1.

A 100mm flange

A 100mm flange is a pipe fitting used to securely connect two

pipes, valves, or other components within a plumbing or industrial
system, with a diameter of 100 millimeters, providing a leak-
resistant joint to ensure smooth fluid flow; essentially acting as a
connecting point between different parts of a pipeline system.
2. A 100mm pipe

A 100mm pipe, which is roughly equivalent to a 4-inch pipe,

is commonly used in plumbing, drainage, and irrigation systems
for applications like water supply, wastewater disposal, and
stormwater drainage due to its moderate size, allowing it to
handle a good volume of liquid flow while still being manageable
for installation purposes; it's often made from materials like PVC
or HDPE depending on the specific application.
Key points about 100mm pipes:
 Common applications: Domestic plumbing, sewer lines,
rainwater drainage, agricultural irrigation systems.
 Material options: PVC (polyvinyl chloride), HDPE (high-density
polyethylene), mild steel.
 Benefits: Relatively easy to install, good resistance to corrosion,
can handle moderate water pressure.

3.
A "100mm elbow" is a pipe fitting with a 100mm diameter that is
used to change the direction of a pipe by creating a 90-degree
bend, allowing you to connect two pipes at an angle within a
plumbing or piping system, essentially enabling a smooth flow
change in direction within the pipeline; "100mm" refers to the pipe
size it is designed to fit.

4.
A 100mm alarm valve, which refers to a fire sprinkler system
valve with a diameter of 100 millimeters (or 4 inches), is used to
automatically activate a fire alarm when water flows through a
sprinkler system, essentially signaling that a sprinkler has
activated due to a fire event; it functions as a check valve to
prevent reverse water flow while triggering the alarm when water
is flowing through the system.
5.

A 100mm butterfly valve is used to control the flow of fluids in a

pipeline, typically in industrial settings, by allowing for quick on/off
shut-off or precise flow regulation depending on the
application; the "100mm" refers to the nominal diameter of the
valve, meaning it is designed to fit a pipe with a 100mm inner
diameter, making it suitable for moderate to high flow rates in
various industries like water treatment, chemical processing, and
HVAC systems
 Key points about a 100mm butterfly valve:
 Function:
It acts as a "gate" to control the flow of liquids or gases by
rotating a disc-like element within the valve body.
 Size:
"100mm" indicates the valve's nominal diameter, which is
roughly equivalent to a 4-inch pipe.
 Applications:
Water treatment plants, chemical processing industries, HVAC
systems, and other applications where fluid flow needs to be
managed.

6.
Fire sprinklers are used to control and extinguish fires, and to
protect people, property, and businesses.
Uses
 Save lives
Fire sprinklers can help people escape a fire.
 Reduce property damage
Fire sprinklers can quickly control fires, which can reduce
property damage.
 Save money
 Fire sprinklers can reduce the damage and severity of a fire,
which can save money.

 Protect senior living facilities

Fire sprinklers can help ensure the safety of elderly residents
who may have limited mobility.

How they work

 Fire sprinklers are activated by heat or smoke.
 Sprinkler heads are attached to water pipes and hang down from
the ceiling.
 When the temperature reaches a predetermined level, the
sprinkler head releases water.

Where they are used

 Fire sprinklers are used in residential buildings, office spaces,
retail stores, and senior living facilities.

7.
An air release valve is used to automatically release trapped air
pockets that accumulate at high points in a pipeline, ensuring
smooth fluid flow by preventing air locks and maximizing system
efficiency, typically used in water irrigation systems to maintain
optimal water delivery.
Key points about air release valves:
 Function:
They open when air builds up in the pipe, allowing the trapped
air to escape to the atmosphere.
 Installation:
Usually placed at the highest points in a pipeline where air is
most likely to collect.
 Benefits:
 Improves water flow by eliminating air pockets
 Protects against water hammer by preventing sudden pressure
changes
 Enhances pipeline efficiency
 Can also be used to release air during pipe filling or draining

8.
The 90° elbows are used to provide a joint between two pipes at
right angles to each other. They are used as railing ends or
corners on a level installation.

9.
Butt weld Concentric reducer; Size - 32NB to 25NB
A "Butt weld Concentric reducer, size 32NB to 25NB" is a pipe
fitting used to smoothly transition the flow of fluid from a larger
 pipe with a nominal diameter of 32NB (nominal bore) to a smaller
pipe with a nominal diameter of 25NB, by essentially creating a
cone-shaped connection between them, ensuring a consistent
flow with minimal turbulence and pressure drop; it's commonly
used in industrial piping systems like those found in oil and gas,
chemical processing, and water treatment plants.

10.
A "Ball valve, Size - 50NB" is a valve used to completely shut off
or allow the flow of a fluid within a pipeline, with a nominal
diameter of 50 millimeters (approximately 2 inches), making it
suitable for medium-sized industrial applications like water, gas,
or chemical lines where a reliable on/off control is needed; "NB"
stands for "Nominal Bore" indicating the valve's internal diameter
is roughly 50mm.
Key points about a 50NB ball valve:
 Function:
By rotating a spherical ball inside the valve body, it can quickly
open or close the flow by aligning the hole in the ball with the
pipeline.
 Size:
"50NB" means the nominal diameter of the valve opening is
50mm (approximately 2 inches).
 Applications:
Commonly used in various industries including:
 Chemical processing
 Oil and gas pipelines
 Water treatment plants
 Pharmaceutical manufacturing
 Advantages:
 Quick and easy operation with a quarter turn
 Tight sealing capabilities
 Relatively low maintenance

11.
A "sounder with strobe light" is a combined alarm device that
emits both a loud audible sound (from the sounder) and a flashing
light (from the strobe) to alert people of an emergency, primarily
used in fire alarm systems to effectively notify individuals with
hearing impairments or in loud environments where an audible
alarm alone might not be heard; essentially providing both visual
and auditory warning signals.
Key points about sounder with strobe light:
 Dual alert system:
The sounder produces a loud noise while the strobe flashes
bright light, ensuring maximum attention is drawn to the alarm.
 Accessibility for hearing impaired:
The flashing light feature is particularly important for people with
hearing difficulties who might not hear a standard alarm.
 Common applications:
 Primarily used in fire alarm systems in buildings like offices,
schools, hospitals, and public spaces.

12.
A 2Cx1.5 Sq.mm armored, single stand, outer sheathed, FRLS,
PVC insulated copper conductor cable is used for fire alarm
system installation.
Explanation
 Fire alarm systems: This type of cable is used to install fire
alarm systems.
 PVC insulation: PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is resistant to
chemicals, oils, and water. It can withstand a wide range of
temperatures without degrading.
 Steel armor: The steel armor protects the cable's cores from
mechanical stress. This makes it suitable for direct burial into the
ground.
Related types of cables
 Steel wire armored cable: This type of cable is commonly used
for low-voltage transmissions.
 PVC insulated and sheathed cable: This type of cable is used in
a variety of applications, including fixed wiring and flexible
installations.
 13.
What is the use of ceiling mounted fire extinguisher?
A ceiling-mounted extinguisher is usually an automatic fire
extinguisher - which is activated by heat in the early signs of a fire
- which is suspended from above and fixed to the ceiling. When
the fire extinguisher goes off, from this high position, it ensures a
large area is covered to be the most effective.

