Data structure and
Programming
(C++)
Hash Table
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About array ….
▪ Assume that we have an array
int a[ ] = {4, 7, 10, 0, 9, 100, 50, 80, 25, 56, 90, 17};
We can use for loop to access data in this array.
Suppose that we want to search for a number and tell the user whether that
number is exist or not.
A. Let’s search for the number 90 in this array. How many times did you use the comparison operation?
B. Let’s search for the number 10 in this array. How many times did you use the comparison operation?
C. Let’s search for the number 99 in this array. How many times did you use the comparison operation?
By using hash table, we compare only 1 time in order to search. 2
Outline
▪ Time complexity
▪ What is Hashing? Hash table? Hash function?
▪ Collision
▪ Collision resolution techniques
▪ Open hashing
▪ Close hashing
▪ Examples
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Time complexity
Time complexity is a time required for an algorithm to run.
It is denoted by a big-O notation: O(n) ▪ Best case
▪ Average case
▪ Worst case
▪ Linked list : O(n)
▪ Array (unsorted) : O(n) Searching time
complexity
▪ Array (sorted) : O(log2 n)
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Big-O Notation
❑ Introduction
▪ Introduction about Big-O Notation: bit.ly/312x9ou
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Other Data structure
❑ Searching operation
▪ Linked list
▪ Array
▪ Stack What is the time required
to search ?
▪ Queue
O(n)
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Hash Table
❑ Searching operation: Time Complexity
Hash Table : O(1)
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General rules for time complexity
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Terms
❑ Hash Table Vs. Hash Function Vs. Hashing
▪ Hash Table
▪ Is a data structure which is used to store key-value pairs. It is implemented as array
▪ Hash Function
▪ Is a function used by hash table to compute an index of an array in which an element will
be inserted to or be searched at
▪ Hashing
▪ In hashing, large keys are converted into smaller ones using hash function AND then the
values are stored in hash table.
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Hash Functions
▪ A hash function usually means a function that compresses.
▪ The output is shorter than the input
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An example of a hash function
❑ Definition
int hash(int key){
Size of array
return key%7;
}
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#include<iostream> Example: Implementation of hash table
using namespace std;
void initializeArray(){ 1 main(){
for(int i=0; i<SIZE; i++){
const int SIZE=7; ht[i] = -999 main(){ insertData(7); 2
int ht[SIZE]; }
} insertData(7); insertData(8);
int hashFunction(int n){ insertData(8); insertData(15);
return n%SIZE; insertData(25); insertData(22);
} displayHT(); insertData(25);
void insertData(int value){ } displayHT();
int index; }
index = hashFunction(value);
ht[index] = value; What is the output?
}
void displayHT(){
for(int i=0; i<SIZE; i++){
cout<<i<<"\t --> ";
cout<<ht[i]<<"\n“’
}
} Ooop! Data is overridden?
This is known as collision!
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Collision
❑ Definition
▪ A situation when two or more data hash to be stored in the same
location in the table, is called a hash collision.
• Suppose we have a hash table with 7 elements
• Hash function is to modulo with 7
• How to insert these numbers?
• 15, 11, 27, 8
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Factors of a good hash function
✓ Easy to compute
✓ Minimize collision
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Perfect Hashing
❑ Definition
▪ Perfect hashing maps each valid input to a different hash value
(no collision)
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Collision Resolution Techniques
(Array-based implementation)
(An array of linked list implementation)
An example of using chaining
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Solution for Hash Collision
❑ Open Hashing
▪ Open hashing defines each slot in the hash table to be the head of a
linked list
▪ All records that hash to a particular slot (collision cases) are
placed on that slot’s linked list
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Hash Table with Chaining resolution technique (An array of linked list)
struct Element{ 1 void addEnd(List *ls, int value){ 4
int value; Element *e; int hashFunction(int n){ int main(){ 7
Element *next; e= new Element;
}; 3 return n%SIZE;
createEmptyAllLists();
e->next=NULL; }
struct List{
e->value=value; insertData(7);
int n;
Element *head, *tail;
}; if(ls->n==0){ 5 insertData(8);
const int SIZE=7; ls->head = e; void insertData(int value){ insertData(15);
List *ht[SIZE]; ls->tail = e;
int index; insertData(22);
ls->n = ls->n + 1;
}else{ index = hashFunction(value);
List* createAnEmptylist(){ 2 addEnd(ht[index], value); insertData(25);
ls->tail->next = e;
List *L1; ls->tail = e; } displayHT();
L1 = new List(); ls->n = ls->n + 1;
L1->n = 0; }
}
L1->head=NULL; void displayHT(){
}
L1->tail=NULL; Element *e;
return L1; for(int i=0; i<SIZE; i++){ 6 Output?
} cout<<i<<"\t -->";
void createEmptyAllLists(){ if(ht[i]!=NULL){
for(int i=0; i<SIZE; i++){ e = ht[i]->head;
ht[t] = createEmptyList() while(e!=0){
} cout<<e->value<<" ";
e=e->next;
}
Display data }
}
in hash table cout<<endl;
}
}
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Solution for Hash Collision
❑ Closed Hashing
1. Linear probing
2. Quadratic probing
3. Double hashing
Case Study
Try these topics and explore how each method works!
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Q&A
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