Ryff Psychological Well-being Scales Reference Lists

For more information about the scales, see these articles by the scales’ author, Carol D. Ryff:

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Reliability and validity assessments of the 20-item parent scales are detailed in this article. This is the first
publication about the scales and the correct citation to use for referencing them.

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
This article details psychometric properties of the 3-item scale.

Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
This article details psychometric properties of the 3-item scale.

Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social Science Research, 35, 1103-
1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002
This article reviews psychometric properties of the scales.

Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-
being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0

Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy
and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
This article reviews psychometric properties of various length PWB scales.

Ryff, C. D. (2018). Well-being with soul: Science in pursuit of human potential. Perspectives on Psychological Science,
13(2), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699836

Ryff, C. D., Boylan, J. M., & Kirsch, J. A. (2021). Eudaimonic and hedonic well-being: An integrative perspective with
linkages to sociodemographic factors and health. In M. T. Lee, L. D. Kubzansky, & T. J. VanderWeele (Eds.),
Measuring well-being: Interdisciplinary perspectives from the social sciences and humanities. Oxford University
Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0005

Ryff, C. D. (2023). Flotsam, jetsam, and forward-moving vessels on the sea of well-being. Affective Science, 4, 49-51.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-022-00162-1 This article reviews psychometric properties of the scales.

Ryff, C. D. (2024). The privilege of well-being in an increasingly unequal society. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 33(5). 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241266818

Others are included in the list below.

Studies that have used the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scales:

