
Legs
2. Think about how an animal uses its various body parts and write them in
the table.
3. Discuss this activity with classmates.

Summary
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Animals use their different organs to fulfill their various needs. Every organ
of an animal body has a different function.
13
 Introduction to Animals

Let’s learn more about the function of different organs of animals …

Seeing
An animal uses its eyes to see everything around it. Animals need their eyes
to look for food and save themselves from enemies.

Hearing
Ear: Hearing Eye: Seeing
Animals use their ears to hear
anything. Some animals can use
their ears to sense upcoming
dangers.

Breathing and Smelling

Usually, animals use their noses to
breathe and stay alive. They also
use their noses to smell.
Mouth: Taste Nose: Smelling
Eating and Drinking
Functions of eyes, nose, ears and mouth
To stay alive an animal requires
food and water. Animals usually use their mouths to eat and drink.

Moving
Animals need to move to collect
food. They need to go from one
place to another. Some animals
use their legs to walk, run and
jump. Almost all birds fly with
their wings. Fishes use their fins
to swim in water.

Use of animals' legs

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14
Elementary Science

3. Classification of Animals
Our earth is home to various living things. We can easily know and understand
this vast animal kingdom through classification.

How can we classify animals into different groups?

Activity: Classifying animals into different groups

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one given below.
Vertebrates Invertebrates

2. Observe the pictures below.

3. Classify them into two groups- vertebrates and invertebrates- based on
the observation and write it in the table.

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15
 Introduction to Animals

Summary

There are two groups of animals- vertebrates and invertebrates.

Vertebrates
Animals with spines or backbones are called vertebrates. These animals
have spines in the endo-skeletal structure of their body. Some examples of
vertebrates are tigers, snakes, frogs, human, etc.

Snake Spine Chicken Spine

Invertebrates
Some animals do not have spines. Animals without spines are called
invertebrates. Earthworms, snails, crabs and octopuses are some examples of
invertebrates.
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Elementary Science

4. Classification of Vertebrates
Can vertebrates be further classified?

How can vertebrates be classified?

Activity: Comparing vertebrates based on their characteristics

What to do:

Let’s…
1. draw a table in the exercise book like the one given below.
Characteristics Fish Frog Lizard Chicken Dog
How do they move?
Where do they live?
What is their body covered with?
Do they lay eggs or give birth?
2. Look at the images below, observe them closely, and fill up the table
based on their characteristics.
3. Discuss this activity with classmates.

Do you remember how

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animals move?

17
 Introduction to Animals

Summary

Vertebrates can be classified into different groups or classes according to their

characteristics.

Let’s learn more about vertebrates…

Vertebrates can be classified into five different groups according to their

characteristics, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Fishes
Fishes live in the water. They lay eggs and swim in the water
using their fins. Most fishes have scales covering their body.
Amphibians
Amphibians who are vertebrates live in both land and
water. They lay eggs. Their body is covered with
smooth and wet skin. Frogs are amphibians.
Reptiles
Most of the animals that are classified as reptiles live in land
or water. Their body is covered with one kind of dry, scaly
skin. They lay eggs. Snakes, lizards and crocodiles are
reptiles.
Birds
Most of the birds can fly with their wings. Their body is
covered with feathers and they lay eggs.
Mammals
A mammal’s body is covered with fur,
hair or skin. They use their legs to walk or run. They
give birth to babies. Babies drink their mother’s milk.
Most of the mammals live on land such as cats, dogs,
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human etc. Some mammals live in water such as whales

and dolphins. Some mammals can fly such as bats.

18
Elementary Science

5. Observing Insects
Most of the animals belong to the insect category. These animals have some
common characteristics.

What are the general characteristics of insects?

Activity: Observing different parts of insects

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Go outside the classroom and catch an insect.
2. Observe the different body parts of the insect and draw them in the
exercise book.
3. Show your drawing to your classmates and discuss the common
characteristics of the different body parts of the insect.

Let’s observe the different body parts of the

insect. So, what body parts can we see in it?

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19
 Introduction to Animals

Summary
There are different parts in the body of an insect such as heads, legs, wings,
abdomen, etc.

Let’s learn more about an insect’s body…

Insects are invertebrates. Not all insects can fly. Insects help maintain
environmental balance. Butterflies, bees, dragonflies, grasshoppers, ants, etc.
are some examples of insects. There are some similarities in their different
body parts.
Legs
Usually, insects have three pairs (six) of legs.
Body Parts
Most of the insects have mainly three body parts. They are head, thorax and
abdomen.
Body Coverings
Insects do not have bones in their body. Their body is covered with a hard
shell. This protects them and helps them to keep a particular shape.
Antenna
Usually, insects have one pair of antennae.

Discussion

Is a spider an insect?
1. Look at the image of a spider on the right.
2. Think about the following questions:
● Is a spider an insect?
● What do you think? Why?
3. Discuss with classmates and find out the
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answers to these questions.

20
Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

Let’s observe the picture of the animals and answer the question given
below.

1. Observe the pictures given above and write down the names of the animals
in the following table based on their groups.

Group of animals Name of the animals

Fish

Bird

Amphibian

Reptile

Mammal
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21
 Introduction to Animals

2. Observe the picture above and write in the table below what the animal’s
body is covered with according to the group.
Group of animals Cover of the animal body
Fish
Bird
Amphibian
Reptile
Mammal

3. Some of the animals that are shown on the pictures lay eggs and others give
birth to children. Observe the pictures carefully and complete the table.
Lays eggs Gives birth to children

4. Several characteristics of animals of different groups are given in the

following chart. Write down the name of the animal group based on these
characteristics.
Characteristics Animal group
Lives both in water and on land

Has a beak and a pair of wings

Has three pairs of legs and one pair of antennae

Gives birth to children and produces milk for

its young

5. Vertebrates can be classified into different groups. Such as-

………………., ………………, ………………, ………………., and,
…………………….
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22
Elementary Science

Chapter 3

Food for Good Health

We eat different kinds of food every day. Why do we eat these foods? What
does food do for us? Where do our foods come from? Let’s try to learn about
foods.

1. Sources of Food

Where do we get foods from?

Activity: Finding out the sources of food

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the Foods Foods
one on the right side. obtained obtained
2. See the pictures of the foods below. from plants from animals
3. Write down the foods in the table according
to their sources.
4. Discuss the sources of food with
classmates.

Where do we get Where do we get

bread from? curd from?
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23
 Food for Good Health

Summary
We get our daily foods from plants and animals.
Let’s learn more about the sources of foods…
Foods that come from plants include rice, roti, lentils, vegetables, fruits, etc.
But foods like fish, meat, eggs, milk, etc. come from animals.
We can eat some foods directly, such as fruits. Again, some foods need to be
prepared, such as bread. Bread, biscuits, etc. are prepared from flour. This
flour comes from wheat, and we get wheat from plants. So, bread, biscuits,
etc. are foods that come from plants.
Similarly, butter, ghee, curd and cheese are prepared with milk. And milk
comes from animals. So, the source of these foods is animals.

2. Seasonal Fruits
In our country, we enjoy fruits with different tastes throughout the year. Fruits
are very good for our health. Usually, different fruits are found in different
seasons. They help us resist different dieseases.

Which fruits are available in different seasons in our country?

Activity: Classification of fruits based on seasons
What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one below:

Summer Fruits Winter Fruits All-season Fruits

2. Classify the fruits of the following picture into three groups namely
summer, winter and all-season and write them in the table.
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3. Discuss the activity with classmates.

24
Elementary Science

Mangoes are Are bananas available

available in throughout the year?
summer. When are Or are they available in
plums available? any specific season?

Summary
We have many fruits like mango, blackberry, banana, papaya, orange, and
guava in our country. Some fruits are available in specific seasons. Again,
some fruits are found all the year round.

Let’s learn more about different seasonal fruits…

The fruits available in our country can be divided into three groups: summer,
winter, and all-season.
Summer fruits

Summer fruits include mango, blackberry,

jackfruit, wood apple, watermelon,
lichi, palm, guava, hog-plum, pomelo,
pineapple, rambai (lotkon), java apple
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(jamrul), etc.

25
 Food for Good Health

Winter fruits

Winter fruits include plums, oranges,

amla, olives, etc.

All-season fruits
All-season fruits include
banana, papaya, coconut,
etc. These fruits are more or
less available throughout the
year.

3. Seasonal Vegetables
We grow many different vegetables in our country all the year round. Different
vegetables are found in different seasons. We need to eat vegetables regularly
for good healthy.

Which vegetables are available in our country in different seasons?

Activity: Classification of vegetables based on seasons

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one below:
Summer vegetables Winter vegetables All-season vegetables
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26
Elementary Science

2. Classify the vegetables of the following picture into three groups-

summer, winter and all-season and write them in the table.
3. Discuss the activity with classmates.

Which vegetables Cabbages are available

are available in winter. But when are
throughout the gourds available?
year?

Summary
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The vegetables available in our country can be divided into three categories:
summer, winter and all-season.

27
 Food for Good Health

Let’s learn more about different seasonal vegetables…

Summer vegetables Winter vegetables All-season vegetables

Summer Vegetables
Different kinds of vegetables are available during summer. For example,
pointed gourd, bitter gourd, pumpkin, wax gourd, spiny gourd, luffa, sponge
gourd, snake gourd, etc. We can also find green leafy vegetables like malabar
spinach and green amaranth. Cucumbers and swamp taro are also available in
summer.
Winter Vegetables
Legumes, gourd, radish, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, etc. are winter
vegetables. Red amaranth, spinach, bottle gourd leaves, etc., are also available
in winter.
All-season Vegetables
Vegetables like papaya and green banana are available throughout the year.
Water amaranth and taro leaves etc., are among such all-season vegetables.

4. Nutrients
Every food we eat has different types of nutrients. The major nutrients in
food are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Food also contains vitamins and
minerals. Each nutrient does a different job in our body. So, to stay healthy,
it’s important to regularly eat foods rich in different nutrients.
Carbohydrates
The main sources of carbohydrates are
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rice, roti, flattened rice (chira), puffed

rice (muri), potato, sweet potato, etc.
28
Elementary Science

Carbohydrates give us the necessary energy to do all our activities, including

movement.
Proteins
Fish, meat, pulses, beans, the white
portion of an egg, etc., contain proteins.
We need proteins to build up our body
and repair its decay.
Fats
Foods like groundnuts, milk, butter, ghee,
cheese, etc., contain a lot of fat or oil. We can
also get oils from certain plants. For example-
sesame (Til), flax seed (Tishi), mustard,
coconut, olive, sunflower, soybean, etc. Just
like carbohydrates, fat or oil also gives us
energy. Fat also improves the beauty of our
body. Our body needs fat for the absorption of
certain nutrients and vitamins.
Vitamins and Minerals
We get vitamins and minerals from
fruits and vegetables. Vitamins and
minerals keep us active and healthy
and increase our power to fight against
diseases. Deficiency of vitamins
causes different diseases in our body
such as nyctalopia (night blindness).
People with this disease cannot see
well at night.
Water
We need water for various functions in our bodies. We need to
drink enough pure water for the digestion of food and absorption
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of nutrients in our body. Harmful substances come out of our

body through water in the form of sweat and urine.
29
 Food for Good Health

5. Sources of Nutrients

What are the sources of different nutrients?

Activity: Finding out the sources of different nutrients necessary for

our body.

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table like the one below.
2. Think about the sources of various nutrients necessary for the body.
3. Write in the table which of the following nutrients are found in which
food of the picture.
4. Discuss the sources of nutrients with classmates.

