1. Distinguish between Total Population and Average Density of Population.

Total Population:
It is the number of people actually existing in the area.
Its unit of measurement is number of people.
Its value depends on number of people only.
Average Density of Population
It is the number of people in a unit area after the distribution of the total population
uniformly.
Its unit of measurement is number of people per unit area.
Its value depends on both the number of people as well as the total area.
2. Explain Current trends in population growth and Population Projection of India
The current population of India (as of 31st March, 2022) according to the Worldometer is
1,403,606,220. The population of India is equal to 17.7% of the total population of the
world. The density of population in the country is 464 per Km square, and it stands as the
second country in the world to have the most population. The urban population of India is
only 35.0%, and the rest is rural. The median population age in India is 28.4 years.
The population projection of India is expected to grow fairly in the coming years. It is
observed that the population of India growing faster than that of China. However, it is also
expected that the growth rate of India and China will both enter into a stagnant situation
and will start to decrease in the second half of the 21st century.
3. Define Census? When did the first complete census take place in India?
(i) A census is an official enumeration of population done periodically.
(ii) In India, the first census was held in the year 1872. The first complete census, however,
was taken in the year 1881. Since then, the censuses have been held regularly every tenth
year.
(iii) The Indian census is the most comprehensive source of demographic, social and
economic data.
4. Describe about the adolescent population? Explain the risk factor of these age groups?
Adolescent population constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India. They are
generally grouped in the age group of 10 to 19 years. They are the most important resource
for the future. Nutritional requirements of adolescents are higher than those of normal
child or adult. In India, a large number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia. The
adolescent girls have to be sensitised to the problems they confront. About 48% of the
adolescent population in India is male, while 52% are female. The majority of adolescents in
India reside in rural areas, and their access to education, healthcare, and other basic
amenities is limited.
Risk
- Adolescents in India have high level of exposure to risk factors for developing non-
communicable diseases.
- Adolescent health is a significant concern in India, with high rates of malnutrition,
infectious diseases, mental health problems, and substance abuse.
- Mental health problems such as depression and anxiety are prevalent among
adolescents in India due to factors such as academic pressure, family conflicts, and
social isolation.
- Social issues such as child marriage and gender discrimination remain prevalent in India,
especially in rural areas. Child marriage often leads to early pregnancies and childbirth,
which pose significant health risks to adolescent girls and their babies. Gender
 discrimination limits opportunities for girls and perpetuates harmful stereotypes and
practices.
- The majority of adolescents in India reside in rural areas, and their access to education,
healthcare, and other basic amenities is limited.
- The literacy rate among adolescents is good with higher rates among males (90.3%)
than females (81.9%). However, access to education is limited, especially among
females and those living in rural areas. Child marriage and early pregnancy often
prevent girls from completing their education.
5. Detail the process of population change & growth.
India’s populace has been consistently expanding from 361 million in 1951 to 1210.6 million
in 2011. Beginning around 1981, the pace of development began declining step by step as
rates of birth declined rapidly. The ongoing pace of Indian populace increment is incredibly
huge to kill asset protection endeavour. As indicated by the Census of India 2011, the
number of inhabitants in India remained at 1,210,854,977. The rate decadal development
during 2001-2011 was 17.70%, 3.84% lower than 1991-2001 period.
Process of Population Change
Populace changes are related with a couple of cycles like rate of birth, demise rate, and
relocation.
Relocation
Migration is the development of individuals across areas and regions. Movement can be
inward (inside the nation) or worldwide (between the nations). It impacts the dissemination
of populace inside the country. In India, the provincial metropolitan movement has brought
about a consistent expansion in the level of the populace in urban communities and towns.
Movement is one of the causes behind the adjustment of the number of inhabitants in a
country. Relocation is the peculiarity where individuals move in (migration) or individuals
move out (displacement) of a nation; spot or territory.
Passing rate
The quantity of passing per thousand people in a year. In India, there is quick decrease in
death rates which is the primary driver of development of the Indian populace.
Till 1980, high rates of birth and declining passing rates brought about higher pace of
populace development however starting around 1981, rates of birth have likewise begun
declining steadily, bringing about a continuous decrease in the pace of populace
development. Demise pace of India move by 0.50 % from 7.3 per 1,000 individuals in 2019 to
7.3 per 1,000 individuals in 2020. Since the 0.25 % decline in 2015, demise rate expanded by
1.49 % in 2020.
The Rate of Birth
The quantity of births per thousand people in a year. In India, the rate of birth is dependably
higher than the demise rate. Human rate of birth is expressed as the quantity of people
conceived each year per 1000 in the populace. For instance, assuming 35 births happen each
year per 1000 people, the rate of birth is 35.
The most well off segment has a Total Fertility Rate of 1.5 youngsters per lady. The least
fortunate part of society has a Total Fertility Rate of 3.2 youngsters per lady. The second
least fortunate part of society has a Total Fertility Rate of 2.5 youngsters per lady.