Over 1600 articles have used the scales and are listed below. To find articles on a particular topic (such as “adolescents”
noted in article titles) or from a particular country (such as noted in journal names), try searching this list (CTRL key + F
brings up the Find function on a PC computer) for keywords that appear in these citations. We do not keep an index of
topics for these publications.
Abbott, R., Ploubidis, G., Huppert, F., Kuh, D., & Croudace, T. (2010). An evaluation of the precision of measurement of
Ryff's psychological well-being scales in a population sample. Social Indicators Research, 97(3), 357.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.09.006
Abbott, R. A., Croudace, T. J., Ploubidis, G. B., Kuh, D., Richards, M., & Huppert, F. A. (2008). The relationship between
early personality and midlife psychological well-being: Evidence from a UK birth cohort study. Social Psychiatry
and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(9), 679-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0355-8
Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. E. J., & Croudace, T. J. (2006). Psychometric
evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff's psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women.
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 76-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-76
Abdraziakova, A., Bulygina, V., & Enikolopov, S. (2007). Psychological well-being and quality of life of mentally disordered
offenders with schizophrenia undergoing an involuntary inpatient treatment. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 1-1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-S1-P16
Abuhussein, T., Koburtay, T., & Syed, J. (2021). A eudaimonic perspective on prejudice and female workers’ psychological
well-being. Gender in Management, 36(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-12-2019-0265
Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2006). Ethnic identity, ego identity, and psychological well-being among mixed-ethnic Arab-European
adolescents in Israel. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 669-679.
https://doi.org/10.1348/026151005X59196
Abu-Rayya, M. H., Walker, R., White, F. A., & Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2016). Cultural identification and religious identification
contribute differentially to the adaptation of Australian adolescent Muslims. International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, 54, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.002
Acharya, C., & Jain, M. (2017). Psychological well-being and self-esteem: A study on Indian classical dancers. Indian
Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(3), 389-391.
Adewuyi, F. A., Knobel, P., Gogna, P., & Dadvand, P. (2023). Health effects of green prescription: A systematic review of
randomized controlled trials. Environmental Research, 236, Article 116844.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116844
Aflakseir, A. (2012). Religiosity, personal meaning, and psychological well-being: A study among Muslim students in
England. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 27-31.
Afradi, N., Asghari, B., & Manie, F. M. (2017). Relationship between dependence on modern communication tools and
psychological well-being in students. Journal of Research & Health, 7(1), 637-646.
https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jrh.7.1.637
Afriyie-Adjimi, H., & Nkyi, A. K. (2024). Impact of body image and perceived stigmatization on the psychological
wellbeing of obese women in Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. PLoS ONE, 19(4), Article e0296061.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296061
Afshani, S. A., Abooei, A., & Fahadan, A. M. A. (2019). Self-compassion training and psychological well-being of infertile
female. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 17(10), 757-762.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v17i10.5300
Agarwal, A., & Chaudhary, N. (2022). Effect of modernization on psychological well-being. Indian Journal of Health &
Wellbeing, 13(4), 498-500.
Agarwal, A., & Chaudhary, N. (2023). Effect of locale on psychological well-being. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology,
14(4), 424-426.
Aggarwal, Y., & Singh, S. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of work significance in Indian organizations. Journal of
Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(4), 318-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2017.1320580
Aghababaei, N., & Arji, A. (2014). Well-being and the HEXACO model of personality. Personality and Individual
Differences, 56, 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.037
Aghababaei, N., & Błachnio, A. (2015). Well-being and the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 365-368.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.043
Aghababaei, N., & Farahani, H. (2011). The role of trait gratitude in predicting psychological and subjective well-being.
Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 8(29), 75-84.
Ahrens, C. J. C., & Ryff, C. D. (2006). Multiple roles and well-being: Sociodemographic and psychological moderators. Sex
Roles, 55(11-12), 801-815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9134-8
Aiken, A., Human, L. J., Alden, L. E., & Biesanz, J. C. (2014). Try to find me: Social anxiety and peer first impressions.
Behavior Therapy, 45(6), 851-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.08.001
Akbari, M., Disabato, D., Seydavi, M., & Zamani, E. (2021). The Persian personalized psychological flexibility index (P-
PPFI): Psychometric properties in a general population sample of Iranians. Journal of Contextual Behavioral
Science, 22, 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.09.004
Akin, A. (2008). The Scales of Psychological Well-Being: A study of validity and reliability. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim
Bilimleri, 8(3), 741-750.
Akram, A. R., Abidin, F. A., & Lubis, F. Y. (2022). Parental autonomy support and psychological well-being in university
students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of autonomy satisfaction. Open Psychology Journal, 15, Article
e187435012208100. https://doi.org/10.2174/18743501-v15-e2208100
Alarcón-Vásquez, Y., Johana Bahamón, M., Trejos Herrera, A. M., González-Gutiérrez, O., Rubio-Castro, R., Hernández-
Cervantes, Q., & Lucio Gómez-Maqueo, E. (2019). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del inventario de
riesgo suicida (IRISA) para adolescentes Colombianos [Analysis of Psychometric Properties of the Suicide Risk
Inventory (IRISA) for Colombian Adolescents]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagncstico y Evaluacicn Psicolcgica,
51, 87-98. https://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP51.2.07
Albuquerque, I., Lima, M., Matos, M., & Figueiredo, C. (2014). Work matters: Work personal projects and the