Nutrients Names of foods

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Fats or oil

Vitamins and minerals

Which foods give us

proteins?

Which foods give us

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vitamins and minerals?

30
Elementary Science

Summary

The main nutrients present in food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins
and minerals. The main sources of carbohydrates are food grains like rice,
roti, etc. Fish, meat, lentils, beans, the white portion of an egg, etc. contain
proteins. Foods like groundnuts, milk, butter, ghee, cheese, fatty fish, etc.
contain a lot of fat or oil. Moreover, we get vitamins and minerals from fruits
and vegetables.

Let’s learn more about the sources of nutrients…

We have found one food as a source of one nutrient. But sometimes, one food
can have more than one nutrient. For example, milk contains all the nutrients
like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. The white part
of the egg contains proteins, and the yolk contains fats. Fruits that taste sweet,
like bananas, ripe mangoes and jackfruit, have sugar along with vitamins and
minerals. Note that here we have learned about the main nutrients of foods.
But in addition to these nutrients, there are other necessary nutrients in foods.
We will learn about them in higher grades.

Discussion

Which one is healthier? Coconut water or bottled water?

Which one is healthier among singara, cake and fruits?

6. Necessity of Nutrients

What are the necessities of different nutrients for our body?

Activity: Knowing about the functions of different nutrients

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31
 Food for Good Health

Let’s…
1. Make a table like the one below.
2. See the images above. Notice who has got what problem. Write in the
table what kind of food they should eat.

Types of food to be
Problem
eaten

First He doesn't have the energy to work. He

image remains tired most of the time.

Second His body structure is not well-balanced.

image His muscles are not properly formed.

Third He cannot see at night. He has night

image blindness. He becomes ill frequently.
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32
Elementary Science

3. A table is given below. In this table, the information on the left side does
not match with the information on the right side. By drawing lines, let’s
match the information on the right with the information on the left.
Nutrients Function

Carbohydrates build up the body.

Proteins give energy to work.

Fats build immunity.

Vitamins and minerals useful to absorb vitamins.

When do people not get energy to

work and always remain tired?

People do not get energy to work

if they eat less carbohydrates.

Summary

Carbohydrates give us energy to work. Proteins build up our body. Fats or

oils store energy in the body. Vitamins and minerals increase the power of the
body to fight against diseases.

Let’s learn more about the sources of nutrients…

To live a healthy life, we need to have all kinds of nutrients so that the body
gets all the necessary nutrients. It is better to eat foods from different sources
than to eat the same food again and again. Because, different foods contain
different nutrients. When we eat different types of food, our bodies get all
kinds of nutrients. Local and seasonal fruits are generally more beneficial for
us.
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33
 Food for Good Health

7. Healthy Food
We eat food to live a healthy life. Some foods are good for our health. Again,
there are some foods that are harmful to our health. It is very necessary for us
to have a clear idea about healthy, safe and unhealthy foods.

Which are healthy foods?

Activity: Identifying healthy foods

What to do:
Let’s...
1. Notice the two pictures given below.
2. Which picture shows healthy and safe foods? Why? Let’s discuss it and
decide.

Summary

Fresh vegetables, fruits, rice, roti, potato, etc., are healthy foods. Fried
and oily foods are not good for our health. Chips and other such types of
packaged foods often contain different types of elements that are harmful to
our bodies. That’s why eating too much of these foods is not good for our
health.
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Elementary Science

Let’s learn more about the sources of nutrients…

We get necessary nutrients from fresh vegetables, fruits, rice, roti, milk, egg,
lentils, fish, meat etc. These are safe and healthy foods. On the other hand,
fried and oily foods, biscuits, cakes, chips, different types of junk food or fast
food, etc., are not healthy foods. The quality of these foods decreases because
of excessive frying or heating. Again, they can contain some harmful elements
such as harmful fats. Extra sugar, salt or harmful chemicals are usually added
to these foods to increase their taste and preserve them for a long time. These
artificial chemicals are harmful to health in the long run. They cause different
diseases in the body. If we eat too much fast food, chips, soft drinks, etc.,
we will become weak and fat. So, we should avoid these foods as much as
possible.

8. Healthy Drinks
Like eating healthy foods, we should also be careful about drinks. Some drinks
are safe and healthy, such as coconut water. This drink gives us the necessary
nutrients and fulfills the demand for water in our bodies. Again, some drinks
cause harm to our bodies. For example, drinking polluted water can cause
different water-borne diseases like cholera, dysentery, jaundice, etc.

What is a healthy drink?

Activity: Identifying healthy and unhealthy drinks

What to do:
1. Images of some drinks are given below. Which of the drinks are healthy?
Why?
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35
 Food for Good Health

Is sugarcane juice collected

from roadside healthy?

Sugarcane is healthy. But, when the

juice is collected in open places, dust,
sand or germs can get mixed with it.

Summary

Fruit juice, lemon juice, coconut water, etc., are healthy drinks. Various
types of bottled drinks, sugarcane juice collected from roadsides, etc., are
unhealthy drinks.

Let’s learn more about the sources of nutrients…

Drinks are usually prepared using pure water at home. So, they are safe to
drink. We get clean water from tube wells or fountains. Besides, we can purify
pond or river water by boiling it. Different types of mineral salts are mixed
in these waters. Again, fruit juice contains different nutrients. For example,
lemon juice contains vitamins, minerals, and other useful elements. Therefore,
lemon juice prepared using pure water is beneficial to the body.
We should drink healthy and safe drinks. In many cases, bottled drinks contain
excessive amounts of sugar and various chemicals. Drinking these kinds of
drinks for a long time can be harmful to our health. So, it’s better not to have
too many of these drinks
Let’s do more
1. Let’s prepare a list of foods for our breakfast, lunch and supper that
contains all nutrients.
2. Along with classmates, make a list of safe and healthy foods.
3. Along with classmates, make a list of safe and healthy drinks.
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36
Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Observe the pictures above and write down the name of the nutrients in
following chart.
Name of food Nutrients
Bread
Fish
Oil
Mango

2. Make a chart of balanced diet by observing the pictures above.

Chart of a balanced diet
• ………………
• ………………
• ………………
• ………..………
• ……….………
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• ………………

37
 Food for Good Health

Jujube (Boroi), Guava, Cauliflower,

Banana, Okra, Black berry, Papaya,
Puishak, Lalshak, Arum leaf

3. Based on the seasons, arrange the shak/ leaf, vegetables and fruits given
above.
Vegetables throughout
Summer vegetables Winter vegetables
the year
Shak/ Leaf
Vegetables
Fruits

Coconut water, Lemon juice made at

home, Sugarcane juice made at road-side,
Soft drinks

4. Classify the drinks listed above in the table given below.

Healthy drinks Unhealthy drinks

5. Why “Chips” (fast food) is an unhealthy food? Write 3 reasons in the

table below.
Chips is an unhealthy food because
1.
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2.
3.

38
Elementary Science

Chapter 4
Matter
There are different kinds of objects around us such as books, exercise books,
pens, chairs, tables, sand, water, air, soil, insects, animals, etc. These are all
matters. Are all matters the same?

1. Properties of Matter

What is matter?
Activity: Comparison between two objects
Materials required: A football, an orange

What to do:

Let’s…
1. Draw a venn diagram similar to the one below.
2. Look at the two pictures given below and find
out the characteristics of both objects?
3. Write down the similarities and differences
between them in the venn digram.
4. Discuss this activity with classmates.

Football Similarities Orange

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39
 Matter

Summary

Both the orange and the football are round in shape. The orange is small in size and
the football is big. The football is heavy whereas the orange is light. Both objects
have weight. Their colors are different. The orange is soft and has a sweet smell.
When the orange is pressed, it gets flattened.

Let’s learn more about matter...

Things that have weight and volume are called matter. Different matters have
different properties. But all matters must have weight and volume.
Weight
According to science, both football and orange are
Matters. Because both matters have weight. Weight
means about how heavy a substance is. Some
matters weight much. For example, brick,
stone. They are called heavy matters.
Some matters have a low weight. For
example, cotton, air. They are called
light smatters.

Volume
Matter has volume. This means matter occupy space. Some matters occupy more
space. They have large volume. Some matters occupy less space. They have small
volume. If we look at the picture below, it is evident that the elephant is much larger
in size than the chicken. Elephant occupies more space than chicken. The volume
of Elephant is large.

Shape
Many matters have a specific shape. Again,
all substances do not have a specific shape.
Shape refers to the external structure of
a matter. For example, football is round
shaped. We will learn more about shape
in Lesson 4 of this chapter. Idea regarding
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shape will help us to identify different types

of matters.

40
Elementary Science

2. Volume of Matter

How can we predict the volume of matter?

Activity: Finding out the big-small.
Materials Required : Two glasses, water, two pieces of stone, four rubber bands
What to do:
1. Look at the picture on the right.
2. Keep two glasses as shown in the picture.
3. Fill the glasses upto half full with water using
the same procedure. The water level of both
glasses should remain at same height.
4. Tie a rubber band at the maximum height of the water level in the glass or mark
the highest level of water with a chalk or marker pen.
5. Now drop the small stone in the glass on the left. Then, drop the big stone into
the glass on the right.
6. Observe carefully the new water levels in both glasses. Mark the new height of
the water level with a rubber band or a chalk or a marker pen.
7. Did you see any differences in the water level of the two glasses? Why did this
happen? Let’s discuss with classmates.
Result
Dropping a stone in the glass raises the water level. Dropping small stone in the
glass raises its water level less than dropping a large stone into it.
Discussion

Why does water level in the glass

raises when a stone is dropped into it?
Why does the water level rise more with
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big stone than that with small stone?

What does it mean?

41
 Matter

Summary

Dropping a stone into a glass half full

with water causes the water level to rise.
What is the reason behind? Here, the
stone immerged in the water has occupied
some space of the water. This occupied
space is the volume of the stone. As
much space as the stone occupies, that much water rises from it. As a result,
the water level rises. Now the stone which is bigger in size, occupies more
space. That means, its volume is larger. So the bigger stone pushes more water
upwards. For this reason, if you drop a big stone in the glass, the water level
rises more. The volume of water that rises in the glass is equal to the volume
of the immerged stone.

3. Air is a Kind of matter

We have learned that all substances have weight and volume. Does the air
have weight and volume?
Let’s try to find out if air is a substance through the following activity.
Is air a matter?
Activity: Checking if air has weight and
volume
Materials Required: A balloon, a shrinked
football, a pump to fill the air in football

What to do:
1. Make a table like the one beside.
2. Blow the balloon. Let’s notice the change in the volume of the balloon
and write it in the table.
3. Hold the shrinked football and feel how heavy it is.
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4. Fill the ball with air using the pump. After filling air, let’s check whether
the weight and volume of the ball have changed or not.

42
Elementary Science

What happens when the air is filled? Result

Does the size of the balloon increase?

Does football get heavier?

Does the volume of the football increase?

Does air have volume?

Does air have weight?

Summary

When a balloon is filled with air, it becomes

larger in size. The more air is filled, the balloon
becomes larger. More air occupies up more
space. It shows that air has volume. If there is no air
inside a football, it gets compressed. The ball becomes
heavy when it is filled with air. As a result, we understand
that the air has weight. Again, the air also increases the
volume of the compressed football. Since air has both weight
and volume, it is a matter.

Discussion

Let's think about the questen below:

Is light a matter? Give logic in favour of your answer.
Let's discuss about it with classmates.
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43
 Matter

4. Shape of Matter

What is shape?
Activity: Finding the similarities between shapes

What to do:
1. Two rows or lines are shown in the image below. Top row contains four
shapes of pictures, whereas the down row contains four objects. Which of
the following shapes is similar to which of the following object? Show the
similarity between them by drawing a line from bottom to top row.