6. What is demography?
Demography is the science of populations. Demographers seek to understand
population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth,
migration, and aging (including death). All three of these processes contribute to
changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and
 societies, and develop culture. While it is widely known that demographers analyse
populations, they can also draw conclusions about individuals within the
population. Most of the discipline’s research focuses on humans, but there is for
example the specialized field of bio demography, too.
7. What is census?
A census counts the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region. It records
information about the population’s characteristics, such as age, sex, and occupation. It may
also include data about the region’s agricultural and business sectors. National governments
usually conduct censuses every five to 10 years. Census data is commonly used for research,
marketing, and planning. For example, population and housing data might determine where
schools are constructed or where new bus routes are placed.
8. What is annual growth rate of population?
It is the percentage increase in the growth of population per year. The rate or pace of
population increase is studied in per cent per year. Rate of increase of 2 % per annum means
that in a given year there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base
population. This is referred as annual growth rate. India’s population has been steadily
increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1028 million in 2001.
9. What is the reason responsible for uneven population distribution?
Only 30%of earth’s surface is covered with land and the population is unevenly distributed
over this area. Geographical, cultural, economical and social factors influence spatial
distribution of population. Since these factors vary across our planet, we have an uneven
distribution of population in the world.
Geographical factor-Geographical factors like soil, climate, topography, water influence the
population of an area. Plains are more densely populated than mountains as agriculture and
other activities are easier on the plains. Availability of water is very important for agriculture
as most cities develop around rivers. People also do not prefer staying in extreme climates
and that is why places like Russian Polar Regions and desert areas are sparsely populated.
Economical factors like presence of industries, markets also influence population
distribution as places that are near markets or have industries help to provide stable income.
Cultural factors also influence population distribution as people often tend to settle in
places of religious importance like Varanasi, Jerusalem etc.
Social factors like proper health, educational and transport facilities, determine the
population of an area too.
As these factors differ over regions, population distribution differs too.
Population density is defined as the number of people living per unit area. Regions that have
more favourable geographical, economic and social factors have higher population density.
China, Singapore and Bangladesh are some of the most densely populated countries of the
world. In India, Bihar and West Bengal are the most densely populated states.
10. How does migration affect the population?
Movement alludes to the development of the populace from one put to another. Migration
is of two types internal migration, which occurs inside the country, and international
migration, which arises from one country to another. In internal migration, the population
density remains unaffected while the population distribution is changed. International
migration affects both population density and distribution. The majority of migrations in
India have taken place from rural to urban areas in India.
11. Why has population growth been declining since 1981?
Population growth has been declining since 1981 because of the increased use of birth
control measures. There was a rising rate of literacy in the country. People were more aware
 of complications related to population growth. Government policies were made to control
the growing population. These policies educated people on the importance of delayed
marriage and childbearing, the risks of unprotected sex, etc.
12. Outline the Important Features of the National Population Policy 2000
The essential characteristics of the National Population Policy 2000 include: the NPP 2000
recognises youngsters as one of the critical parts of the population that requires significant
attention. Besides nutritional demands, the policy places massive significance on other
significant requirements of youngsters along with safeguarding them from sexually
transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. It also involves programmes that focus on
child-bearing, education of youngsters concerning the danger of unsafe sex, building
contraceptive solutions, preparing nourishment supplementation, and nutritional supplies,
constituting legal measures to protect child marriage, etc.
13. Population is the pivotal element in social studies. Support your answer giving three
points.
Population is the pivotal element in social studies. We can say this because:
• It is the point of reference from which all other elements are observed and from which
they derive significance and meaning.
• ‘Resources’, ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings.
• Their numbers, distribution, growth and characteristics or qualities provide the basic
background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of the environment.
14. How does migration play an important role in population growth? Explain the ‘pull’
and ‘push’ factors of migration.
Migration causes the percentage of the population to steadily rise, especially in cities and
towns. In addition to altering population numbers, it also alters demographic makeup.
The movement or migration of people into cities as a result of greater employment,
educational, and living options constitutes the city’s pull factor.
Because of unfavourable situations like unemployment and poverty in the villages, people
are migrating from rural to urban areas.
15. What are the measures taken by the NPP 2000 to protect the adolescent population?
In accordance with the NPP 2000, all children must receive free and compulsory education
up to the age of 14, infant mortality must be brought down to below 30 deaths per 1,000
live births, all children must receive universal immunisation against all vaccine-preventable
diseases, girls should be encouraged to postpone marriage, and family welfare must become
a people-cantered initiative.
In addition to nutritional needs, the policy emphasises the importance of safeguarding
adolescents from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted illnesses (STDs). It called
for initiatives to promote postponed marriage and childbearing.
Adolescents need to be informed about the dangers of unprotected sex, and there are
several things that can help: giving dietary supplements and nutritional assistance,
reinforcing the laws against child marriage, and making contraceptive treatments affordable
and accessible.