14.
What is the use of hydrant valve?
Hydrant valves are used to control the flow of water from a fire
hydrant to a fire hose. They are a key component of fire protection
systems and are used by fire and emergency services to fight
fires.
Uses
 Firefighting
Hydrant valves are used to provide a steady water supply to fire
hoses during emergencies.
 Industrial applications
 Hydrant valves are used in industrial facilities, such as chemical
plants, refineries, and warehouses.

 Other applications
Hydrant valves are also used in high-rise buildings, airports, and
offshore platforms.
Design
 Hydrant valves are designed to be compact and not obstruct the
passage where they are installed.
 They are made from different materials, such as bronze, aluminum,
and stainless steel.
 Hydrant valves are available in different designs and sizes
depending on the application, location, and code requirements.
Operation
 The stem nut of the hydrant valve is the main port for operating the
valve.
 The stem nut is often a pentagon shaped key that needs a hydrant
wrench to turn.
 Rotating the stem nut opens or closes the main valve.

15.
Manual Monitors: Manual fire water monitors are handheld
devices that provide firefighters with flexibility and mobility during
firefighting operations. They are typically lightweight and portable,
allowing firefighters to direct water or foam precisely at the source
of the fire.

16.
 A UL Listed sprinkler alarm control valve, sized 100NB, is a
specialized valve used in fire sprinkler systems to detect water
flow when a sprinkler activates due to fire, triggering an alarm
signal by sending a pressure change to a monitoring system,
essentially alerting that a fire is occurring within the protected
area; the "UL Listed" indicates it meets safety standards set by
Underwriters Laboratories, ensuring its reliable function in critical
situations.
Key points about this valve:
 Function:
Acts as a check valve, preventing reverse water flow from the
sprinkler system while allowing water to flow out when a sprinkler
opens, thus triggering the alarm.
 Alarm activation:
When water flows through the valve due to a sprinkler activation,
it creates a pressure change that activates a connected alarm
system.
 Size (100NB):
"NB" stands for "nominal bore" and refers to the valve's internal
diameter, with 100NB indicating a relatively large pipe size
capable of handling significant water flow.
 UL Listed:
This signifies the valve has been tested and certified by
Underwriters Laboratories to meet specific safety standards for
fire protection equipment, ensuring its quality and reliability.

17. A 32NB 90 degree bend is a pipe fitting that changes the

direction of flow in a piping system. It's used to join two pipes that
are at a right angle to each other.
Uses
 Connecting pipes: A 90 degree bend connects pipes to fittings
or equipment at right angles.
 Changing flow direction: A 90 degree bend changes the
direction of flow in a piping system.
 Reducing friction: A 90 degree bend can reduce friction losses
in a system.
 Corner or railing ends: A 90 degree bend can serve as a corner
or railing end on a level installation.
 Passing through tight spaces: A 90 degree bend can be used
to change the direction of pipes that pass through tight spaces
like walls and ceilings.
Applications
Plumbing, Power plants, Chemical plants, Oil and gas refineries,
HVAC systems, Marine applications, Fishing vessels, and Yachts.
Materials
A 90 degree bend can be made from many different materials,
including rubber, steel, cast iron, copper, and plastic.
18. A "C.I butterfly valve as per IS 13095 slim seal standard lever
operated type with flanges" refers to a butterfly valve made from
cast iron, designed to meet the Indian Standard (IS) 13095
specifications, featuring a slim seal design, operated by a lever
mechanism, and connected to pipes using flanges; essentially
used for controlling the flow of liquids or gases in various
industrial applications by providing a tight shut-off or throttling
capability through a rotating disc mechanism.
Key points about this type of valve:
 Material: Cast iron body provides strength and durability.
 Standard Compliance: Adheres to the IS 13095 standard,
ensuring quality and performance consistency.
  Slim Seal Design: Offers a tight seal with minimal disc
protrusion, ideal for applications requiring precise flow control.
 Lever Operated: Manual operation using a lever for easy
opening and closing.
 Flanged Connection: Attaches to pipes using flanges, allowing
for easy installation and maintenance.
Typical Applications:
 Water treatment plants: Regulating water flow in pipelines
 Chemical processing: Controlling flow of chemicals
 Oil and gas industry: Isolating or regulating gas flow
 HVAC systems: Managing air flow
 Food and beverage production: Controlling liquid food flow

19. A 200A single phase welding machine is primarily used for

light to medium duty welding tasks, typically involving mild steel,
where a moderate amperage is needed, and is suitable for DIY
projects, home repairs, or on-site work due to its portability and
ability to operate on standard household power outlets; it's often
used for welding materials like mild steel, stainless steel, and
sometimes aluminum depending on the machine's capabilities,
and is commonly referred to as a "stick welder" due to the use of
stick electrodes.
Key points about a 200A single phase welding machine:
 Amperage capacity:
The "200A" indicates that the machine can deliver a maximum
welding current of 200 amps, which is enough to weld
moderately thick metal pieces.
 Single phase power:
 This means it can operate on a standard household electrical
outlet, making it convenient for home use or portable
applications.
 Typical applications:
 Repairing metal parts on vehicles, machinery, or household items.
 Fabricating small metal structures
 Welding thin to medium thickness metal sheets
 Benefits:
 Portable and compact design
 Relatively affordable compared to higher amperage machines
 Easy to operate with basic controls

19.5 Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials,

usually metals or thermoplastics, primarily by using high temperature to melt the parts
together and allow them to cool, causing fusion. Common alternative methods
include solvent welding (of thermoplastics) using chemicals to melt materials being
bonded without heat, and solid-state welding processes which bond without melting,
such as pressure, cold welding, and diffusion bonding.

Metal welding is distinct from lower temperature bonding techniques such

as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal (parent metal) and instead
require flowing a filler metal to solidify their bonds.