Cube Sphere Cylinder Cone

Result

Each object in the top row has different shape. The shape of the Rubik’s cube is
like a cube; the ball is round shaped; A can of soft drink looks like a cylinder;
the ice cream in the image is cone-shaped.

Discussion

It has been observed that the shape of each matter is different. Do all matter
have the same shape? What kind of substance has shape? Does water have any
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shape? Does air have any shape? Let’s discuss with classmate

44
Elementary Science

5. Variation of Shape in Different Materials

We already learned that some matters have specific shape. Again, some matters
do not have any specific shape. Following the variation in these properties, we
can divide matter into different groups.

Do all matters have a specific shape?

Activity: Shape test for rubber and water
Materials required: A rubber, water, a few bowls or containers of different shapes,
glass of water.
Do all matters have a specific shape?

What to do:

1. Let’s take a rubber in a container.

2. Observe and write down the shape of the rubber.
3. Now observe the rubber in different containers.
4. Has the shape of the rubber changed? Write it down in the exercise book.
5. Now pour some water in a glass. Write down the observed shape of
water.
6. Now pour the water of glass into different containers. Is there any
change of the shape of the water? Write them down.

Materi- Observation
Comments
als Container 1 Container 2

Rubber
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Water

45
 Matter

What is the shape of the rubber? Is it

different in different container?

What is the shape of water? Does

the shape of water change when it is
poured from a jug into a glass?

Result

A piece of rubber has a specific shape. The shape of the rubber remains same
even if it is kept in different containers. The shape does not change. On the
other hand, the container in which the water is kept takes the shape of that
container. Water becomes the shape of a bottle when it is placed in the bottle,
the shape of a jug when it is placed in the jug, the shape of a bowl when it
is placed in the bowl. From this it can be concluded that some matters have
definite shapes, whereas some matters do not have specific shapes.

Let’s do more
1. List some other matters that can change their shapes like water. The con-
tainers in which these objects are kept take the shape of that container. List
some of these matters.
2. Why does ice cube not change its shape? List some more matters that do
not change their shapes.

Let’s learn more about the shape of matter…. ...

We can understand whether air has its own shape or not

from a known phenomenon. Balloons are usually sold in
the market. They have different shapes such as bird, fish,
airplane, people, cartoon’s character like Meena, Raju,
Mithu, etc. They are made by filling air in plastic balloons of
various shapes. Air has no shape of its own. When a balloon
is filled with air, the air takes the shape of the balloon.
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46
Elementary Science

6. State of Matter
By the term external state of matter, we mean- weight, volume, shape, etc.
Matters can be classified into different classes based on the external state.
Let’s try to identify different states of matter through the following activity.

How many states of matter?

Activity: Classification of substances

What to do:

1. Let’s make a table similar to the

adjacent one. Group-1 Group-2 Group-3

2. See the pictures below. Identify the

similar kinds and put them into three
groups.
3. Discuss about special characteristics
of each group with classmates and write
them down.

Different kinds of matters

Are water and oil the

same matters? Why?
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Water and oil take the shapes of the

containers in which they are placed.

47
 Matter

Summary

Marble, doll and book are similar matters in the picture. Each of them has
its own shape. There is no change in shape even if they are kept in different
places. Water, oil, fruit juice are the other types of matters. They take the
shape of that container where they are placed. Air inside a balloon, air from
a fan, etc. are the other types of matters. Air also has no shape of its own. Air
takes the shape of the container or the baloon in which it is kept. But, there
is a difference between air and water. For example- water poured in the glass
will occupy that much space as its amount. The unoccupied space remains
free of water. But, even a balloon is filled with a small amount of air, the air
will spread throughout the entire balloon; It means, the air occupies the entire
volume of the balloon.

Let’s learn more about states of matter…...

In the above activity, marble, doll, book, etc. are similar

materials. Each of them has its own shape. There is no change
in shape even if they are kept in different places. Such are called
solid matters. Solid smatters have fixed volume and shape. For
example, stone. Stone cannot change its shape and volume by
itself. Even if a stone is dropped from a height, its shape and
volume remain the same. Ice, table, pencil, brick, etc., are
solid matters.
Fruit’s juice, water, oil, syrup, milk, etc., are liquid
substances. They do not have specific shape. For
example, A glass of fruit juice when placed in a
glass takes the shape of glass, when it is placed
in a bowl it takes the shape of a bowl. Again, if it
falls on a table or floor, it spreads around. Liquid
matters have definite volume even though they have no definite shape. A fixed
amount of liquid occupies a fixed amount of space.
Air filled balloon, air from fan, smoke, etc., are
gaseous matters. Volume and shape of gaseous
matters are not fixed. If a gaseous matters is placed
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inside a closed container, it occupies the entire

volume of the container. For example, if a little

48
Elementary Science

amount of smoke enters into the house or car, it spreads throughout the whole
house or car. It occupies the entire space. This means that gaseous matters
do not have their own volume. It takes the entire volume of the container in
which it is kept. Again, if the same amount of air is placed in balloons of
different shapes, it fills the entire balloon and takes the shape of that balloon.
Gaseous matters does not have its own shape.

7. States of Water in the Environment

If water is kept at lower temperature in the fridge, it turns into ice. What
happens when you heat this ice?

Activity: finding Changes in the states of water

Materials required: Ice, water, pan, kettle, stove.
What are the possible states of water?

What to do:

1. Let’s take a few pieces of ice in the

pan.
2. Observe the ice for 15-20 minutes.
What is going on? Write it down.
3. Now heat the ice pieces. If you
give heat what will happen in the
end? Write it down.
4. Now pour a little amount of water
in the kettle. Boil the water using
heat. In this situation, look at the
mouth of the kettle’s tube. What
do you see?
5. Hold a dry spoon in front of the
kettle’s tube.
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49
 Matter

6. Remove the spoon from the mouth of the tube and let it be cool.
7. Notice the thing sticks to the spoon. Write down what you see in the ex-
ercise book.
If the ice is left without heating it, the
ice melts slowly. What happens when
it is heated?

Let’s see what happens when

ice is heated.

Result

If ice is placed in a container, it slowly melts and turns into water. It melts
quickly when heated. It is seen from the above activity, if water is boiled,
smoke comes out through the mouth of the kettle’s tube. This is called water
vapor. If this water vapor is cling to a spoon for a while and cooled, small
drops of water can be observed.

Discussion

1. When water is cooled it turns into ice. Again, ice turns into water when it is
heated. What can be understood from this test? Let’s discuss about this with
classmates to find the answer.
2. Water boils when it is heated. Gas moves out through the kettle’s tube. This
gas is converted into water like dew points when it is cooled down. What can
be understood from here? Let’s discuss with classmates and write it down.
3. What happens if you leave an ice cube in a bowl without heating it? What
is the difference between heating and not heating?
Summary

Ice is a solid matter. Ice melts and turns into water when it is heated. It melts
slowly when left it outside under normal condition. It melts quickly when
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heated. When this water is heated, it turns into water vapor. Water vapor is a

50
Elementary Science

gaseous matter. From the above experiment we can understand that ice, water
and water vapor are the same matter. Their state only changes depending on
their external condition of heating-cooling.

Cooling Cooling
Heating Heating

Ice Water Vapor

(Solid) (Liquid) (Gaseous)

Let’s learn more about the different states of water…...

Water exists in three states in nature. For example, ice can be seen in the polar
region of the world and on top of the mountains. Water is found in pond, river,
lake, ocean in liquid state. Water also exists in gaseous state in vapor form.

Polar region Sea Cloud

Peak of mountains Lake Fog

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51
 Matter

8. Various Solid Substances

We see a lot of solid substances around us. Some are hard, some are soft.
Through the following work, we can get an idea of the different types of solids.

How many types of solids exist?

Activity: Identifying different types of substances

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a table similar to the Name of Properties Applica-
adjacent one. the object tion
2.Hold the solid substances given in
the picture below. How does it feel
to holdthese substances? Discuss
with classmates.
3. What properties of a substance that
is not available in the remaining
substances? Write down in the
table discussing with classmates.
4. Write a special function of each
substance.

Rubber is soft. It decays through

friction it srinks when pressed.

Steel-spoon and other items

sound rattle when striked.
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Elementary Science

Result

There are different types of solids. Some substances are hard. Some are soft.
For example: stone is hard; Rubber is soft. Glass is fragile; Paper can be
folded. Wax melts easily when heated. Plastic is flexible. Metal sounds rattle
when striked.

9. Concept of Magnet
A magnet is a special type of substance. It has some interesting properties.
Let’s find out some unknown facts about magnet.

What can be done using magnet?

Activity: Examining the behavior of magnets towards different
materials
Necessary materials: Safetypin, paper, plastic mug, clay, pieces of iron,
window grill

What to do:
1. Let’s make a table similar to the adjacentSubstances Substances
one. that are at- that are not
2. Touch the substances shown in the picture tracted by attracted by
magnet magnet
below using magnet.
3. Let’s see what is happening.
4. Write the results of observation in the ta-
ble on the right.
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53
 Matter

Result

Some substances are attracted by magnet whereas some substances are not
attracted by magnet.

Let’s learn more about magnets…...

We have seen that magnet attracts iron or iron type materials. Materials that are
attracted to magnets are called magnetic materials. Materials that are not attracted
by magnets are called non-magnetic materials. For example: paper, clay, plastic etc.
Different shaped magnets are available. Bar magnet, horseshoe magnet, cylindrical
magnet, U shaped magnet, button magnet, ring magnet are examples of the available
magnets.

Bar horseshoe U shaped cylindrical button

ring magnet
magnet magnet magnet magnet magnet
Magnets have some interesting properties.For example, a bar magnet remains
always In the north-south direction when suspended using threads. If the magnet is
turned around using hand
and released, it returns to
the north-south direction
again. If a magnet is
suspended, the north end
of the magnet is called
north pole of the magnet;
And the edge that faces
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south is called south pole

of the magnet.

54
Elementary Science

When the north pole of a magnet is

brought closer to the south pole of another
magnet, the ends atrract each other closer.
It is called attraction. On the other hand,
when north pole of a magnet is brought Attraction
close to the north pole of another magnet,
they repel each other. This is called
repulsion. Similarly, when the south pole
of one magnet is brought closer to the
south pole of another magnet, two poles
repel each other. Repulsion

10. Careful and Responsible Usage of Materials in Daily Life

We use different objects every day. Some of these objects are dangerous. Some
objects are fragile. Some objects are very valuable. We should be careful and
responsible in the usage of objects according to the type of object.

How to be responsible and careful in the use of objects?

Activity: Identifying problems that may occur when handling object
and taking necessary precautions to avoid those problems.

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a table similar to Name What can be How to use
the adjacent one. of done with them?
2. Look at the material in the object uncareful
image below. What kind of usage?
problems may happen when
using them?
3. What needs to be done to avoid
problems? Discuss with class-
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mates and write in the table.

55
 Matter

If you touch a hot object, your hands

will burn. What has to be done?
You have to wait for the object to
cool down or you have to hold it with a
piece cloth or a napkin.

Summary

If you touch a hot object, your hands will burn. So you have to wait for the object
to cool down. If you have to hold it in hot condition, hold it with the help of cloth
or napkin. Glassware materials should be used in such a way that they do not fall
out of the hands and break. You have to be careful while using sharp materials like
knife so that you or others do not get hurt by poking.
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56
Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Write down two main properties of a matter.

a.

b.

