Comsats University Islamabad Abbottabad
Campus
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Principles of Communication Systems
Lab # 1
Spectrum and Bandwidth of periodic signals
Submitted by group:
1 Ahmed Zaman (Fa20-epe-078)
2 Shahzeb Afridi (Fa20-epe-049)
3 Hassan Khan (Fa20-epe-068)
Submitted to Lab Engineer: Usman Ali
Subject Teacher: D. Imadad Khan
Experiment 1
Spectrum and Bandwidth of periodic signals
1.1 Statement of problem:
Take the Fourier series of regular alternating pulses having pulse width τ and time period Find out
whether the bandwidth depends on the pulse or time period. Also find whether the number of spectral
lines depends on the pulse width or time period. (In both cases, consider the first central lobe of the sinc
functions.
1.2 Literature Background:
Fourier series is an infinite series in which the terms are constants multiplied by sine or cosine functions
of integer multiples of the variable and which is used in the analysis of periodic functions. The two types
of Fourier series are trigonometric series and exponential series. The one we are using in this lab
experiment is exponential Fourier series having the formulae:
∝
1
∫
T −∝
f ( t )∗e
− jwnt
. d (t) Equation 1
1.3 Procedure:
1. Mathematical Derivation:
∝
1
∫ f ( t )∗e− jwnt . d ( t )
T −∝
τ
2
1
∫ f ( t )∗e− jwnt . d ( t )
T −τ
2
τ /2
68
∫ e− jwnt . d (t )
T −τ /2
|
− jwnt
68 e τ /2
∗
T − jwn −τ /2
jwn ( ) jwn ( )
τ −τ
−68 2 2
∗(e −e )
Tjwnt
Multiply and divide with (2)
68∗2 ( e −e )
jθ − jθ
∗( )
Twnt 2j
136 τ
∗sin (wn )
Twnt 2
τ
Multiply and divide with ( )
2
136∗τ
2 τ
∗sin(wn )
T 2
τ
wn
2
136 τ τ
∗sinc( wn )
T 2
Procedure
2. Mat lab Codes with Figures :
Code 1:
clc
close all
clear all
n=-10:1:10;
t=0.2;
T=0.4;
x=68.*(t/T).*sinc((n*t)/T);
stem(n,x)
bw=0.95*((10-1)*2);
Code 2:
clc
close all
clear all
n=-10:1:10;
t=0.1;
T=0.4;
x=68.*(t/T).*sinc((n*t)/T);
stem(n,x)
bw=0.95*((10-1)*2);
Code 3:
clc
close all
clear all
n=-10:1:10;
t=0.1;
T=0.6;
x=68.*(t/T).*sinc((n*t)/T);
stem(n,x)
bw=0.95*((10-1)*2);
Code 4:
clc
close all
clear all
n=-10:1:10;
t=0.1;
T=0.8;
x=68.*(t/T).*sinc((n*t)/T);
stem(n,x)
bw=0.95*((10-1)*2);
1.4 Analysis:
Figure 1:
As the tau (t) is kept constant to analyze the change in number of samples per zero cross. As in the
figure above we have kept tau at a value of 0.2 as instructed by the teacher (0<=t<1). Here we are
getting around 5 samples and you will see as we increase the value of time period (T) the number of
samples keep on increasing at the zero cross spreading the graph.
o Figure 2:
As the tau (t) is kept constant to analyze the change in number of samples per zero cross. As in the
figure above we have kept tau at a value of 0.1 as instructed by the teacher (0<=t<1). Here we are
getting around 9 samples and you will see as we increase the value of time period (T) the number of
samples keep on increasing at the zero cross spreading the graph.
o Figure 3:
As the tau (t) is kept constant to analyze the change in number of samples per zero cross. As in the
figure above we have kept tau at a value of 0.1 as instructed by the teacher (0<=t<1). Here we are
getting around 13 samples and you will see as we increase the value of time period (T) the number of
samples keep on increasing at the zero cross spreading the graph.
o Figure 4:
As the tau (t) is kept constant to analyze the change in number of samples per zero cross. As in the
figure above we have kept tau at a value of 0.1 as instructed by the teacher (0<=t<1). Here we are
getting around 17 samples and you will see as we increase the value of time period (T) the number of
samples keep on increasing at the zero cross spreading the graph.