In addition to melting the base metal in welding, a filler material is typically added to the
joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that can
be stronger than the base material. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the
filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame
(chemical), an electric arc (electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction,
and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many
different environments, including in open air, under water, and in outer space. Welding
is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock,
vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense
ultraviolet radiation.
 Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding,
which blacksmiths had used for millennia to join iron and steel by heating and
hammering. Arc welding and oxy-fuel welding were among the first processes to
develop late in the century, and electric resistance welding followed soon after. Welding
technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century, as world wars drove the
demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several
modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like shielded
metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-
automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc
welding, flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding. Developments continued with
the invention of laser beam welding, electron beam welding, magnetic pulse welding,
and friction stir welding in the latter half of the century. Today, as the science continues
to advance, robot welding is commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers
continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld
quality.[1]

20. An AG4 grinding machine is an angle grinder used

for grinding metal and polishing glass. It can also be used to
remove excess material from a piece.
Uses
 Grinding: Removes material from a workpiece
 Polishing: Produces a smooth finish on a surface
 Removing burrs: Removes burrs from a surface
 Cutting: Cuts metal bars and pipes
 Stone molding: Used in stone molding applications
Features
 High power and speed: Provides high power and speed for
grinding applications
 Advanced fan system: Provides maximum airflow to prolong
motor life
 Sealed toggle switch: Protects from dust and filings to extend
switch life
  Tool-free adjustable guard: Allows easy positioning for left or
right handed use
 Spindle lock: Allows for quick and easy disc changes
 Compact gear case: Allows use in tight and confined areas

21. A "cut off machine," also known as a chop saw or abrasive

saw, is a power tool primarily used to cut through hard materials
like metal pipes, bars, concrete, and masonry, making it a
valuable tool in construction, fabrication, and emergency rescue
situations; it essentially functions by using an abrasive blade to
slice through the material with high power.
Key points about cut off machines:
 Material types:
Primarily used for cutting metals, but can also be used on
concrete and other hard materials depending on the blade type.
 Applications:
Building construction, metal fabrication, emergency rescue
operations, concrete cutting.
 Blade type:
Utilizes an abrasive cutting disc that spins at high speed to
create the cut.
 Different forms:
Can be handheld for smaller cuts or a larger, stationary machine
for heavy-duty applications.

22. A 3 core single phase power cable is used to carry single-

phase electricity, typically for household applications like
powering appliances, lighting, and sockets, as it contains the
necessary conductors for a live wire, a neutral wire, and an earth
 wire, all within one cable; essentially providing a complete single-
phase circuit in a single unit.
Key points about a 3 core single phase cable:
 Components:
It has three individual insulated conductors within the cable: a
live wire (usually brown), a neutral wire (blue), and an earth wire
(green/yellow).
 Application:
Commonly used for wiring within homes, sheds, garages, and
other situations where a single phase power supply is needed.
 Compared to 3-phase:
While a 3-core cable can be used for both single-phase and
three-phase systems, the specific application will determine
which system is needed.

23. use of cutting wheels

The wheels work well for metal cutting and stainless steel pipes.
However, some customers dislike that the wheels break easily.
Customers appreciate the product's quality. They find it reliable,
long-lasting, and useful for multiple uses.

24. A spirit level, also known as a bubble level, is a tool that

determines if a surface is level or plumb. It's used in many fields,
including construction, carpentry, and photography.
How it works
 A spirit level has a vial containing a liquid, usually alcohol, that
creates an air bubble
 The bubble's position indicates if the surface is level or plumb
 The bubble should be centered in the marked area
 Uses
 Construction
Spirit levels are used to align walls, pipes, and girders, and to
install doors and windows
 Carpentry
Spirit levels are used to ensure that surfaces are level, such as
when hanging pictures
 Photography
Spirit levels are used in some photographic and videographic
work
 Medicine
Spirit levels are used to ensure that medical equipment is level,
such as CT scanners
Types of spirit levels
 Short: Spirit levels that are 40 to 50 cm long are often used for
private use
 Long: Spirit levels that are over 200 cm long are often used on
construction sites
 Mini: Pocket-sized spirit levels are often used for private use
 Tilt measurement: Spirit levels that can measure tilt, angular
degrees, and slopes are often used on construction sites

25. A "16A Y connector" is an electrical adapter that allows you to

split a single power source into two separate outlets, with each
outlet capable of handling a maximum current of 16
Amps; essentially, it's a Y-shaped connector that lets you power
two devices from one power socket, commonly used when you
need to plug in multiple appliances to a single outlet, like in
situations where power outlets are limited.
 Key points about a 16A Y connector:
 Function: It splits a single power source into two separate power
outlets.
 Amperage rating: "16A" indicates that each individual outlet can
handle a maximum current of 16 Amps, suitable for powering
most household appliances.
 Y-shape design: The connector is shaped like a "Y" with one
input plug and two output sockets.
Common uses:
 Charging multiple devices:
Plug a single power cord into the Y connector and then use the
two output sockets to charge two phones simultaneously.
 Powering small appliances:
Use it to power two small appliances like lamps or fans from a
single outlet.
 Limited power outlets:
When there are not enough power sockets available, a Y
connector can help expand the number of usable outlets.
Important considerations:
 Overload protection:
Be mindful not to exceed the combined amperage rating of the Y
connector when using multiple devices.
 Safety:
Ensure the Y connector is properly rated for the voltage and
amperage of your application and is in good condition before
use.

26. Line dori, also known as a string line or mason's line, is a tool
used in construction and masonry to create straight lines and
 alignments. It's usually made of a strong, durable material like
nylon or polyester.
Uses
 Construction
Line dori is used to create straight lines and alignments in
construction projects.
 Masonry
Line dori is used to create straight lines and alignments in
masonry projects.
 Precise geometry
Line dori can be used to create precise geometry in construction
projects.
 Framework
Line dori can be used as a framework to project or attach other
object geometries.

27. A hammering drilling machine, also called a "hammer drill", is

a power tool specifically designed to drill holes in hard materials
like concrete, brick, and stone by combining a rotational drilling
motion with a hammering action, allowing it to penetrate tough
surfaces much more effectively than a regular drill
alone; essentially, it's used for drilling into masonry where extra
force is needed to break through the material.
Key points about a hammer drill:
 Function:
It uses a hammering mechanism alongside the rotation to break
through hard materials.
 Applications:
 Installing anchors in concrete walls, drilling holes for electrical
outlets, mounting heavy fixtures on masonry surfaces.

 Important consideration:
When using a hammer drill, it's crucial to use the correct type of
drill bit designed for masonry materials.

28. A water level pipe, also known as a tube level, is a

transparent tube filled with water that's used to transfer a level
across a distance. It's used to determine the slope of an object or
surface, or to match water levels at different locations.
How it works
 Water always seeks its own level, so the water surface in the tube
will always be level.
 Hold one end of the tube against a line, and have someone hold
the other end against a pipe.
 Wait for the water to settle, and the line against the pipe will be
level with the line against the tube.
Uses
Construction, Water treatment, Chemical processing, Food and
beverage, Pharmaceuticals, and Footwear industry.
Making your own water level pipe
1. Create a tube level by filling a transparent plastic tube with water.
2. Attach the tube level to a Jerry can on one end and a wooden
strip on the other end.
3. Make holes in the lid of the Jerry can, one in the center and
another one beside it.
4. Push the tube through the center of the lid.
 29. 2.5 mm welding rods are used for welding
mild steel, stainless steel, and cast iron. They are used for a
variety of applications, including:
 Vehicle welding: Used for welding vehicles
 Structural fabrication: Used for building and repairing structures
 Sheet metal welding: Used for welding thin sheet metal
 Pipework: Used for welding pipework and forgings
 Pressure vessel construction: Used for constructing pressure
vessels
 Low carbon steel fabrication: Used for welding low carbon
steel, especially thin plate steel