2. Let’s find out the matters among the things mentioned above. Write down
the reasons why do you think these are matters and those are not.
Name Is it a matter? Why?
Heat

Bed

Iron
Magnetic
force
Plastic
container
School
bench

3. Let’s identify the type/ category of the following objects (solid, liquid, and
gaseous). Write down why these objects are said to be solid state of matter, or
liquid state of matter, or gaseous state of matter?
Name What kind of matter is it? Why?

Milk

Stone
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Smoke

57
 Matter

4. Some pairs of objects are given below. Find out the differences in properties
of each pair of objects and write it down in the following table.

Name of the object pair/ Object Difference between properties of

pair name the object pairs

Stone pieces and Sholar balls

Spoons of steel and wood/ Steel

spoon & wooden spoon
Wax & Iron rod

5. Let’s identify the type/ category of the objects (magnetic, non-magnetic)

given below.
Book, Iron cupboard, Soil, Pin
Magnetic substance Non-magnetic substance

6. Write the precautions that we should take in case of using the following
objects.
Objects Precautions
Any hot object

Glassware/ Objects made of glass

Any sharp objects such as knives

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58
Elementary Science

Chapter 5

Energy
There are different kinds of energy around us. Energy has been used in any
sorts of works. For example, energy is required for lighting lamp, running
television, cooking different staffs.

1. Different types of energy

There are different types or forms of energy. We can find out different forms
of energy from the surroundings.

What kind of energy is around us?

Activity: Identifying different forms of energy.

What to do: Where are you?

I cannot see you.
1. Think about the following questions.
* What will happen if there is no light? I am here.
* What will happen if there is no electricity?
* What will be the problem if heat is not available?
* What will happen if we cannot hear the sound?
2. Think about the usefulness of light, electricity, heat and sound, and
discuss with our classmates.
I am feeling cold. What are you saying? I
I cannot use a TV... can’t hear your voice.
why?
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59
 Energy

Summary

Energy is something must required for doing any work.

More about the different types of energy...

Light
Light is an energy which helps us to see any object. We
cannot see anything without light. We get most of the
light energy from the Sun.
Electricity
Electricity is the type of energy with which we
run different types of electrical appliances. We get
electricity mainly from the electrical connection or
battery of the house.
Heat
Heat is a type of energy which
warms any object. We get heat energy by burning any
object. Even if we rub two objects such as the palms of
both of our hands, we get heat energy. Sun is the main
source of heat energy.
Sound
Sound is a type of energy. We can hear something if there is sound. Sound can
be produced by striking an object.
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Elementary Science

2. Uses of Energy
We have learned that there are different types of enrgy. Energy is required to
do different activities in daily life.

How do we use energy?

Activity: Finding the usage of energy

What to do:

Type of energy The place for the use of energy Uses of enegy

1. Have a look at the picture below. Let’s find the usage of light, heat and
electrical energy in the picture and write it in the table.
2. Let’s discuss the usage of energy with classmates.

How do people use energy in

their daily life? Do you have
any other ideas?
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 Energy

Summary

We use energy in different ways. Energy is very important for us.

Let’s learn more about the usage of energy……

Light
We usually use light energy to illuminate the room. To control vehicles on
the road we use traffic lights. In addition, light signals are used for safety of
sea-going ships and aircrafts.

Use of light energy

Electricity
Electricity is required to run various machineries in our daily life. For
example, electrical energy is used to run electric lamps, fans, televisions,
refrigerators, toy-cars, etc.
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Use of electrical energy

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Elementary Science

Heat
We can warm any object using heat energy. We use heat energy for cooking
foods, drying cloths, drying paddy etc. Besides these, we use heat energy to
keep the body warm in winter.

Use of heat energy

3. Prevention of Wasting Energy

Energy is very valuable for us. But we waste energy in many ways. If we
know the ways how energy is wasted, we can easily prevent waste of energy.

How can we prevent wastage of energy?

Activity: Finding wastage of energy in different fields

What to do:
Let’s make a table in the exercise book, similar to the one shown below.
The ways energy is wasted

1. Look at the picture below. From the picture let’s find out in what cases
the energy is being wasted and write them in the table.
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2. Let’s discuss about the fileds of wasting energy with classmates.

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 Energy

How else do we
waste energy in
our daily lives?

Summary

We waste energy in many ways in our daily life. Energy is a very important
resource. It is not possible for us to survive without energy. Therefore, we have to
prevent wasting energy.

Discussion

We have learned how the energy is wasted in daily life. Let’s discuss with
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classmates how to prevent wasting of energy.

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Elementary Science

Let’s learn more about the prevention of wasting energy

Oil, gas, coal, etc. are usually used to produce light, electricity, heat or any
other type of energy. They are limited in the Earth. When they run out, there
can be a lack of energy. As a result, it will be difficult to survive. Therefore,
we should stop wasting energy. There are several ways we can prevent wasting
of energy. For instance, by turning off electric lights, fans etc. in houses,
schools or offices after finishing the assigned work; by turning off television
immediately when we are done watching television; by turning off the oven
as soon as we have finished the cooking; refraining from the opening of fridge
repeatedly and closing the fridge door after completing the work; by making
the best usage of daylight, etc.

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 Energy

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Write down which energies are required in the phenomena mentioned
below.

Phenomena The force that is required

Bright room

Wall clock

Using oven to cook

Talking with teacher

2. Write down the ways how we prevent the wastage of energy in our daily
life. In this way, mention the energy which can be used properly.

Ways to prevent
Wastage of energy Types of energy
wastage
1. TV is on, but nobody is
watching anything

2. The cooking is done but

the oven is not turned off

3. Keeping the electric

lights turned on even when
there is enough daylight

4. Honking car horn for no

reason
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Elementary Science

Chapter 6

Effects of Force on Objects

We learnt about pull and push in our first grade. Pull and push are the two
ways of using force.

Push Pull

1. Force in changing shape

We have to apply force to bring any object to us or to move them away from us.

What else can force do?

Activity: Observation of the effect of force on objects

Necessary Materials: Clay, rubber band, plastic scale, etc.

What to do:

1. Let’s make a table similar to the one shown below.

Name of object What kind of force have What is shape of the ob-
you applied? ject after applying force?
Clay
Rubber band
Plastic scale
Paper
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Pencil

67
 Effects of Force on Objects

2. Apply different kinds of forces on the objects and observe the changes in
shape of the objects.
3. Note down the changes in the table.
4. Let’s share the opinions with classmates.

What changes occur in matter

due to the application of force?

Have you considered what

happens when you apply
force to the clay?

Result

The shape of objects like clay, rubber bands, and plastic scale
changes when force is applied to them by pulling, pushing, or
bending. By applying the similar force, the shape of the paper
can be changed by folding and making it sharp.

Discussion

1. Find out some examples of forces that hange

the shape of objects in daily life.
2. Share your opinions with your classmates.
Let’s learn more about changing of the shape of objects due to applied
force
Force is required to change the shape of an object. We can give the clay a new
shape by pushing, presurizing or pulling it. By pulling the rubber band we can
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change its shape. When you bend the plastic scale, it takes the shape of a bow.

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Elementary Science

When the force is removed, many objects such as plastic scale, rubber band go
back to their original shape. Many objects do not return to their original shape
even if the force is removed, such as clay. In real life, shapes are changed with
the help of forces in different objects. For example, to grind the spices, force
is applied with the help of rock-patta and this changes the shape of the spices.
Forces are required to make pottery, such as plate, glass, and wooden furniture.
In the blacksmith shop, an appropriate amount of force is applied to the hot
iron plate to make knives, scissors, and spades. Long strips of steel are bent
by applying force to create a bridge-like structure. A variety of jewelry can be
made by applying force on the metal wire and bending it. By applying force,
pieces of paper can be folded to make different shapes including airplane,
boat, and flower.

Effect of force in changing the shapes of rubber band and clay

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 Effects of Force on Objects

2. Force in Changing Size

The application of force results in a change in the size of the object. Size
usually refers to how big or small an object is.

What else can be done by applying force?

Activity: Let’s apply force on plastic bottle.
Necessary materials: A plastic bottle without a lid.

What to do:
1. Let’s make a table in the exercise book, similar to the
one below.
What changes occur in the shape of the plastic bottle
if force is applied?

2. Apply force on the empty plastic bottle using hand.

3. Write down in the table the change in the size of the
plastic bottle due to the applied force.
4. Share opinions with the classmates about what force
can do

How can we apply force

on plastic bottles?

Can you tell us how

applied force changes the
size of plastic bottle?

Result
When we push or press with hands, the size of the plastic bottle becomes
smaller.
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Elementary Science

Let’s learn more about changing of the size of objects by applying force....

If an empty plastic bottle is twisted, the bottle shrinks or chokes. Sometimes

we see such twisted tin cans on the road.The reason behind this twisted state
is that car passes over these tin cans. As a result, these tin cans are crushed
by the wheels of the passing car over them.

3. Force in changing volume

The volume of the object can be changed by applying the force.

How can the volume be changed by applying force?

Activity: Observation of the change in volume under applied force.
Necessary materials: A syringe

What to do:
1. Take a syringe in one hand and close its mouth by using the other hand.
2. Keeping the mouth closed, compress the air by applying force to the
piston of the syringe.
3. Observe changes in the volume of the air inside the syringe.

How can we change the

air volume in the syringe?
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By applying force to the piston

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 Effects of Force on Objects

Result
Air in the syringe is compressed through the application of pressure. As a
result, the volume of the air decreases.

Let’s learn more about the role of the applied force in changing the volume.....

Suppose, you have a small air filled balloon. If you press the balloon tightly, you
will notice that its volume has been decreased. The reason behind this is that
your applied force is pushing the air inside
closer, and thus the balloon gets contracted
and takes up less space than before. On the
other hand, releasing the balloon will cause
the air inside to spread and the balloon will
grow larger again and regain its original
volume. Thus the force plays an important
role in changing the volume of the object.
In real life, the volume is changed by applying force in different objects. To
remove the sauce from a plastic bottle, we change its volume by applying
force. The volume of air is reduced by applying force on the piston of a pump.
Afterwards, the air enters into the tyres of bicycles or rickshaw wheels. Even
during the production of LPG used for cooking in the house, the volume is
reduced by applying force on the gas.
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Elementary Science

4. Force in Everyday Life

We apply force to move different things and to change the shape, size, and
volume of different objects. In daily life, force is used for many other purposes.

How do we apply force in different areas of our daily lives?

Activity: Investigation of the effect of force on objects

What to do:
1. Make a table similar to the one shown below.
Type of force

2. Look at the pictures below and identify what kind of force has been used.
3. Write down the type of the applied force.
4. Discuss with classmates about what kinds of forces are used in everyday
life.

Do you know what kind of

force we apply in daily life?

What kinds of force will you apply

when you play football or cricket?
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 Effects of Force on Objects

Result
We push the cart, pull the toy car, pull the rubber band. We compress orange
or lemon to extract juice from them and we bend the rubber scale.

Let’s learn more about the ways to apply force in everyday life...
We apply force in different ways in daily life. There are two types of these forces,
namely, contact force and non-contact forces. A contact force is the force that acts
between two objects and require direct connection between them. For example,
kicking the ball while playing football, throwing the ball while playing cricket,
writing using a pen on paper. Pull, push and frictional forces are also examples of
contact force. Rubbing one of two objects against the other produces a frictional
force. Direct contact between two objects is not required for non-contact forces.
Examples of non-contact forces are magnetic force and gravitational force. Magnetic
force is a non-contact force by which a magnet pulls iron or iron-like metals towards
it. Under the influence of the gravitational force, the fruit falls from the tree to the
surface of the Earth.

