Gas Stoichiometry and Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Review

1. Three gases are mixed in a 1.00 L container. The partial pressure of CO2 is 250. mm Hg, N2
is 375 mm Hg, and He is 125 mm Hg. What is the pressure of the mixture of gases?

2. What are the percentages, by moles, of the gases in the above mixture?

3. Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases (roughly 79% N2, 20% O2 and 1% Ar). What is the
partial pressure (in mm Hg) of each gas at standard pressure?

4. Consider the following reaction:

P4(s) + 6 H2 (g) ––> 4 PH3 (g)
What mass of P4 will completely react with 2.50 L of hydrogen gas, at 0˚C and
1.50 atm pressure?

5. If water is added to magnesium nitride, ammonia gas is produced when the mixture is heated.
Mg3N2(s) + 3H2O(l) ––> 3 MgO + 2NH3(g)
If 10.3 g of magnesium nitride is treated with water, what volume of ammonia gas would be
collected at 20˚C and 0.989 atm?

Energy Review

6. Label the following as endothermic or exothermic

a) When two chemicals mix their temperature rises: ________________

b) A solid burns brightly and releases heat, light and sound: ________________

c) When two chemicals are mixed their temperature drops: ________________

d) Two chemicals will only react if you heat them continually: ________________

e) Plants take in light energy for photosynthesis: ________________

7. A 15.75-g piece of iron absorbs 1086.75 joules of heat energy, and its temperature changes
from 25°C to 175°C. Calculate the specific heat of iron.
8. 297 J of heat are needed to raise the temperature of aluminum from 22°C to 55°C where the
specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/g°C. What is the mass of the aluminum?

9. Given the equation S(s) + O2(g) ® SO2(g), DH = –296 kJ, which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?
I. The reaction is exothermic.
II. When 0.500 mole sulfur is reacted, 148 kJ of energy is released.
III. When 32.0 g of sulfur are burned, 2.96 ´ 105 J of energy is released.
a) All are true.
b) None is true.
c) I and II are true.
d) I and III are true.
e) Only II is true.

10. At 25°C, the following heats of reaction are known:

DH (kJ/mol)
2ClF + O2 ® Cl2O + F2O 167.4
2CIF3 + 2O2 ® Cl2O + 3F2O 341.4
2F2 + O2 ® 2F2O –43.4
At the same temperature, calculate DH for the reaction:
ClF + F2 ® ClF3
a) –217.5 kJ/mol
b) –130.2 kJ/mol
c) +217.5 kJ/mol
d) –108.7 kJ/mol
e) none of these

11. The heat combustion of acetylene, C2H2(g), at 25°C, is –1299 kJ/mol. At this temperature, DH °f values
for CO2(g) and H2O(l) are –393 and –286 kJ/mol, respectively. Calculate DH °f for acetylene.
a) 2376 kJ/mol
b) 625 kJ/mol
c) 227 kJ/mol
d) –625 kJ/mol
e) none of these
 Intermolecular Forces Review

Types of Solids* Intermolecular Force(s) Between Particles

1. Metallic solids (Metals) **Metallic bonding: Valence electrons form mobile sea
Examples: Na, Cu, Fe, Mn , etc… of electrons which comprise the metallic bond.
2. Ionic Crystals (Ionic Solids) **Ionic Bonding: Attraction of charged ions for one
Examples: NaCl, MgCl2, MgO, etc… another. Lattice energy is a measure of ionic bond
strength.
3. Covalent Crystals (Network Solids) **Network covalent bonding. Network solids are
Examples (very rare): C(diamond), SiC(s), extremely hard compounds with very high melting and
SiO2 (quartz/glass/sand) boiling points due to their endless 3-dimensional
network of covalent bonds.
4. Molecular solids One or more of the following:
Examples:
(a) Need H bonded to O, N or F: H2O, HF, (a) Hydrogen bonding: Hydrogen bonds are weaker
NH3. than covalent bonds, but stronger than (b) or (c) below.

(b) CHF3, CH3COCH3 (acetone) and H2O, (b) Dipole-dipole forces: these forces act between
HF, polar molecules. They are much weaker than
NH3. hydrogen bonding.
(c) C6H6 (benzene), polymers (c) Dispersion forces (induced dipole – induced dipole
(polyethylene, etc..), molecular elements or London dispersion forces): universal force of
(H2, N2, O2, etc…), and all the compounds attraction between instantaneous dipoles. These
from (a and b) above. forces are weak for small, low molecular weight
molecules, but large for heavy, long, and/or highly
Types (b) and (c) together are called polarizable molecules. They can dominate over (b)
Van der Waals forces. above for these large molecules.
5. Atomic solids Dispersion forces: See Section 4(c) above.
Examples: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe

*Note: Many of the compounds given as examples are not solids at room temperature. But if
you cool them down to a low enough temperature, eventually they will become solids.

** No distinction between intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces.

Physical properties depend on these forces. The stronger the forces between the
particles, (a) the higher the melting point.
(b) the higher the boiling point.
(c) the lower the vapor pressure (partial pressure of vapor in equilibrium with liquid or solid in a
closed container at a fixed temperature).
(d) the higher the viscosity
(e) the higher the surface tension
 1. List all types of IMFs that would occur in each of the following
a. CH3CF3 c. SO2
b. CCl4 d. BrF

2. List the dominant (strongest) type of IMF for the pure substances, then rank the strength of
each compound based on IMFs within the samples.
(1 = strongest, 2 = in between, 3 = weakest)
Substance IMF Relative Strength
HBr
O2
CH3OH

3. Circle all of the species below that can form a hydrogen bond in its pure form. Explain why the
other species couldn't hydrogen bond.
C2 H6 CH3NH2 KCl CH3CH2CH2OH CH3OCH3

4. Rank the following compounds from weakest intermolecular forces to strongest. Justify your
answers.
I2 H2 S H2 O

5. Which of the following will have the highest melting point

a. naphthalene C8H10 c. quartz SiO2
b. methane CH4 d. ethanol C2H5OH

6. Circle all the compounds which would be expected to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds in
the liquid state:
(a) CH3OCH3 (b) CH4 (c) HF (d) CH3CO2H (e) Br2 (f) CH3OH

7. What type of solid will each of the following substances form in its solid state? Choices to
consider are metallic, ionic, covalent, or molecular solids.
a. C2H6 d. CO2 g. Al
b. Na2O e. N2O5 h. C(diamond)
c. SiO2 f. NaNO3 i. SO2

8. For the table below, specify the dominant intermolecular force involved for each substance in
the space immediately following the substance. Then in the last column, indicate which
member of the pair you would expect to have the higher boiling point.

Substance Dominant Intermolecular Force Substance Dominant Intermolecular Force Substance with Higher Boiling
#1 #2 Point

a. HCl(g) I2
b. CH3F CH3OH
c. H2 O H2 S
d. SiO2 SO2
e. Fe Kr
f. CH3OH CuO
g. NH3 CH4
h. HCl(g) NaCl
i. SiC Cu