2.5 mm welding rods are suitable for thicknesses of around 3 mm

or more. The correct welding current depends on the diameter of
the electrode and the thickness and position of the material being
welded.
Types of 2.5 mm welding rods
 E6013
A general purpose welding rod that is good for thin sheet metal
welding, shipbuilding, and repairing metal buildings
 E7018
A welding rod that is ideal for steel plate structural steel,
pipework, and repairing castings of machinery
 30. A 100mm pipe, which is roughly equivalent to a
4-inch diameter pipe, is commonly used for a variety of
applications including plumbing, drainage, water supply systems,
irrigation, and industrial piping, due to its size being suitable for
moderate water flow and waste disposal in both residential and
commercial settings.
Key points about 100mm pipes:
 Material:
Often made from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) for its durability and
corrosion resistance, but can also be made from other materials
like mild steel or HDPE (high-density polyethylene) depending on
the application.
 Drainage Systems:
Widely used in underground drainage systems to carry
wastewater from sinks, toilets, and other fixtures.
 Water Supply:
Can be used for distributing potable water in smaller residential
or commercial applications.
 Irrigation Systems:
Suitable for carrying water to sprinklers or other irrigation
components in agricultural settings.
 Industrial Applications:
May be used in industrial settings for fluid transfer depending on
the required flow rate and pressure.
 31. A "100mm flange" is a pipe fitting with a
diameter of 100 millimeters, used to securely connect pipes,
valves, and other components within a plumbing or industrial
piping system, providing a leak-proof joint by bolting together with
a gasket; essentially, it acts as a connecting point between
different parts of a pipeline, allowing for easy assembly and
disassembly when needed.
Key points about a 100mm flange:
 Size:
The "100mm" refers to the nominal diameter of the flange,
meaning the outside diameter of the connecting pipe section.
 Function:
Flanges create a sealed connection between pipes by being
bolted together with a gasket, ensuring fluid flow without
leakage.
 Applications:
Commonly used in various industries like oil and gas, water
treatment, chemical processing, and general plumbing systems.

32. An air release valve is used to automatically

release trapped air pockets within a pressurized pipeline system,
 typically in water lines, at high points to ensure smooth flow and
prevent potential damage caused by air locks and pressure
fluctuations; essentially, it helps maintain efficient water flow by
removing air that could hinder the system's performance
Key points about air release valves:
 Function:
They open when air accumulates at high points in the pipe,
allowing the air to escape and preventing blockages.
 Application:
Primarily used in water pipelines, irrigation systems, and other
liquid transfer systems.
 Benefits:
 Improves water flow efficiency
 Reduces potential for corrosion caused by trapped air
 Helps with proper filling and draining of pipes
 Minimizes water hammer issues
How it works:
 Most air release valves have a float mechanism inside.
 When air accumulates and enters the valve, the float drops,
opening the valve to release the air.
 As water fills the pipe and the float rises, the valve closes again

33. The IS 1239 MS Pipe is used in a wide

range of applications in sewage, fire fighting, and various other
structural equipment. Both seamless and welded pipes can be
made using the IS 1239 Class c material. The IS 1239 ERW Pipe
comes with a more thick wall than the seamless pipes of the given
specification.
34. Channel (ISMC) 100x50mm is a 'C"
Type Channel that is used for applications such as fabrication,
Electricity Tower line, Bridges, etc. M.S. Channel (ISMC)
100x50mm that we provide has quality equivalent to that of SAIL
products.
35.

A 3-phase welding machine is used for heavy-duty welding

applications in industries like construction, shipbuilding, and large-
scale fabrication due to its high power output, stability, and
efficiency, making it ideal for welding thick metal sections or
 performing large-scale welding projects that require significant
power.
Key points about 3-phase welding machines:
 High Power Capability:
They can deliver significantly more power compared to single-
phase welding machines, enabling welding of thicker materials
and faster welding speeds.
 Stable Power Supply:
The three-phase power source provides a more stable electrical
current, resulting in consistent weld quality.
 Suitable for Heavy-Duty Applications:
This makes them ideal for industrial applications like welding
large steel structures, pipelines, and heavy machinery.

36. A 3-phase power cable is used to deliver

large amounts of electrical power to heavy machinery and
equipment in industrial and commercial settings, like large motors,
conveyor belts, and HVAC systems, due to its superior efficiency
compared to single-phase power, which is typically used for
smaller household appliances; essentially, it allows for more
power to be transmitted using less cable material.
Key points about 3-phase power cables:
 Higher power delivery:
By utilizing three separate alternating current waveforms spaced
120 degrees apart, 3-phase power provides a more consistent
 and balanced power flow, enabling higher power delivery than
single-phase systems.
 Suitable for large motors:
Most industrial machinery, like large motors, are designed to
operate on 3-phase power due to their high power requirements
and ability to produce a smooth, rotating magnetic field.
 Efficiency advantages:
Compared to single-phase systems, 3-phase power requires less
conductor material to transmit the same amount of power,
making it more efficient.
 Common applications:
Factories, commercial buildings, data centers, large HVAC
systems, and electric transportation often use 3-phase power.

37. A single-phase power cable is primarily used to deliver

electricity for residential applications, powering common
household appliances like lights, fans, and small electronics, as it
provides a sufficient power supply for lower power demands
compared to a three-phase system which is designed for heavy
industrial loads; essentially, it's the standard power cable used in
most homes.
Key points about single-phase power cables:
 Basic design: Consists of two wires - a live wire (phase) and a
neutral wire.
 Suitable for: Lighting, small appliances, and other low-power
devices.
 Common usage: Found in most residential homes.
 Compared to three-phase: Offers less power but is simpler and
cheaper to install.
 38. What is the function of a distribution board (DB)?
A distribution board (DB) is the nerve center of an electrical
system. It distributes power from the main supply to different
circuits and outlets in a building. A distribution board houses
circuit breakers or fuses that ensure the safety of each circuit from
overloads or faults. This board organizes and controls the flow of
electricity. By this, a DB facilitates the efficient operation of
electrical appliances and devices throughout the premises. This
board allows for easy isolation of circuits in cases of emergencies
or maintenance. So, the function of a DB is to promote safety,
regulate electrical distribution, and ensure the reliability and
functionality of the building’s electrical infrastructure.