Contact force
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Non-contact force

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Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Take two plastic bottles, with and without cap. Apply force to the bottles by
hand. Observe what happens and write it in the table.

Changes in bottle due to the Causes of

Plastic bottle
applied force changes
A bottle without
cap
A bottle with cap
2. What kind of force did you apply in the activities shown below? What
happens to the shapes of these objects due to the impact of applied force?

Name of the What kind of force did What happens to the shapes
objects you apply? due to the applied force?

1. Foam ball
2. Iron nail
3. Wet clothes
4. Plastic cup
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 Effects of Force on Objects

5. Spring
3. Identify the contact force and non-contact force among the forces
mentioned below and write them down in the table.

Magnetic force, Frictional force, Kicking on a football,

Gravitational force, Contact force

1.
Contact force
2.

Non-contact 1.
force 2.

4. Identify and make a list on what changes occur to the objects in different
events as shown in the following pictures.

Event of applying forces Types of changes occur to the objects

1. Pulling a rubber band
2. Crushing a can (made of tin)
with the car wheels
3. Pressing a small sized balloon
tightly
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Elementary Science

Chapter 7

Water
Around three-fourths of the earth’s surface is water. But not all water is drinkable.

1. Sources of Water
We drink water. Animals and plants need water to live.
Water is very important for humans.

Where do we get water from?

Activity: Finding out the sources of water in the environment around us

Sources of Water

What to do:
1. Let’s make a table like the one shown on the Sources of water
right.
2. Think about the different sources of water and
make a list of the sources of water in the table.
3. Discuss the sources of water with classmates.

Where do we get drinking

water from?

Where do boats move?

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 Water

Summary
Different sources of water include rain, ponds, rivers, canals, lakes, seas, etc.
Besides, we also get water from water taps and tube wells.

Let’s learn more about the types of water...

The sources of water can be divided into two types: natural sources and man-
made sources.
Natural Sources of Water
Rain, rivers, canals, lakes, and seas are the natural sources of water.
Rainwater
Rainwater is the purest form of water that we get from natural sources. In
our country, there is a lot of rainfall during the rainy season. We can drink
this rainwater by boiling it. Rainwater gathers in ponds, rivers, haors, canals,
lakes, etc. We collect rainwater in the forms of surface water and groundwater.
Surface water
The water above the ground is the surface water. For example seas, oceans,
rivers, wetlands, ponds, etc. Surface water is continuously being evaporated
from seas, oceans, rivers, wetlands, and ponds and later it is stored as
groundwater through rainfall.
Groundwater
Rainwater falls on the earth’s surface and slowly enters the ground. Groundwater
is located in spaces between rocks and soil below the earth’s surface. We get
groundwater in different ways. In hilly areas, this water comes out in the form
of fountains. In plain areas, the water we get by digging wells and through
tube wells is groundwater.
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Elementary Science

Man-made Sources
We also get water from ponds, wells, tube wells, and water taps. These are
man-made water sources.

Discussion

Into how many categories can we divide the sources of water?

1. Let’s make a table like the one

Natural sources Man-made
shown on the right.
of water sources of water
2. Categorize water sources into two
types: natural sources and man-made
sources.
3. Discuss the activity with class-
mates.|

2. Types of Water
We can see water in many places in nature or the environment. Based on the
sources, this water can be divided into two categories: natural sources and
man-made sources. Some other different types of water are also available in
nature depending on the sources, such as freshwater and saltwater.

What are the types of water?

Activity: Finding out the different types of water
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What to do:

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 Water

1. Let’s draw a table like the one below in our exercise book.
Sources of freshwater Sources of saltwater

2. Notice the pictures below and find out the sources of freshwater and salt-
water and write them in the table.
3. Discuss the ideas with classmates.

Different sources of water

What are the other sources of

freshwater and saltwater?

Water of which sources is salty?

Summary
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We can classify water into two types: freshwater and saltwater.

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Elementary Science

Let’s learn more about the types of water...

Saltwater or Saline Water

The water that contains salt is called
saltwater. Most of the world’s water is
salty.
We get saltwater from seas and
oceans. We cannot drink saltwater.
Freshwater

Freshwater is a kind of water that has

very little salt or no salt at all. The main
sources of freshwater are naturally-
created lakes, waterfalls, rivers,
snowfalls, ice, etc.
We can also get freshwater from ponds,
wells, and water taps.

Discussion

Let’s find out water of which source is suitable for drinking, and which one is
not suitable for drinking. Write them in the table.
1. Make a table like the one shown beside. Drinkable Undrinkable
2. Make a list of the two types of water- water water
drinkable and undrinkable- in the table.
3. Discuss the activity with classmates.

Let’s learn more about the types of water...

Not all water is safe to drink. People need safe water to drink. Some freshwater
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is safe for humans to use. For example, processed bottled water, boiled water,
and water from green coloured tube-well are safe for us. Some freshwater
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 Water

is not safe for drinking or cooking. For example, pond water, polluted river
water, and water from red-coloured tube wells. Tube-well water is generally
safe. But tube-well water in some areas of Bangladesh contains arsenic. Using
arsenic-contaminated water can cause skin diseases and cancer. Arsenic-
contaminated water has no distinct taste, colour, or smell. So safe and unsafe
water are identified by marking the tubewells in green and red.

Unsafe water

Safe water

3. Usage of Water
Every day we use water for various purposes. Living things need water to
live. We drink water when we are thirsty. We use water to cook food. People
use water for many purposes apart from drinking, cooking, and cultivation.
Can we live without water?
Let’s find out what else we use water for in our daily life.

What purposes do we use water for?

Activity: Finding out the usage of water
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What to do:

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Elementary Science

1. Let’s draw a table like the one shown below.

Purposes we use water for

2. Think about the purposes we use water for and write the ideas in the
table.
3. Discuss the ideas with classmates. Talk about the usage of water in daily
life.

When or where do we
use water?

We wash our hands and faces

with water in the morning,
drink water, bathe in water.

Summary
We use water for different purposes. We use water for drinking, cooking,
washing dishes, cleaning floors, brushing teeth, taking baths, washing
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clothes, cultivating, and growing crops, in fisheries, and factories.

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 Water

Let’s learn more about the usage of water...

We use water in various activities in our daily lives. Besides these, we use water
for many other purposes. For example, water is used to generate electricity.
For this reason, electricity is produced by making dams in rivers. Plants and
fish also need water to grow and live.

Usage of water

4. Importance of water in our life

We use water in different ways. We cannot live without water. So, water is
very important for our life.

Why do we need water so much in our lives?

Activity: Finding out the importance of water

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a mind map like the one
shown beside.
2. Think of the work or scenario where
we use water. See the pictures be-
low. Think about what will happen What will
happen if
if there is no water and write it in there is no
the mind map. Why do we need water?
water so much in our lives?
3. Share your ideas with classmates.
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Discuss why water is important in

our lives.

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Elementary Science

The paddy plants will die if there

is no water.

What will happen in our lives if

there is no water?

Summary
Animals and plants need water to live. If there is no water, we cannot drink
water when we are thirsty. We grow crops using water. Most of our foods
come from plants and animals. These plants and animals need water to live
and grow.

Let’s learn more about the importance of water...

Water is very important for humans. The other name of water is life. We
cannot live without water. Water is essential for the existence of all lives on
earth. About 60-70% of the human body is water. So, we should drink at least
1.4 liters-1.6 liters (about 5-6 glasses) of safe water daily. We can go for days
without eating food, but we can’t go even one day without water. Farmlands,
wells, rivers, and ponds dry up without water. The scarcity of water becomes
serious in some regions of Bangladesh during summer. This condition is called
drought.
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 Water

A dry field for lack of water A dry river for lack of water

5. Proper Use of Water

Water is very important in our life. So, we should use it wisely and avoid
wasting it.
How can we make proper use of water?

Activity: Finding out the wastage of water

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a mind map like the
one shown beside.
2. Look at the pictures below and
think about when and how water
is wasted. Write it in the mind
map. How is water
wasted?
3. Discuss the ideas with classmates.
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Elementary Science

How do we waste water while

using it?

We waste water by keeping the sink

tap running while brushing our teeth.

Summary

We can stop the wastage and excessive use of water in many ways. For
example, we can avoid wastage of water by using less water while brushing
our teeth, and turning off the tap after washing our hands or face.

Discussion How will you use water while

washing hands and brushing teeth?

How can we avoid wastage of water?

1. Let’s make a table like the one shown below.

2. Think about how water is wasted in different places at home or school.

3. Write the ways to avoid the wastage of water in our daily lives.
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5. Share the ideas with classmates.

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 Water

Ways to prevent the wastage of water

Let’s learn more about proper use of water...

Around three-fourths of the earth’s surface is water. However, the amount of

drinkable water is very limited. As our population is growing, more and more
people are using this limited water.
So, we need to be careful in using water properly. We should not waste water.

Gathering of many people for safe water.

We can avoid the wastage of water in many ways. For example, turning off the
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water tap while brushing our teeth, and turning off the water tap after washing
our hands or face.

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Elementary Science

Filling the bucket with Turning off the water tap Watering the plants with the
water and then washing after using it used water
the dishes

Many people keep water taps, shower taps, etc. running unnecessarily while
washing dishes, hands, and feet, and taking baths. We should not do that. We
can fill a container with water and then use it. If there is a leak in the water
pipe, we should repair it quickly. By doing these, we can make the proper use
of water and avoid the wastage of it. We should never throw water away. If
there is some water at the bottom of the glass after we drink water, we should
use it to water plants or store it in a laundry bucket.

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 Water

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Sort the given pictures in the following table based on the sources.

Natural sources Man-made sources

2. Sort the water sources in the following table. Write down the reasons to
identify these as safe and unsafe sources of water.
Types of water
Sources Reasons
Safe Unsafe
Pond
River
Sea
Tube-wells
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marked in green

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Elementary Science

3. Sort the water sources in the following table. Write down the reasons to
identify these as salty water and fresh water.

Types of water
Sources Reasons
Salty water Fresh water
Pond
River
Sea
Ocean

4. Write 5 uses of water in the following table.

Uses of water
1.
2.
3.
4.

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 Chapter 8

Soil
Soil is the soft layer covering the Earth’s surface. Various plants grow on
soil. Humans make their homes on soil and live in them. Besides, numerous
animals live on soil.

1. Components of Soil
What is soil made of? Let’s find out what are there in the soil.

What is soil made of?

Activity: Observing the components of soil

Necessary materials:
One clean plastic bottle, soil, water

What to do:

1. Let’s go out of the classroom, and collect some soil.

2. Put some soil into the plastic bottle and then pour water into it.
3. Close the lid of the plastic bottle properly and shake the bottle well.
4. Guess the components of soil and write them in your exercise book.
5. Observe the mixture carefully and note down what we have found in the
mixture.
6. Discuss the findings with classmates. Talk about the components of soil.
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Elementary Science

We can see many particles on There are some things floating in

the top, middle and lower levels the top part of the bottle. At the
of the bottle. What are these? bottom, there are sand and silt.

Discussion

What is soil made of? Components of soil

1. Let’s make a table like the one shown
on the right.
2. Write down the different components of
the soil found in the above experiment.
3. Discuss the components of soil with
your classmates.
Result

Soil consists of pebbles, sand, clay, water and various decomposed plants and
animals.

Let’s learn more about the components of soil…

Soil is the upper layer covering the Earth’s surface. Soil is made up of different
components. Due to the difference of components, there are many types of soil.
When we pour water into the soil, bubbles appear on top. It proves that there
is air in the soil. We can see many components of soil in the plastic bottle. Soil
consists of pebbles, sand, silt, clay, water, air, etc. Besides, remains of dead
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plants and animals decompose in soil and change over time. This is known as
humus. Humus is usually black or dark in colour. Humus helps trees to grow.