idiosyncratic linkages between traits, eudaimonic and hedonic well-being. Social Indicators Research, 115(3),
885-906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0238-6
Alfonso-Benlliure, V., Mayordomo, T., Sales, A., & Mélendez, J. C. (2021). Divergent thinking in older adults:
Understanding its role in well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(7), 3285-3298.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00361-w
Ali Aksar, I., Danaee, M., Firdaus, A., & Gong, J. (2022). Moderating effect of gender between social media needs and
psychological wellbeing: A case study of Pakistani adolescents. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social
Environment, 32(3), 383-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.1901823
Ali, U., & Shah, E. (2013). Career decision difficulty as a predictor of environmental mastery and self esteem in college
students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1119-1123.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.711
Alilou, M. M., Vasel, M. Y., Bayat, A., & Hosseini, S. E. (2016). Surveying the psychological well-being components of
heart patients referred to Ekbatan hospital of Hamedan, in association with gender, age and education in 2012.
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 22(139), 35-45.
Allen, G. E. K., & Smith, T. B. (2015). Collectivistic coping strategies for distress among Polynesian Americans.
Psychological Services, 12(3), 322-329. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000039
Allen, M. L., Groll, M., Emlund, M., King, D., Sonnichsen, J., Bayer, K., & Echeverria, G. (2020). Healthcare students'
psychological well-being in a diabetic ketoacidosis simulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 39, 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2019.10.005
Alonso-Cortés, B., González-Cabanach, R., & Seco-Calvo, J. (2021). Involvement in self-care and psychological well-being
of Spanish family caregivers of relatives with dementia. Health and Social Care in the Community, 29(5), 1308-
1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13171
Alonso-Ferres, M., Imami, L., & Slatcher, R. B. (2020). Untangling the effects of partner responsiveness on health and
well-being: The role of perceived control. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(4), 1150-1171.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519884726
Altmann, T. (2024). Development and validation of three brief versions of the humor styles questionnaire. Acta
Psychologica, 243, Article 104141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104141
Amodeo, A. L., De Falco, R. C., Affuso, G., & Bacchini, D. (2011). L'influenza dei valori e dei tratti di personalità sul
benessere in adolescenza [The influence of values and personality traits on well-being in adolescence]. Rassegna
di Psicologia, 28(2), 25-41.
Amodeo, A. L., Picariello, S., Valerio, P., Bochicchio, V., & Scandurra, C. (2017). Group psychodynamic counselling with
final-year undergraduates in clinical psychology: A clinical methodology to reinforce academic identity and
psychological well-being. Psychodynamic Practice, 23(2), 161-180.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14753634.2017.1308834
An, J. S., & Cooney, T. M. (2006). Psychological well-being in mid to late life: The role of generativity development and
parent-child relationships across the lifespan. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 410-421.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071489
Anderson, A. J., Jones, K. V., Melton, T. N., Keller, T. E., & DuBois, D. L. (2023). Identifying predictors of psychological
well‐being among volunteer mentors in big brothers big sisters. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(7), 2802-
2827. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.23073
Anderson, K. A., Fields, N. L., Cassidy, J., & Peters-Beumer, L. (2022). Purpose in life: A reconceptualization for very late
life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(5), 2337-2348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00512-7
Andersson, M. A., & Glanville, J. L. (2016). The contingent effects of mental well-being and education on volunteering.
Society and Mental Health, 6(2), 90-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869316634173
Andreasen, A. J., Johnson, M. K., & Tranel, D. (2024). Stability of psychological well-being following a neurological event
and in the face of a global pandemic. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 67(3), 190-206.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00343552221139878
Andresen, R., Caputi, P., & Oades, L. (2006). Stages of recovery instrument: Development of a measure of recovery from
serious mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 972-980.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01921.x
Andrew, M. K., Fisk, J. D., & Rockwood, K. (2012). Psychological well-being in relation to frailty: A frailty identity crisis?
International Psychogeriatrics, 24(8), 1347-1353. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610212000269
Anglim, J., & Grant, S. (2016). Predicting psychological and subjective well-being from personality: Incremental
prediction from 30 facets over the Big 5. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 59-80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9583-7
Anglim, J., Horwood, S., Smillie, L. D., Marrero, R. J., & Wood, J. K. (2020). Predicting psychological and subjective well-
being from personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(4), 279-323.
https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000226
Anjum, A., & Jahangir, I. (2020). Fast food addiction, body esteem and psychological well-being among university
students. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 70(4), 1114-1118.
Ansari, S., Al-Eraky, M., & Yasmeen, R. (2019). Medical students' psychological wellbeing and their overall academic
performance - a correlational study. Pakistan Journal of Physiology, 15, 84-88.
Ansari, S. A. (2010). Cross validation of Ryff scales of psychological wellbeing: Translation into Urdu language. Pakistan
Business Review, 12(2), 244-259.
Antonelli, E., & Cucconi, L. (1998). Effecto del pensionamento sul benessere psicologico, il concetto di sé e l'autostima
[Effects of retirement on psychological well-being, the self-concept, and self-esteem]. Ricerche di Psicologia,
22(3), 27-55.
Anulipi, A., & Vyas, C. (2023). Meditation in relation to psychological well-being and self-actualization among young
adults. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 351-355.
Anum, J., & Dasti, R. (2016). Caregiver burden, spirituality, and psychological well-being of parents having children with
thalassemia. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(3), 941–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0127-1
Anwar, S., & Rana, H. (2024). Spiritual intelligence and psychological wellbeing of Pakistani university students. Current