39. A 30 meter gas cutting hose is used

for cutting and welding metal, as well as gas cutting.
What it's used for
 Welding and cutting metal
Gas cutting hoses transfer fuel gas and oxygen from a tank or
manifold to a welding torch or other apparatus.
 Gas cutting
Gas cutting hoses are used to preheat metal to its ignition or
melting point, and then blow away the slag.
What are the features of a gas cutting hose?
 Gas cutting hoses are often made of rubber
  They can be red, blue, or orange, with different colors used for
different gases
 They can be kink and flame resistant
 They can be weatherproof
 They can be flexible and easy to move
 They can be anti-aging and non-corrosive

40. Oxygen cylinders are used to store and deliver

oxygen under pressure for a variety of purposes, including
medical, industrial, and recreational use.
Medical use
 Oxygen therapy
Oxygen cylinders are used to treat respiratory conditions like
asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and
pneumonia.
 High-altitude breathing
Oxygen cylinders are used by athletes and others who visit high-
altitude areas.
Industrial use
 Manufacturing: Oxygen cylinders are used in the production of
steel and monel.
 Welding: Oxygen cylinders are used in oxyacetylene welding
equipment and glass lampworking torches.
 Recreational use
 Scuba diving: Oxygen cylinders are used in open-circuit scuba
sets and some types of diving rebreathers.
 Climbing: Oxygen cylinders are used for mountaineering.
Safety
 Oxygen cylinders are pressurized containers and can be
dangerous if dropped or damaged.
 Oxygen cylinders should be stored upright in a well-ventilated
area.
 Never smoke or use flammable materials near oxygen.
 Turn off the oxygen when you are not using it

41. A DA cylinder, also known as an acetylene gas cylinder, is

used for welding, cutting, and metal fabrication.
Uses
 Metal fabrication
Acetylene is used for cutting and welding metals that require
high temperatures.
 Chemical production
Acetylene is used in the synthesis of inorganic compounds, such
as vitamins.
 Plastic production
Acetylene is used in the production of polyethylene plastics, such
as PVC.
 Glass processing
Acetylene is used in the carbon coating process to lubricate the
surface between materials.
 Analytical laboratories
 Acetylene is used in organic synthesis and in analytical
techniques such as Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectroscopy.
Safety
 Acetylene is highly unstable and flammable.
 Acetylene cylinders are made of carbon alloy steel cylinders
shells filled with a porous mass.
 Acetylene cylinders should be stored carefully and separately,
and kept upright.
 The cylinder valve should be closed properly to prevent excessive
heating and extinguish flame.

42. An AG4 cutting machine, also known as an angle grinder, is a

tool used for grinding, cutting, and polishing metal, stone, and
glass. It is used in a variety of settings, including construction
sites, garages, and workshops.
Uses
 Metalwork: Grinding down welds, cutting metal bars and pipes,
and removing excess material
 Polishing: Polishing metal surfaces and glass
 Stone molding: Molding stone
Safety
 Angle grinders can be dangerous because of the sparks and
metal bits that fly off while cutting.
 Some angle grinders have safety features like Active Torque
Control (ATC) to reduce kickback.
Types of discs
 Cut-off discs with diamond blades
 Abrasive grinding discs
 Grinding stones
 Sanding discs
 Wire brush wheels
 Polishing pads

43. A welding blanket is a safety device

that protects people, equipment, and the surrounding area from
heat and sparks while welding. They can also be used for other
activities that create heat, like grilling.
Uses
 Protect people: Welding blankets protect the welder's body and
clothing from sparks and heat.
 Protect equipment: Welding blankets protect tools and other
equipment from sparks and heat.
 Protect the surrounding area: Welding blankets protect nearby
people and objects from sparks and heat.
 Prevent fires: Welding blankets prevent accidental fires by
isolating the work area and protecting against sparks.
 Insulate: Welding blankets can be used to insulate grills and
cooking chambers, helping to stabilize the heat and burn fuel
more efficiently.
Materials
Welding blankets are made from heat-resistant materials like
fiberglass, vermiculite, silicate, polyurethane, aluminum paper,
graphite, and clay. Fiberglass is a popular choice because it's
resistant to high temperatures.
 44. A plumb bob is a tool used to find vertical
lines, or plumb, in the ground. It's used in construction, surveying,
and other fields.
How it's used
 Construction: Carpenters and masons use plumb bobs to ensure
that structures are vertical.
 Surveying: Surveyors use plumb bobs to establish the nadir, or
the direction of gravity, at a specific point. They also use plumb
bobs with other instruments to mark positions on the ground.
 Drilling holes: Plumb bobs can be used to check if a hole is
plumb and uniformly shaped.
What it's made of
 A plumb bob is a heavy, pointed weight attached to a long
string. The string is often made of twisted cotton or nylon.
How to use it
1. Hold the plumb bob above the point you want to measure.
2. Let the weight drop down to the surface.
3. Ensure the string is parallel to the surface and doesn't touch it.

45. What is a tarpaulin used for?

 Tarpaulins are used in many ways to protect persons and things
from wind, rain, and sunlight. They are used during construction
or after disasters to protect partially built or damaged structures,
to prevent mess during painting and similar activities, and to
contain and collect debris

46. A cast iron sluice valve is a device

used to regulate the flow of liquids in pipelines, power plants, and
water distribution systems. It can be used to open or close a
pipeline, or to isolate a section of the pipeline.
Uses
 Water distribution: Cast iron sluice valves are used in water
supply systems and irrigation systems
 Power plants: Cast iron sluice valves are used in power plants to
open or close pipelines
Oil tankers: Sluice valves are used in oil tankers to allow
gravity flow between tanks
Features
 Gate or wedge-shaped: The valve has a gate or wedge-shaped
disc that moves perpendicular to the flow of liquid
  Rigid design: The valve is designed to be rigid and sturdy, with
minimal loss of head across the valve
 Leak-tight: The valve is designed to be leak-tight for a long
service life
 Smooth operation: The valve is designed to have a smooth
operation with low friction

47. A "Cast Iron lever operated

Butterfly Valve, 100 NB" is used to quickly shut off or regulate the
flow of liquids or gases in a pipeline, typically in industrial
applications, due to its robust cast iron construction and lever-
operated mechanism for easy manual control; the "100 NB" refers
to the nominal bore size of the valve, meaning it has a diameter of
approximately 100 millimeters.
Key points about this type of valve:
 Function:
Primarily used for on/off flow control, with the ability to partially
open for some flow regulation depending on the application.
 Material:
 Cast iron body provides high durability and resistance to
corrosion, making it suitable for harsh environments.

 Operation:
A lever handle allows for quick quarter-turn operation to open or
close the valve.
 Applications:
Commonly found in water treatment plants, chemical processing,
HVAC systems, and industrial piping where reliable flow control
is needed.

48. A "Cast Iron lever operated Butterfly Valve, 150 NB (Isolation

valve)" is primarily used to completely stop or isolate the flow of a
fluid within a pipeline system by manually rotating a lever, making
it a shut-off valve commonly used in applications where quick and
simple isolation is needed, like in water treatment plants,
industrial piping, and chemical processing lines; the "150 NB"
indicates the nominal size of the valve, which is 150 millimeters
(or 6 inches) in diameter.
Key points about this valve:
 Function:
Its primary purpose is to isolate a section of the pipeline by fully
closing the valve with a quarter-turn rotation of the lever.
 Material:
The body is made of cast iron, which provides durability and
resistance to corrosion in many industrial environments.
 Operation:
The lever handle allows for easy manual operation to open and
close the valve.
 Application:
Suitable for various liquids and gases in applications where a
simple on/off control is required.