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 Soil

2. Characteristics of Soil
There are usually three types of soil. Clay soil, loamy soil and sandy soil.
The characteristics of soil vary depending on its type.

What are the different characteristics of soil?

Activity: Characteristics of different types of soil

Necessary materials: Different types of soil, white paper, etc
1. Let’s make a table like the one given below
Characteristics Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Colour of the soil

Texture of the
soil
Shape of the soil
particles

2. Put the samples of three types of soil on white paper and name them as
Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3.
3. Observe the three different types of soil and write down their
characteristics in the table.
4. Share ideas with your classmates. Discuss the characteristics of the
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different types of soil and find out their similarities and differences.

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Elementary Science

Result

Types of soil vary based on the characteristics like colour, shape, and size of
its particles.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Characteristics
(Sandy Soil) (Loamy Soil) (Clay Soil)
Light brown to
Colour of the soil Black Reddish
light grey
Texture of the Wet and sticky to
Dry and grainy Soft and dry
soil the touch
Shape of the soil
Big Different sizes Small
particles

Let’s learn more about the characteristics of soil…

Sandy Soil
Usually, the colour of sandy soil is light brown to
light grey. The particles of the sandy soil are big-
ger than loamy soil and clay soil. The soil is dry
and grainy to the touch.
Loamy Soil
Loamy soil is black in colour. It feels soft and dry
when touched. The particles of loamy soil are of
various shapes and sizes.
Clay Soil
Clay soil is usually reddish in colour. When in con-
tact with water, clay soil becomes soft, and when
dry it becomes hard in texture. The wet clay soil
feels sticky when touched but the dry one feels
smooth. Among the three types of soil, clay soil
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has the smallest particles.

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 Soil

3. Water-absorbing Capacity of Soil

We already have learned various characteristics of soil such as colour, shape,
size of its particles, and the presence of other components. Like these, the
water-absorbing capacity of soil is also one of its characteristics.

Which soil has more or less water-absorbing capacity?

Activity: Observing the water-absorbing capacity of soil

Necessary materials: Clay soil, Loamy soil, Sandy soil, water, 3 plastic
bottles, a piece of cloth, rubber bands, water glasses, etc.

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a table like the one given below.
Sandy Soil Loamy Soil Clay Soil
How fast does
water travel
through the soil?
Quantity of
remaining water
in the container
2. Cut the top portions of the three plastic bottles and make three funnels by
using the cloth and rubber bands with the help of your teacher.
3. Put the funnels on the lower part of the plastic bottles as shown in the
pictures given below.
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4. Before pouring the water, guess through which type of soil will the water
run down fast and slowly.

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Elementary Science

5. Now, pour the same amount of water slowly into each funnel.
6. Observe and write in the table, how fast water runs down through each
type of soil.

Clay soil Sandy soil Loamy soil

Discussion

What are the different characteristics of soil?

Let’s discuss the answers to the following questions based on the observations:
1. Through which type of soil does water run down quickly?
2. Through which type of soil does water run down the slowest?

3. Which type of soil can retain the most water?

Result

Through our experiment, we have come to know that different soils have
different water-absorbing capacities. For example, sandy soil has a very low
water-absorbing capacity. For this reason, water can flow quickly through
sandy soil. Water can also flow through loamy soil easily but slower than
through sandy soil. Loamy soil’s water-absorbing capacity is lower than clay
soil but higher than sandy soil. Only a very small amount of water can flow
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through clay soil. Clay soil can absorb the most amount of water.

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 Soil

Sandy Soil Loamy Soil Clay Soil

How fast does

water flow
Quickly Slowly Very Slowly
through which
type of soil?

Let’s learn more about the characteristics of soil…

Due to the various types of soil particles, water flows through different types
of soil at different speeds.
Clay Soil
The particles of clay soil are the smallest and most
compact. Due to this, water cannot flow easily
through it. Clay soil has the highest water-absorbing
capacity.

Sandy Soil
Sandy soil has the biggest particles. Due to this,
it has gaps in the soil which allows water to flow
through it very quickly. The particles of sandy soil
are larger than the particles of loamy soil and clay
soil.

Loamy Soil
The particles of loamy soil are of different sizes.
Loamy soil is a mixture of both small and large
particles. This soil has water-absorption capacity. It
drains well and therefore it can hold all other soil
elements.
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Elementary Science

4. Soil and Crops

There is a close relationship between soil and crops. According to the
characteristics of soil, different crops grow well in different types of soil.

Which soil is suitable for which crops?

Water is very important for growing crops. Plants grow in soil and get water
from the soil. In which soil do crops grow well?

Activity: Knowing which soil is suitable for which crops

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a table like the one given below.

Which crops grow well in which soil?

Sandy soil Clay soil Loamy soil

2. Observe the following pictures and think about which crops grow well in
which soil and note those down.
3. Discuss the ideas with classmates. Talk about which crops grow in which
soil.
Paddy, wheat, maze, jute, mango, legume, jackfruit, watermelon,
groundnuts, cucumber, muskmelon.
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 Soil

Have you ever seen the crops

shown in the pictures?

Try to remember which crops

grow in which places. Do you
have any ideas about this?

Summary

Different types of crops grow in different soils. Some crops grow well in
clay soils. Some crops grow well in sandy or loamy soils.

Let’s learn more about what crops grow well in which soil…

Clay Soil
Water cannot easily go out of this soil. Wet clay soil is very sticky. It has very
little air. Different parts of the soil mix with water and stay in the soil. This
soil has essential elements that help plants grow. Legumes and jackfruit grow
well in clay soils.

Legumes Jeckfruit
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Elementary Science

Sandy Soil
The water-absorbing capacity of this soil is very low. Water goes down very
quickly through the gaps between the particles. The necessary elements of
the soil also come out with the water. That’s why, not all crops can grow
well in sandy soils. Watermelon, groundnut, muskmelon, Kirby cucumbers,
cucumber, etc. crops grow in this soil.

Groundnuts Cucumber Watermelon
Loamy Soil
The water-absorbing capacity of this soil is good. This soil can retain water
and other soil elements. But water does not log in this soil. Rice, wheat,
corn, barley, jute, sugarcane, etc. grow well in this soil. Most of the areas of
Bangladesh consist of loamy soil.

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Paddy Wheat Jute

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 Soil

5. Importance of Soil in Our Life

Soil is very important in our life. We use soil in different activities of our
daily life.|

What activities do we use soil for in our daily life?

Activity: Finding out what we use soil for in our lives

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a mind map like the picture
below.
2. Write the usage of soil in the mind map.
Uses of
3. Discuss the ideas with classmates. soil

4. Discuss how we use soil in our daily life.

How are we dependent

on soil?

We depend on plants for

food. Where do they grow?
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Elementary Science

Summary
We use soil in many ways. For example, in agriculture, building construction,
arts and crafts, etc. We depend on soil for various activities in our daily life.

Let’s learn more about the usage of soil...

Soil has many different uses. People use soil for various purposes.
Agriculture
People use soil to grow plants. Soil provides essential
water and nutrition for plants. People grow vegetables
and crops in the soil for food.

House and building

construction
Humans build houses and buildings on the soil.
Soil is used to make building materials like bricks
or concrete.
Arts and Crafts
Different types of things are made from soil.
For example dishes, vases, jewellery, pots, toys,
etc.
Food
Many of the foods we eat come from plants. Plants grow in soil. Trees cannot
grow without soil. We will not get
food without trees. We also depend
on animals for food. Fruits and
vegetables come from plants. Plants
need soil to grow.
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 Soil

Necessary Materials
We use soil to make building materials
like bricks or concrete. We cannot build
houses without soil. Soil is used to make
earthenware. We cannot make earthen pots,
vases, or bowls without clay.
Soil to creat a beautiful and pollution free environment
We need soil to grow flowers in gardens. Flowers make our Earth beautiful.
The trees that make our Earth beautiful need soil to grow. Moreover human
activities sometimes generate a large amount of garbage. These garbage are
dumped or burried in the soil. As a result, we are protected from dirt, garbage
and bad smell.

Discussion

Why is soil so important to us?

1. Let’s make a table like the one below.
What if there is no soil?

2. Remember a scenario where we used soil. Imagine what would happen if

there were no soil. Write the ideas in the table.
3. Share ideas with classmates. Discuss why soil is important in our lives.
Summary
Soil is important for our existence. We cannot live without soil.
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Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

A
B
C

Soil mix
1. Observe the picture and name the components of the soil A, B, and C.
2. The component “A” of soil is made up of ……………………..?
3. Name soil based on the characteristics given in the table below.

Characteristics of different soil Name of the soil

Light brown to light grey color , grainy

and big size particles.

Black in color , soft and dry different

sizes particles.

Reddish in color , wet and sticky small

size particles.
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 Soil

4. Fill in the table given below by arranging the given corps in the box|
Paddy, Jute, mango, legume, jackfruit,
watermelon, cucumber,

Sandy soil Clay soil Loamy soil

5. Write down 3 sentences using the words given above box about the
importance of soil in our daily life.
Grow crops, burry dead body, building materials, utensils,
pollution free environment

a ............................. .............. ...............

b ............................. .............. ...............

c............................. .............. ................

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Elementary Science

Chapter 9

The Sun for Life

Every morning we get up from bed and see the Sun. The Sun is
essential for our survival. The Sun is located far away from the
Earth and so it appears much smaller than our Earth.
1. The Sun as a source of heat and energy

What is the Sun?

Activity-1: Knowing the Sun

What to do:
Let’s..
1. make a table like the one shown below:
What do we know about the What will happen if there is no
Sun? Sun?

2. discuss with classmates what we know about the Sun and how the Sun
helps us.
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 The Sun for Life

What do we get from the Sun?

What will happen to us if there is no Sun?

What can the Sun do?

Activity-2: Observing the brightness and the heat of the Sun

Materials required: magnifying glass, a piece of black paper

What to do:
1. Make a table like the one shown below.

The size of the light’s

Changes seen on the
circle on the black Brightness
paper
piece of paper

Large circle of light

Small circle of light

2. Cast sunlight on black paper with the magnifying glass.

3. First make a large circle of light on the paper by moving the glass up or
down. Observe the brightness of the light and write it in the table.
4. Then move the magnifying glass up or down to make a small circle of
light, observe the light’s brightness, and write it in the table.
5. Then write in the table the changes observed for the large and small circles
of light.
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6. Discuss the observations with classmates.

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Elementary Science

Concentrated light
(the smallest circle)

Concentrated light (large circle)

Moving the magnifying glass up and down changes the shape of the light circle

How to cast light to burn the paper?

Sunlight should be cast in such a way

that the light circle becomes smaller.

Result

Paper can be burned by passing sunlight through a magnifying glass. The light
becomes the brightest when the circle is small. Smoke can be seen rising from
the paper. The paper catches fire for the small circle of light.

Size of the light circle

Brightness Changes seen on the paper
on black paper

Large Less The paper becomes hot

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Small More Smoke rises from the paper

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 The Sun for Life

Let’s learn more about the Sun as a source of heat and light

The Sun is the primary source of light on the Earth. We can see during the day
because of sunlight. Without the Sun, there will be darkness all the time. The
Sun is also the primary source of heat. This is why, we feel hot when we are
outside on bright sunny days. The Sun warms the atmosphere near the surface
of the Earth. If the Sun were further away from the Earth, the Earth would
be colder. The regions of the Earth where the Sun shines less are colder and
covered in snow. For example, the North Pole and the South Pole of the Earth.
The Sun also plays an important role in controlling airflow and rainfall. We can
generate electricity by absorbing sunlight with solar panels. Apart from this,
solar cookers can also be made using the heat of the Sun. It is mentionable that
solar cookers and solar panels are pollution-free and environment-friendly.