Psychology, 43(6), 5388-5395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04717-8
Arakkathara, J. G., & Bance, L. O. (2019). Promotion of well-being, resilience and stress management (power): An
intervention program for mothers of children with intellectual disability: A pilot study. Indian Journal of Positive
Psychology, 10(4), 294-299.
Arakkathara, J. G., & Bance, L. O. (2020). Predictive role of resilience on psychological well-being among selected
mothers of children with intellectual disability. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 11(1-3), 1-4.
https://doi.org/10.15614/IJHW.v11i01.1
Archana, Kumar, U., & Singh, R. (2014). Resilience and spirituality as predictors of psychological well-being among
university students. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 9(2), 227-235.
Archontaki, D., Lewis, G. J., & Bates, T. C. (2013). Genetic influences on psychological well-being: A nationally
representative twin study. Journal of Personality, 81(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
6494.2012.00787.x
Ardehaee, F. N., Jajarmi, M., & Mohammadipour, M. (2018). Effectiveness of emotion focused couple therapy on
marriage function and psychological well-being of women with marital conflicts. Journal of Gorgan University of
Medical Sciences, 20(3), 10-10.
Ardelt, M. (2018). Can wisdom and psychosocial growth be learned in university courses? Journal of Moral Education,
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Arends, R. Y., Bode, C., Taal, E., & Van de Laar, M. A. F. J. (2013). The role of goal management for successful adaptation
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Arkoff, A., Meredith, G. M., Bailey, E., Cheang, M., Dubanoski, R. A., Griffin, P. B., & Niyekawa, A. M. (2006). Life review
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Arkoff, A., Meredith, G. M., & Dubanoski, J. P. (2004). Gains in well-being achieved through retrospective proactive life
review by independent older women. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44(2), 204-214.
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Arshad, S., & Rafique, R. (2016). Personality and creativity as predictors of psychological well-being in college students.
Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 31(1), 139-160.
Arya, B., & Lal, D. S. (2018). Grit and sense of coherence as predictors of well-being. Indian Journal of Positive
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Asadi, M. K. (2017). The role of family health and psychological well-being in the prediction of the students' quality of
life. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 51-54.
Asano, R., Igarashi, T., & Tsukamoto, S. (2014). The hedonic and eudaimonic motives for activities (HEMA) in Japan: The
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Ashmitha, K. A. A., Gopal, C. N. R., Sridhar, O. T. S., & Kancharla, K. (2024). Effectiveness of psychosocial intervention and
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Atherton, O. E., Willroth, E. C., Graham, E. K., Luo, J., Mroczek, D. K., & Lewis-Thames, M. W. (2024). Rural-urban
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Avsec, A., & Sočan, G. (2009). Validacija slovenske oblike vprašalnika psihološkega blagostanja RPWB [Validation of the
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18(4), 19-36.
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Aziz, I. A., & Hassan, S. S. (2020). Self-categorization mediates the relationship between prejudiced attitude and well-
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Bader, B., & Schuster, T. (2015). Expatriate social networks in terrorism-endangered countries: An empirical analysis in
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& García Jimenez, R. (2020). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de bienestar psicológico Ryff en
adolescentes Colombianos [Psychometric properties of the Ryff psychological well-being scale in Colombian
adolescents]. Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica, 39(3), 342-348.
Bajo, M., Stavraki, M., Blanco, A., & Díaz, D. (2021). Direct versus indirect well-being measures: Using partially structured
stimuli to evaluate well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(6), 2575-2598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-
020-00332-7
Baker, A. M., Soto, J. A., Perez, C. R., & Lee, E. A. (2012). Acculturative status and psychological well-being in an Asian
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Bakhshi, A., Daemi, F., & Ajilchi, B. (2009). Psychometric properties of the positive and negative affect scales in an Iranian
sample. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 5(20), 343-350.
Bakhshi, N., Pashang, S., Jafari, N., & Ghorban-Shiroudi, S. (2020). ‫ارائه مدل بهزيستى روانشناختى سالمندان بر اساس‬
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Balidemaj, A., & Small, M. (2018). Acculturation, ethnic identity, and psychological well-being of Albanian-American
immigrants in the United States. International Journal of Culture & Mental Health, 11(4), 712-730.
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Ballesteros-Leiva, F., Poilpot-Rocaboy, G., & St-Onge, S. (2017). The relationship between life-domain interactions and
the well-being of internationally mobile employees. Personnel Review, 46(2), 237-254.
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Balzarotti, S., Biassoni, F., Villani, D., Prunas, A., & Velotti, P. (2014). Individual differences in cognitive emotion
regulation: Implications for subjective and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 125-143.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9587-3
Banga, G., & Ghosh, S. (2017). The impact of affiliate stigma on the psychological well-being of mothers of children with
specific learning disabilities in India: The mediating role of subjective burden. Journal of Applied Research in
Intellectual Disabilities, 30(5), 958-969. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12311
Baramesipour, Z., Nasirian, M., & Sedrpooshan, N. (2015). The effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on
psychological well-being in patients with diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes & Obesity (IJDO), 7(3), 124-132.
Barbeito, S., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, T., Becerra-García, J. A., González Pinto, A., Caletti, E., & Calvo, A. (2020). A systematic
review of online interventions for families of patients with severe mental disorders. Journal of Affective
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Barber, K. E., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023). Positive relations mediate the bidirectional connections between
depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 324, 387-394.
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Bardi, A., & Ryff, C. D. (2007). Interactive effects of traits on adjustment to a life transition. Journal of Personality, 75(5),
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