49. Hydrant is the most important

constituent of a Hydrant system. It is used to connect a fire hose
pipe to the water pipeline of the building and use pressurized
water from the fire hydrant pump to put off medium and big fires in
any part of the building.

50. Class C MS pipes have the thickest walls

and highest pressure ratings among the three classifications,
offering maximum strength and durability. These pipes are
designed for high-pressure applications such as oil and gas
transmission, chemical processing, and structural support in
infrastructure projects
51. NP3 cement concrete heavy duty Hume pipes
are used for medium drainage applications, such as highways,
commercial projects, and industrial areas. They are also used for
irrigation and culverts that carry medium traffic.

52. What is the use of nuts

bolts and washers?
Washers are often used in combination with nuts and bolts or
screws to prevent damage to surfaces, reduce friction, and
prevent loosening. There are several types of washers, each
designed for specific purposes. Some common ones are: Flat
Washers: These are simple flat washers with a hole in the center.

53. The M12 mm anchor size signifies the

diameter of the anchor, indicating its compatibility with
corresponding fixtures and load requirements. With a
standardized embedment depth of 125 mm, this anchor offers a
 secure and stable grip within the substrate, ensuring optimal
performance and structural integrity

54. A 14-inch cutoff wheel is a tool used to cut

through metals and nonmetals, such as copper, aluminum, cast
iron, and stainless steel. It can be used with an angle grinder.
Uses
 Cutting metals: 14-inch cutoff wheels can be used to cut through
metals such as copper, aluminum, cast iron, and stainless steel.
 Cutting nonmetals: 14-inch cutoff wheels can be used to cut
through nonmetals such as cemented carbide.
 Cutting at 90 degrees: 14-inch cutoff wheels are good for cutting
things at 90 degrees.
Features
 Burr-free cuts
14-inch cutoff wheels can make burr-free cuts, which means the
edges are clean and require minimal finishing.
 Reduced vibration
14-inch cutoff wheels can reduce vibration, which can improve
control and make the cutting experience smoother.
 Stability
14-inch cutoff wheels can provide stability and control during
operation, which can help ensure precise and safe cutting.
Safety
  Before using a 14-inch cutoff wheel, it's important to tighten the
blade shaft nut.
 It's also important to be aware that cutting too slowly can cause
heat to build up and burn the metal.

55. Cutting wheels, or cut-off wheels, differ from grinding wheels

in their function and structure. Where grinding wheels use an
abrasive to grind large pieces of material off a workpiece from a
shallow angle, cutting wheels typically make narrow, precise cuts
at 90-degree angles.

56. A cut-off machine, also called a chop saw or

abrasive saw, is a power tool primarily used to cut through hard
materials like metal pipes, bars, concrete, and masonry, making it
a valuable tool in construction, fabrication, and emergency rescue
situations; it utilizes an abrasive blade to efficiently cut through
these materials with precision depending on the blade type and
machine power.
Key points about cut-off machines:
 Material cutting:
Primarily used for cutting metals like steel pipes, structural
components, and other hard materials.
 Abrasive blade:
Operates with a specialized abrasive cutting wheel to achieve
the cuts.
 Applications:
 Construction, building maintenance, industrial fabrication,
emergency rescue operations.

 Types of cut-off machines:

Handheld units for smaller cuts, larger stationary machines for
heavy-duty cutting.

57. A "150mm bend" refers to a pipe fitting with

a 150mm diameter that is designed to change the direction of fluid
flow within a piping system, essentially allowing you to curve the
pipe at a specific angle, commonly used in plumbing applications
to navigate around obstacles or direct fluid flow as needed; the
"150mm" indicates the diameter of the pipe the bend is
compatible with.
Key points about a 150mm bend:
 Function:
To alter the direction of fluid flow in a pipe system by creating a
curved section.
 Size:
The "150mm" refers to the diameter of the pipe the bend is
designed to fit.
 Applications:
Commonly used in plumbing, drainage systems, waste disposal,
and other applications where pipes need to be redirected
 58. A "10 MM MS Plate 1250* 2500
mm" refers to a mild steel plate that is 10 millimeters thick, with a
length of 2500 millimeters and a width of 1250 millimeters; it is
commonly used in various industrial applications for structural
construction, fabrication of machinery parts, building components
like beams and columns, shipbuilding, and heavy-duty
equipment due to its high tensile strength and versatility.
Key points about this plate:
 Material: "MS" stands for "Mild Steel," a common type of steel
with good balance of strength and weldability.
 Thickness: 10mm indicates the plate is 10 millimeters thick,
making it suitable for applications requiring moderate to high
structural strength.
 Dimensions: 1250mm x 2500mm represents the width and
length of the plate respectively.
Typical applications:
 Construction: Building structural components like beams,
columns, and floor plates
 Machinery fabrication: Machine bases, chassis, and heavy-duty
equipment parts
 Shipbuilding: Hull components, decks, and bulkheads
  Industrial equipment: Pressure vessels, tanks, and conveyor
systems
 Bridges and towers: Structural members for support and load
bearing

59. What is the use of U clamp?

U clamps, also known as U bolts, are used in many industries to

secure pipes, tubes, and other cylindrical objects. They are made
of steel or stainless steel and have threaded ends.
Uses
 Plumbing and HVAC: Secure pipes and ductwork to prevent leaks
and vibrations
 Automotive: Secure exhaust pipes, cables, and other components
 Electrical: Secure electrical conduits and cables to protect them
from damage
 Construction: Secure structural elements like scaffolding and
framework
 Manufacturing: Secure components on assembly lines and
machinery
How they work
 U clamps are made of a curved bolt with threaded ends
 Nuts and washers are used to secure the bolt and distribute the load
 The shape and dimensions of the U clamp depend on the
application
 60. A 12mm threaded rod, also known
as an M12 threaded rod, is primarily used to securely connect two
objects together, like wood or metal, by screwing nuts onto its
threaded length; it can also be used to create a connection
between concrete and other materials, acting as a strong fastener
in construction and industrial applications due to its substantial
diameter and threaded design.
Key points about a 12mm threaded rod:
 Diameter: 12mm, which refers to the diameter of the rod itself.
 Thread type: Typically a metric thread (M12) with a specific pitch
allowing for secure fastening with matching nuts.
 Applications:
o Connecting structural components in construction
o Mounting machinery and equipment
o Creating suspension systems
o Securing concrete forms
o Use in custom fabrication projects
 61. What is a universal clamp used for?
A universal clamp is a versatile tool used to hold objects firmly in
place. It is designed to fit a wide range of objects and can be
adjusted to accommodate different shapes and sizes.