The Sun for Life

Solar cooker Solar panel

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Elementary Science

2. The importance of the Sun for living things

What is the importance of the Sun for living things?

Activity: Understanding the importance of the Sun for living things
What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table like the one shown below.
Importance of the Sun for plants Importance of the Sun for animals

2. Write in the table why the Sun is important for plants and animals.
3. Discuss with classmates the importance of the Sun for living things.

Can plants make food without sunlight?

What would happen to the animals

if there were no Sun?

Summary
The Sun is important for animals and plants. It provides them with the
energy they need to survive because plants make food with the help of
sunlight. Animals are dependent on plants for food directly or indirectly.

Let’s learn more about the importance of the Sun for living things...

Plants make food using sunlight. Humans and other animals depend on plants
for food. When plants use sunlight to make food, oxygen gas is released.
This oxygen is used by animals for respiration. The Sun regulates the Earth’s
temperature. This creates a suitable environment for plants, humans, and other
animals to live in. The presence of the Sun illuminates the Earth and allows us
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to see the surrounding environment. Without the Sun, there would be darkness
all around us. The existence of the Sun makes life possible on Earth.

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 The Sun for Life

3. The relations between the position of the Sun and the

direction of the shadow
The shadow of various objects is related to the position of the Sun.

What is the relation between the shadow and the position of the Sun?
Activity: Observing the change in the direction of shadows of objects
in sunlight
What to do:
Let’s…
1.Make a table like the following:

Name of Object Position of the Sun Direction of Shadow

2. Find the shadow of a tree or a pole on the school grounds.

3. Note the direction of the shadow with the help of a compass and also note
the position of the Sun.

4. Write the results obtained at different positions of the Sun (east and west)
in the exercise book
5. Complete steps 3 and 4 for shadows of different objects.
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6. Discuss with classmates how the position of the Sun is related to the
direction of the shadow.

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Elementary Science

I saw the shadow in the east. So,

can you tell me in which direction
is the Sun?

in the west...

Result
The Sun and the shadow stay in the opposite direction to each other. The Sun
rises in the east. At that time the shadow is in the west. On the other hand, the
Sun sets in the west, while the shadow is in the east. Depending on the time of
the day, the shadow slowly moves from west to east.
How is the shadow
Discussion created?
Let’s discuss the following question with classmates.
• How is the shadow created?

Let’s learn more about the creation of the shadow ...

Light travels in straight lines. When an opaque object comes in the path of
the light, the light falling on that object
cannot reach the other direction. So,
that particular area gets dark and looks
black. In this way, if any object blocks
the light, a shadow is created against the
light source. By looking at the shadows
of different objects, we can understand
that the shape of the shadow is similar
to the shape of the object.
What is the relation between the length of an object’s shadow and the
change in the Sun’s position?
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Activity: Observing the shadow

Materials required: a long stick, measuring tape

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 The Sun for Life

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table like the one below.
Time Length of the shadow

2. Go outside the classroom and set up a long

stick.
3. Measure the length of the shadow with the
help of a tape. By looking at the length of the
shadow and the clock, record the time in the
table.
4. Record the shadow length and time in the
table hourly during the day.
5. Discuss with classmates how the length of a
shadow is related to time.

When is the length of a shadow

the shortest?

At noon!

Result

The length of the shadow changes according to the changes in the position of
the Sun.

Discussion
Let’s discuss with classmates the following topics
1. When is the length of a shadow the shortest? Why?
2. When is the length of a shadow the highest? Why?
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Elementary Science

Let’s learn more about the relation of an object’s shadow length with
the changes in the Sun’s position...

As the position of the sun changes, the length of the shadow changes. The Sun is
tilted (low) in the morning and afternoon sky. As a result, the shadow becomes
longer. At noon, the Sun is high. As a result, the length of the shadow is the
shortest at noon.

Let’s learn more about the Sun and shadow...

Clocks can be made using shadows. It is called a sundial. The time can be told
by seeing where the shadow of the stick of the sundial falls in the sunlight.
For example, if the shadow is towards the cut of twelve, it indicates 12 noon.
Imagine you are rotating in a swivel chair on the school grounds. In that case,
you will feel like the school flag is also moving around you. In fact, just as the
flag is stationary, so is the Sun stationary at the center of the solar system. And
as the chair rotates, so the earth rotates on its axis. As a result, we think that
the Sun is moving around the Earth like the flag.

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 The Sun for Life

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Use the following three words and write a paragraph of three lines about
the importance of the Sun.

Protects from the cold

Makes food Helps to see
of winter

2. Observe the following pictures. Write down the things where sunlight is
used to dry or make in daily life.

a.

b.

c.
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d.

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Elementary Science

3. The things we need to do: Observe the shadow of a stick by keeping the
torchlight at different positions (1, 2 and 3). Complete the table below to
understand how the length of the shadow is related to the position of the
torch.
Length of shadow
Position of the torch
Prediction Observation
1.
2.
3.

What is the similarity between the shadow of the Sun at morning, afternoon
and noon with the shadow cast by the torch at different positions?
4. Place a straw at the middle of a plastic plate and make a sundial as shown
in the picture. Measure the length of the shadow cast/ falls at at 4 pm on
the prepared sundial. Find out where the shadow will be and how long the
shadow will be at 5 pm.

DËi

cwðg c~e©
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`wÿY

117
 Chapter 10

Introduction to Technology
Technology can be any device or technique that is useful in our daily lives
and makes our lives easier.

1. Technology in our life

Which technology do we use in our daily lives?

Activity: Let’s find the use of technology

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one shown below.
Field of use Technology used How we use technology
Home Television
School
Agriculture
Transport
Healthcare
2. Make a list of technology used in home, school, agriculture, transport,
and healthcare and write it down in the table.
3. Discuss the activity with classmates.
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Elementary Science

Summary

Through the above activity, we get an idea about the names of various types of
technologies and where they are used. Due to technological convenience, time
and labour are saved which makes our life comfortable and safe.

2. Invention of modern technology and its use in our life

From the beginning of creation, human beings are constantly trying to make
life easier by inventing various types of technology. The use of technology is
remarkable in every field of our life. Below is a detailed discussion of those
topics.

What effects do the development of technology have in our lives?

Activity: Development of technology in travel and transportation.

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a chart in the exercise book like the one below:

Pedestrians

Roads Waterways Airways 2024

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 Introduction to Technology

2. Arrange the following images according to the above picture. Let’s start
with old technology and end with new technology. For example: first horse
carriage, then the steam engine (train), and lastly bus.

Discussion
Let’s think about and discuss the following question
1. Which was invented first - the motor engine or the wheel?

Let’s know more about the use of technology in various fields. . .

The technology used at home:
At home, we see the use of different types of technology. These include electric
lamps, televisions, mobiles, and computers. Some examples of technology
used in the kitchen are gas stoves, refrigerators, rice cookers, microwave
ovens, etc.
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Elementary Science

Technology used in education:

After the invention of pen, pencil, and paper, education began to change.
Printing on paper began after the invention of the printing machine. We now
use computers, the Internet, printers, and video cameras as part of educational
technology. For example, any necessary information is now typed into the
computer and saved.

Technology used in healthcare:

Various technologies have been invented in the medical field. For example,
various medical instruments invented are thermometers, stethoscopes, and
machines to measure blood pressure. X-ray machines and ultrasonography
are also some of the technologies used in the medical field.

We have come to know about the technology and how it is used to measure
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body temperature. through the above activity. So, we can use it ourselves
when needed.

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 Introduction to Technology

Technology used in agriculture:

The first development in agriculture started many years ago. At that time
people invented agricultural tools like shovels, spades, sickles, plows, etc.
Back then, animals like cows and horses were used to cultivate the land. Now
we use tractors to cultivate the land.

Technology used in transportation:

Humans have invented transportation technology to transport goods quickly
over long distances. Transportation technology can be divided into three
categories. Such as land, water, and air technology. Land transportation
technologies include cars, trains, rickshaws, bicycles, etc
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Elementary Science

The invention of the wheel brought about a revolutionary change in

transportation technology. After the invention of the wheel, people used ox
carts, and horse carts to travel and transport their goods. Later, the engine was
invented. The wheel and the engine led to the rapid development of travel and
transportation systems. Earlier people used to move from one place to another
on foot.

The evolution of the wheel

Cargo ships, speedboats, ferries, etc. are used for transportation on water.

Airplanes and helicopters are invented for air travel.Humans can now travel to
the moon by spacecraft, which is one of the breakthroughs in communication
technology.

From all the above discussions we have learned about the continuity of
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development of technology in each field and the benefits of using it. The use
of technology in all the daily activities of people is undeniable.

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 Introduction to Technology

3. Safe use of technology

What are the safe ways to use technology?

Activity: The safe ways of using technology

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table like the one shown below.

Name of technology Safe ways to use

Pen Not to hit anything

2. Write down the awareness that can be taken for the safe use of each tech-
nology in the above table.
3. Share the ideas with your classmates and discuss the aspects of safe
technology use.
4. Get an idea about what precautions can be taken for the safe use of vari-
ous technologies through the above activities.

Discussion

Let’s think and discuss

Discuss the following questions with teachers and classmates based on the
results above.
1. Which technology do you use every day?
2. What problems do you face while using that technology?
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3. Who helps you to use the technology?

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Elementary Science

Let’s learn more about the safe use of technology…

We need to be aware of the safe use of technology. Various types of technology

used in our daily lives have specific uses. For example, a pen is an educational
technology that is used for writing. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use a pen
for anything other than writing. For example, a pen or pencil cannot be used
to hurt or scratch anything. This can damage the pen and cause someone pain.
Laptops, mobile phones, computers, watches, radios, televisions, etc. should
be used with caution. Long-term use of computers and mobile phones can
cause eye problems and other physical problems. To avoid this problem, we
need to take a break and walk around at regular intervals or do some simple
exercises. We should avoid eating or drinking near our laptops or computers
because spilled food or drink can damage the keyboard. Electrical short
circuits can cause accidents.
In the field of transportation, if a new engine-driven vehicle is not operated
with skill, it can cause damage. Therefore, drivers need to be trained before
driving new vehicles. Along with promoting technology, we must ensure safe
use of it

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 Introduction to Technology

Let’s see if we can do it!

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Pictures of different types of technologies

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Elementary Science

1. Sort the technologies shown in the pictures in the table given below.

Technology in Technology in Technology in Technology in

education medical sector agricultural transport
sector

Mobile phone, Eye damage, Headache, Staying

healthy

2. Write down 3 sentences using the words given above box about the safe
use of technology.

a. ............... ............ ............ ................. ................. ................. .................

b. ............... ............ ............ ................. ................. ................. .................

c. ............... ............ ............ ................. ................. ................. .................

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 Chapter 11

Information and Communication

Information is knowledge about a person, thing, or event. Every day we
receive many types of information. For example, information about various
events, weather information, news related to various topics, etc. How do we
know when the exam will start? When will Bangladesh play in World Cup
cricket? Where can we go on summer vacation?

1. Different types of information technology

From where do we get information?

Activity: Types and sources of information

What to do:
Let’s…
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one shown below:

Information From where we get the information

Examination Schedule School notice board, teacher

2. Write the names of different types of information and where we get them
from in the table.
3. Discuss the activity with classmates.
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Elementary Science

I watch TV to know
weather. How about you?

