ALL PYTHON COMMANDS AND FUNDEMENTALS
### Commands:
1. **Running Python:**
- To run a Python script: `python script.py`
- For interactive mode: `python`
2. **Variables:**
- Declare a variable: `variable_name = value`
3. **Data Types:**
- Integer: `42`
- Float: `3.14`
- String: `"Hello"`
- List: `my_list = [1, 2, 3]`
- Tuple: `my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)`
- Dictionary: `my_dict = {'key': 'value'}`
4. **Print:**
- Print to the console: `print("Hello, Python!")`
5. **Control Flow:**
- If statement:
```python
if condition:
# code
```
- For loop:
```python
for item in iterable:
# code
```
6. **Functions:**
- Define a function:
```python
def my_function(parameters):
# code
```
7. **File Handling:**
- Open and read a file:
```python
with open('filename.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
```
8. **Importing Modules:**
- Import a module:
```python
import module_name
```
9. **Error Handling:**
- Try-except block:
```python
try:
# code
except Exception as e:
print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
```
10. **Basic Math Operations:**
- Addition: `+`
- Subtraction: `-`
- Multiplication: `*`
- Division: `/`
- Modulus: `%`
### Facts and Concepts:
1. **Indentation:**
- Python uses indentation for block structure, not braces.
2. **Dynamic Typing:**
- Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don't need to declare variable types explicitly.
3. **Comments:**
- Single-line comment: `#`
- Multi-line comment: `''' This is a multi-line comment '''`
4. **Whitespace Matters:**
- Be mindful of indentation and whitespace; it affects code blocks.
5. **Python Standard Library:**
- Python comes with a rich standard library; explore it for additional functionality.
6. **Virtual Environments:**
- Create a virtual environment to manage project dependencies:
```bash
python -m venv venv
```
7. **List Comprehensions:**
- A concise way to create lists:
```python
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
```
8. **Slicing:**
- Efficiently extract portions of lists or strings:
```python
my_list[1:4] # Returns elements at index 1 to 3
```
9. **Duck Typing:**
- "If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's a duck." Python emphasizes object behavior over types.
10. **Community and Resources:**
- Engage with the Python community on platforms like Stack Overflow. Explore resources like the Python
documentation and online tutorials.
1. **Input:**
- Get user input and assign it to a variable:
```python
user_input = input("Enter something: ")
```
### String Operations:
2. **String Concatenation:**
- Combine strings:
```python
string1 = "Hello"
string2 = "World"
result = string1 + " " + string2
```
3. **String Formatting:**
- Format strings using placeholders:
```python
name = "John"
age = 25
message = f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old."
```
4. **String Methods:**
- Manipulate strings using methods:
```python
my_string = "Hello, World!"
length = len(my_string)
uppercase = my_string.upper()
```
### Lists:
5. **List Operations:**
- Append to a list:
```python
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4)
```
6. **List Methods:**
- Use list methods:
```python
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
numbers.sort()
```
### Loops:
7. **While Loop:**
- Execute code while a condition is true:
```python
i=0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1
```
8. **Break and Continue:**
- Control loop execution with `break` and `continue`:
```python
for i in range(10):
if i == 3:
break
if i == 5:
continue
print(i)
```
### Miscellaneous:
9. **Boolean Operations:**
- Combine conditions using `and`, `or`, `not`:
```python
if x > 0 and y < 10:
# code
```
10. **Ternary Operator:**
- Concise conditional expressions:
```python
result = x if x > 0 else -x
```
11. **Type Conversion:**
- Convert between data types:
```python
num_str = "42"
num = int(num_str)
```
12. **Random Module:**
- Generate random numbers:
```python
import random
random_number = random.randint(1, 100)
```
Remember to adapt these commands to the specific requirements of your programs. Experimenting with these
commands and concepts will help solidify your understanding of Python. Happy coding!