62. An 8mm civil rod, typically referred to as an

8mm TMT bar, is primarily used in construction to reinforce
concrete in smaller-scale projects like residential buildings,
particularly for elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and
stirrups, due to its versatility, manageable weight, and ability to
bend for intricate designs while still providing adequate structural
strength; it's considered a cost-effective option for smaller
reinforcements within larger concrete structures.
Key points about 8mm civil rods:
 Common applications: Slabs, beams, columns, footings,
stirrups, rings, staircases, railings
 Advantages: Lightweight, easy to handle, flexible, good tensile
strength, cost-effective for smaller projects
 Construction type: Primarily used in residential buildings and
smaller structures
 Important consideration: While suitable for many applications,
larger structures might require thicker rods depending on load
requirements
 63. A 14 mm drill bit can be used to drill holes in a
variety of materials, including metal, stone, and plastic.
Materials
 Metal: 14 mm drill bits can be used to drill into alloyed and non-
alloyed steel, cast iron, cast steel, and more
 Stone: 14 mm diamond core drill bits can be used to drill into
granite, marble, and other hard and brittle materials
 Plastic: 14 mm drill bits can be used to drill into hard plastics
Uses
 Formwork: 14 mm drill bits can be used for interior fitting work
and formwork
 Plumbing and heating: 14 mm drill bits can be used for plumbing
and heating
 Electrical installation: 14 mm drill bits can be used for electrical
installation
Drill types
 Twist drill bits: 14 mm twist drill bits are used for drilling into
metal
 Core drill bits: 14 mm core drill bits are used for drilling into
stone
 Magnetic drill bits: 14 mm magnetic drill bits are used for drilling
into piping, tubing, and other materials that require a fine finish
 64. What is the
use of anchor fastener?

Anchor fasteners, such as anchor bolts, wedge anchors, and

sleeve anchors, are used to attach objects to concrete. They are
used in construction projects to provide stability and prevent
movement.
Types of anchor fasteners
 Anchor bolts
Used to attach objects or structures to concrete. They are often
used in construction projects like bridges, buildings, and
machinery installations.
 Wedge anchors
Used to attach objects to concrete surfaces. Proper installation is
important for maximum load capacity.
 Sleeve anchors
A type of mechanical anchor bolt that expands when
tightened. They are often used in retrofitting projects or when
installing equipment on existing concrete surfaces.
 Chemical anchor bolts
Use a two-part adhesive that bonds with concrete to provide a
strong hold.
 Screw anchors
Also known as threaded anchors or expansion anchors, they
have a threaded body and a sharp point. They can be driven into
different materials to create a stable attachment point.
 Toggle bolts
Also known as butterfly anchors, they have wings that expand
inside a hollow wall to create a secure mount.
 Expansion shield anchors
Used for light to heavy-duty anchoring applications that may be
subject to vibration.

65. 50mm Grey PVC Equal Tee Used for joining

three 50mm PVC pipes in a 'tee' configuration.

66. The primary purpose of a Tee is to make a 90° branch from

the main run of pipe. The Unequal Tee (or reducing Tee) is
used as the branch has a smaller diameter as the run-pipe.
 67. A "25 mm one side pipe nipple, 100 mm
length - MS" is a short piece of mild steel pipe with male threads
on both ends, measuring 25mm in diameter and 100mm long,
used to connect two pipes or fittings of the same size together in
plumbing, industrial piping, or other applications where a short,
threaded connector is needed to extend a pipe or bridge a gap
between two components; essentially acting as a short
connecting piece between two threaded fittings.
Key points about this specific pipe nipple:
 Size:
25mm diameter, meaning it is designed to fit onto pipes with a
25mm outer diameter.
 Length:
100mm long, which provides a short connecting section between
two pipes or fittings.
 Material:
Made from mild steel (MS), offering good strength and durability
for various applications.
 Thread type:
Typically has male threads on both ends, allowing it to be
screwed directly into female threaded fittings.
Common applications:
 Plumbing systems: Connecting different sections of water pipes,
connecting pipes to valves or faucets.
 Industrial pipelines: Joining different components within a fluid
or gas pipeline system.
 Heating and ventilation systems: Connecting various
components in an HVAC system.
 Construction applications: Creating connections between water
supply lines or drainage pipes.

68. MS angle or mild steel angle is an L-shaped

cross-section used in the construction of various structures and
buildings. The most commonly used MS angle or metal angle is
the one that forms a 90-degree angle with two sides of equal
length and width.

69. A "100 mm dia flange, 16 mm thick, 8 holes -

MS" refers to a metal flange made from mild steel (MS) with a
diameter of 100 millimeters, a thickness of 16 millimeters, and 8
bolt holes evenly spaced around its circumference; its primary use
is to securely connect pipes, valves, or other components within a
piping system by bolting them together with a gasket to ensure a
leak-proof seal, commonly found in industrial applications like oil
and gas, water treatment, and chemical processing.
Key points about this flange:
 Diameter (100mm): Indicates the outer diameter of the flange.
 Thickness (16mm): Represents the thickness of the flange
material.
 8 Holes: Refers to the number of bolt holes present on the flange
for secure attachment.
 MS (Mild Steel): The material used to manufacture the flange,
known for its durability and cost-effectiveness.
70. A 3mm 1250*2500 chequered plate, also known as a "tread
plate" or "diamond plate," is primarily used in industrial and
construction applications where a non-slip surface is needed,
such as for walkways, stair treads, truck bed floors, platforms, and
vehicle body parts due to its raised diamond pattern that provides
excellent grip and slip resistance; the specific dimensions (3mm
thick, 1250mm x 2500mm) indicate a moderate-duty application
where a balance of strength and weight is desired.
Key points about a 3mm 12502500 chequered plate:*
 Anti-slip surface: The raised diamond pattern significantly
reduces the risk of slipping, making it ideal for areas with potential
wet or greasy conditions.
 Material: Usually made from mild steel, offering good strength
and affordability.
 Applications:
o Industrial platforms and walkways
o Stair treads
o Truck beds and trailers
o Vehicle body building
o Construction site decking
o Some commercial applications like public areas where slip
resistance is crucial
 71. A welding earth holder, also known as a ground
clamp, connects the welding machine to the workpiece being
welded. This connection is essential for completing the welding
circuit and ensuring safe and efficient welding.
How it works
 The earth clamp creates a return path for the welding current.
 The electrical current flows through the workpiece and back to the
welding machine.
Types of earth clamps
 Traditional earth clamps: Use a direct metal-to-metal
connection.
 Magnetic ground clamps: Use magnets to secure the clamp to
the workpiece. These are useful when a direct electrical
connection is difficult to establish.

72. A hot gun, also known as a heat air gun, is a

tool that produces hot air to perform a variety of tasks.
Uses
 Removing paint: The heated air softens the paint so it can be
stripped off
 Drying: Heat guns can dry damp wood, glassware, and paint or
varnish
 Softening: Heat guns can soften adhesives, wax, and plastics
 Welding: Heat guns can weld plastics and solder plumbing joints
 Desoldering: Heat guns can desolder components on circuit
boards
 Heat shrinking: Heat guns can apply heat shrink tubing to protect
and finish wires
 Loosening: Heat guns can loosen nuts and bolts, especially rusty
ones
 Thaw: Heat guns can thaw frozen pipes, copper pipes, and ice
accumulation
 Forming: Heat guns can form and shape plastic pipes
 Upholstering: Heat guns can be used to upholster furniture and
repair leather and vinyl goods
Heat guns are used in many settings, including research labs,
workshops, and households.