I read newspaper to know weather.

Discussion
Let’s think and discuss
1. Discuss with classmates how information can be exchanged using various types
of communication technology.
2. Discuss with classmates how to verify whether any information is correct or not.
Summary

We get information from various sources such as television, radio, newspapers,

and books. We get weather reports on radio and television. We can learn about
various subjects from textbooks. Due to the advancement of technology,
we now get a lot of information through the Internet. Radio, television, and
newspapers are media for providing information. In addition, we get various
types of information by communicating with different people. We listen to the
experiences of our parents or classmates.
By getting information, we can learn new things or make decisions. It is very
important to know the necessary information to make the right decision.
Besides knowing the information, it is also necessary to inform others. For
example, if you know about a cyclone warning, you need to inform others. If
you do not inform others, many people will be affected by the cyclone. For a
better life, we will know the correct information ourselves and inform others.

2. Communication / Exchange of information

Humans have invented various technologies such as newspapers, books, radio,
television, and computers. Through the use of all these technologies, we can
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collect information and communicate with people.

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 Information and Communication

How can we communicate using technology?

Activity: Communication technology

What to do:
1. Make a table in the exercise book like the one shown below:
How do you The technology you use for communication
communicate

2. Write in the table “how do you communicate with others” and “which
technology you use for communication”.
3. Discuss the activity with classmates.

Discussion

Let’s think and discuss

How did people communicate with one another long ago? Discuss the topic
with classmates.

How do you communicate with

relatives who are far away?

Sometimes I get letters from my uncle.

Summary
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Communication means the process of exchanging information.

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Elementary Science

Long ago, people used to communicate by drawing pictures or by speaking. They

used to go to or send messages to people who were far away to communicate.
They used to communicate with the help of pigeons, by giving smoke signals, or
by playing drums.

Nowadays, we use various technologies for exchange of information. We can

now easily communicate with people far away by using telephones or mobile
phones to talk to them. We use the internet to exchange information via email.
We can also communicate with people by writing letters. The more technology
will advance, the easier our life will become.

Let’s try

Let’s make a ‘simple telephone’

1. Necessary materials:
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● Two cups made of paper or plastic, one needle, thread/wire (5 meters).

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 Information and Communication

2. How to make
● Make a hole in the middle of the bottom of both cups and thread/wire it
through. Attach and hang the thread/wire on the inside the cup so that it does
not come out.
● Two of you stand apart with cups in hand so that the thread/wire is
stretched.
● When one person will speak into the cup, the other person will listen by
putting his/her ear to the cup.

3. What is Machine Language– What is Instruction or

Code?
We have learned about various technologies for information exchange. The
computer is also such technology. We use computers or mobile phones to do
various tasks such as talking, listening to music, drawing pictures, watching
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dramas or movies, doing calculations, online classes, etc. We may wonder

how computers or machines do these tasks.

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Elementary Science

How do humans or machines work?

Activity: Following instructions to cross the road safely

What to do:

Some jumbled images of crossing roads are given below.

1. Let’s arrange the images in a sequence with arrows for safe crossing.

2. Discuss the activity with classmates.

Accidents may occur for not

following the instructions.

While crossing the road, we need to

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follow these instructions step by step.

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 Information and Communication

Instructions for crossing roads

Instructions to cross roads step by step

To stand at the Zebra crossing First to look to the right, then left,
then again right

To be sure whether the red signal is on To cross the road

or the vehicle movement is stopped

Here are four instructions arranged step by step for crossing roads. To cross
roads safely we must follow these instructions properly.

Discussion
Let’s think and discuss.
1. What are the benefits of following instructions at work?
2. What are the disadvantages of not following instructions?
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3. Discuss the issues with classmates.

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Elementary Science

How machines or computers work

A computer is a smart or intelligent device. This device can perform many
vast and complicated tasks quickly and accurately. The device or computer
follows some instructions in sequence while doing any work. But do humans
and computers work in the same way?
Activity: Difference between human work and computer work:

What to do:
1. Let’s draw a figure in the exercise book like the one shown below.
2. Find the similarities between human and computer work and write them
in the figure.

Humans Similarities Computer

3. Discuss the activity with classmates.

Let’s learn more about instructions for humans and machines…

Both humans and computers follow instructions to perform tasks. However,

the way they perform the tasks is different. Computers cannot perform any
task on their own. They need some sequential instructions to work. Computers
can work only if they get instructions. The instructions that a machine or a
computer follows to perform a specific task are called codes or commands.
We will learn more about how a computer or a machine works by following
codes in the next grade.
We also follow certain instructions or codes while doing various tasks. For
example, in the classroom and outside the classroom we play sports according
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to the instructions. Sometimes these instructions are given previously or we

create them ourselves as needed.

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 Information and Communication

Activity: Collect the balls following the instructions

What to do:
1. Let’s stand in two rows facing each other as shown in the image below.
The number before which a student stands will become his/her number.
Remember the number.

2. A teacher or a student outside the group will give instructions using one
or two of the processes of addition, subtraction, multiplication, or divi-
sion of two numbers. For example - 12 divided by 4 or 3 times 3 plus 2.
3. Listen to the instruction carefully and calculate.
4. After calculation, the two students whose numbers will be the same as
the results of the calculation, will quickly collect the ball and return to
their respective places.
5. While collecting the ball, ensure that the same number player of the op-
ponent team cannot touch the collector’s body.
6. Allow each member to collect the ball at least once.
7. Calculate the number and determine the winning team of the game.
Elementary Science

Special instruction: If a player of the opponent team can touch the ball
collector’s body, the ball collector’s team will not score any points. Otherwise,
they will get full point (1).

Discussion

Let’s think and discuss.

1. What factors had to be considered to win this game?
2. What did we learn from this game?
3. Discuss the issues with classmates.

4. Safe use of technology

It is now very common to communicate from one end of the world to another due
to the advancement of technology. Personal or any important information can
be shared instantly. Therefore, extra caution is needed in sharing information.
Before exchanging any information, it is necessary to verify whether it is
correct or not, otherwise, it will cause a crime of confusing information. It
is also important to ensure that the information is reliable and the medium
through which the information was obtained is trustworthy.
How can we be aware of the safe use of information and communica-
tion technology?
Activity: Identification of secure means of communication

What to do:

1. Let’s write down the media we use for communication with everyone
every day in the table below.
2. Make a list of what could go wrong if we don’t remain careful during
communication.
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 Information and Communication

3. Compare your list with that of others and discuss.

Means of communication What may happen if we are not careful

Discussion

Let’s think and discuss.

● Discuss with parents or teachers the appropriate use of information and
communication technologies you use.
● Discuss the types of problems that can arise from sharing incorrect
information.

Can you tell me when our exam-

ination will start?

I can’t say exactly. Wrong information

will hamper your exam preparation.

Summary
Various social media and communication technologies are used for exchange
of information and communication, which have made our communication
much easier. Mobile or computer is one of them. Many times, various
crimes occur with personal or important information on these media. Again,
a lot of information can be lost due to the damage of mobile or computer.
Children should follow parental guidance while sharing information and
using communication technology. Parents should remain careful to see if any
addiction is developing among children using the Internet. Communication
devices can be damaged if they are not properly used and cared for. Therefore,
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proper use of technology must be ensured. We will learn more about this in
the next grades.

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Elementary Science

Let’s see if we can do it!

1. Write down the sources of information in the following table.

Information Name of the sources

Weather information

Schedule of Cricket tournament

Information of vacation

Information of historical events

2. List the ways and technologies that we use to communicate with friends at
home and abroad.

Ways to communicate Name of the technology used

Native friends

Foreign friends

3. Every morning, my mother gives me a bread to eat. Let’s think how we

get this bread and write down the steps sequentially. We can add more steps
if necessary.

1st step ..........................................................................

2nd step ..............................................................................

3rd step ................................................................................

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139
 Glossary

Animals that live both in water and on land are

Amphibian
called amphibians.
A thing that has life, eats food, and is capable of
Animal
reproduction is called an animal.
An imaginary straight line through the center of the
Axis
earth.
Birds are warm-blooded animals that have fins/
Bird
wings and can fly.
Drinks of various flavours are sold in bottles. These
Bottled drinks
are called bottled drinks.
The instruction or instructions that are followed by
Coding
a machine or computer.
Communication Process of sharing news/information.
Cylinder Specially shaped gas container.
Drinks Any drinkable food other than water.
The presence of electricity in an appliance as a
Electrified result of being connected to an electrified power
source.
Excessive Beyond limit. More than normal.
Burgers, sandwiches, French fries, cakes, potato
Fast food/junk food
crackers, etc.
Fish Cold-blooded animals with gills that live in water.
Flammable
Substances that burn easily.
substances
Plants that grow flowers and fruits are called
Flowering
flowering plants.
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140
Elementary Science

Anything that breaks easily. For example,

Fragile
glassware.
Groundwater Water below the ground is called groundwater.
Some artificial substances are used to preserve
Harmful chemicals food for a long time and to add flavour. These are
usually harmful chemicals.
Plants whose stems are soft and small in size are
Herb
called herbs.
Humus is organic matter present in the soil. It is
Humus formed in the soil by decaying plants and animal
bodies.
The knowledge we gain about something or
Information
someone through communication.
Innovation To invent something.
Animals without backbones are called
Invertebrates
invertebrates.
Light-signal Signals that are given using light.
Living thing One which has life is called a living thing.
Materials that are attracted to a magnet are
Magnetic materials
magnetic materials.
By the glass, relatively small objects can be seen or
Magnifying glass magnified. Besides, with this glass, paper can be set
on fire by sunlight.
Animals that suck milk from their mother are
Mammal
called mammals.
Matter/Substance Anything that has weight and volume is a matter.
Television, radio, and newspapers which are used
Media
to provide information.
Metal Iron or iron-like materials.
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141
 Glossary

Iron or iron-like materials. These materials create a

Metallic substance
ringing sound on impact.
Plants that do not grow flowers and fruits are called
Non-flowering
non-flowering plants.
Non-Magnetic Materials that are not attracted to magnets are non-
Materials magnetic materials.
Food ingredients that are necessary for growth and
Nutrition
good health.
Observation is to see accurately and record the
Observation
visible phenomena in nature.
Foods that are sold after storing them in sealed
Packaged food
packets for a long time.
The rod that moves in the cavity of a pump to fill a
Piston bicycle tire, ball, etc. with air is called a piston or
pressure rod.
A type of organism whose body is divided into
Plant
roots, stems, and leaves. Able to prepare own food.
A kind of toy. It has six different colours on its six
Rubik's cube sides. It has to be matched with intelligence and
strategies.
Plants that are small, and have stout stems and
Shrub
branches near the ground are called shrubs.
Shrunk To become small.
It is mainly used to listen to heart and breathing
Stethoscope
sounds.
Surface water Water above the ground is called surface water.
Equipment, tools, machines, or techniques that
Technology
make our work easier, better, and faster.
Temperature expresses how hot or cold a substance
Temperature
is.
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Elementary Science

The Solar System consists of the Sun and the

The Solar System planets, moons, dust, and gas that revolve around
the Sun.
Thermometer Body temperature measuring device.
Plants whose stems are long, thick, and strong are
Tree
called trees.
Essential items for cooking in our daily life, such
Utensils
as plates, glasses, bowls, lids, cooking pots, etc.
Vertebrates Animals with backbones are called vertebrates.
Volume is the amount of space a substance
Volume
occupies.
Warm Comfortable temperature for humans.
Weight A measure of the heaviness of an object.

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The end
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