73. A wafer check valve is a one-way valve

that controls the direction of fluid flow in a piping system. It
prevents backflow of fluids by automatically opening and closing a
disc or plate.
Uses
 Plumbing: Used in plumbing systems to prevent backflow
 Heating and air conditioning: Used in HVAC systems
 Industrial: Used in industrial applications, such as irrigation and
water systems
 Compressed air: Used in systems that use compressed air
Benefits
 Compact: Wafer check valves are thin and lightweight, so they
can fit in tight spaces
 Easy to install: Wafer check valves are easy to install between
two flanges in a pipeline
 Low pressure drop: Wafer check valves have a low pressure
drop
 Quick action: Wafer check valves can close quickly, which helps
reduce damage from water hammer
Maintenance
 Check for wear on the disc, spring, or plates
 Clean debris from the valve
 Monitor system flow for pressure drops or irregularities
 Replace worn-out components
 Test the valve regularly to ensure it responds correctly to flow
changes

74. An "ISA 50MM" (6 meter length) refers to an

Indian Standard Angle (ISA) with a side length of 50 millimeters
and a typical length of 6 meters, commonly used in construction
 and engineering applications as a structural support element due
to its L-shaped profile, providing strength and stability for framing,
connecting components, and reinforcing structures; essentially
acting as a versatile angle iron for building frames, towers, and
other infrastructure projects.
Key points about ISA 50MM:
 "ISA": Stands for "Indian Standard Angle," indicating it follows
Indian standard specifications for steel angles.
 "50MM": Represents the length of each side of the L-shaped
angle, meaning both legs are 50 millimeters long.
 "6MTR Length": Indicates the overall length of the angle is 6
meters.
Typical applications of ISA 50MM:
 Building frames: Supporting columns and beams in buildings
 Electrical towers: Constructing the framework for transmission
towers
 Communication towers: Supporting antenna structures
 Industrial machinery: Creating brackets and support structures
 Steel fabrication: Used as a basic component in various
fabricated structures
 75. A 7.5 HP motor paired with a
pump is typically used for large-scale water pumping applications,
such as supplying water to high-rise buildings, irrigation systems
for farms, industrial water circulation, deep well water extraction
(borewells), and situations requiring a high volume of water
delivery at significant pressure; essentially anywhere a substantial
amount of water needs to be moved efficiently.
Key points about a 7.5 HP pump motor:
 High capacity:
Due to its horsepower rating, this motor can move a large
volume of water compared to smaller motors.
 Suitable for large applications:
This power level is commonly used in industrial settings, large
farms, or for supplying water to multiple buildings.
 Deep well capability:
A 7.5 HP motor is often paired with a submersible pump to reach
deep water sources in borewells.
Possible applications:
 Agricultural irrigation: Pumping water from a source to large
fields for crop irrigation.
 Commercial water supply: Providing water to high-rise buildings
or large commercial complexes.
 Industrial cooling systems: Circulating cooling water in
industrial processes.
 Flood control: Removing large volumes of water from flooded
areas.
 Dewatering applications: Pumping out water from construction
sites or basements.

76. An electrical panel, also called a breaker

box, acts as a central hub in a building to distribute electricity from
the main power line to different circuits throughout the structure,
ensuring safe and controlled power distribution to all appliances
and outlets within a building by managing and regulating the flow
of electricity through circuit breakers; essentially, it prevents
electrical overloads that could cause fires by isolating faulty
circuits.
Key points about electrical panels:
 Function: Distributes electricity from the utility company to
different circuits within a building.
 Safety feature: Protects against electrical overloads using circuit
breakers.
 Access point: Allows electricians to troubleshoot problems,
make repairs, and upgrade the electrical system.
 Other names: Breaker box, service panel, distribution panel.

77. A "C.I Non Return Valve (IS 5312 swing) 100

NB" is a cast iron swing check valve, designed according to
Indian Standard 5312, with a nominal bore size of 100mm,
used to prevent backflow of fluid in a pipe system, only allowing
flow in one direction; essentially acting as a one-way valve to stop
liquid from flowing backwards in a pipeline, commonly used in
waterworks applications to control water surges and prevent
backflow from rising mains.
Key points about this valve:
 "C.I": Stands for Cast Iron, the material the valve body is made
from.
 "Non Return Valve": Another term for a check valve, which only
allows flow in one direction.
 "IS 5312 swing": Refers to the Indian Standard design
specification for swing check valves, where a hinged disc swings
open to allow flow and closes to prevent backflow.
 "100 NB": Indicates the nominal bore size of the valve is
100mm.
Typical applications:
 Water supply systems: To prevent backflow from a building's
plumbing system into the main water supply.
 Pumping systems: To protect pumps from water hammer by
preventing reverse flow when the pump shuts off.
 Industrial pipelines: To control fluid flow in specific directions
within a process line.

78. A 25 mm spring-loaded air release valve is

used to release air from a pipeline, especially when it's being filled
or during operation. They can also be used to release air from
water systems.
Uses
 Pipelines: Used in long-distance pipelines, downstream of large
butterfly valves, and in bottom outlets, barrages, or dams
 Water systems: Used in water or irrigation systems to release air
from the water system
 Pressure equipment: Used in pressure vessels, boilers, and
other piping systems to release pressure when it exceeds a
certain level
Features
 Respond quickly: Spring-loaded safety valves respond quickly to
sudden increases in pressure
 Close automatically: When pressure decreases to a certain
level, the valve closes automatically
 Reduce pressure surges: Some valves have a friction damper to
reduce the speed of closing and prevent pressure surges
 79. A "Selector Switch, 3 Position, +-45°" is a
switch with three distinct positions, where each position is rotated
approximately 45 degrees from the center, allowing you to choose
between three different circuits or settings within a device, often
used in industrial applications to control various functions with a
clear visual indication of the selected option; the "plus/minus 45
degrees" refers to the physical rotation needed to move between
each position on the switch.
Key points about this type of switch:
 Multiple selections:
With three positions, it allows you to choose between three
different outputs or functions.
 Clear visual indication:
The 45-degree rotation between each position makes it easy to
see which setting is currently selected.
 Industrial applications:
Commonly used in machinery and control panels due to their
durability and clear operation.
Example uses:
 Machine speed control: Selecting between low, medium, and
high speed settings.
 Motor direction control: Choosing forward, stop, or reverse
operation.
 Process selection: Switching between different production
stages in a manufacturing process.
 80. An "Illuminated Selector Switch, 2 Position,
90°" is a switch with a visible light indicator that allows you to
choose between two distinct settings by rotating the switch handle
90 degrees, providing clear visual feedback on which option is
currently selected, often used in applications where you need to
easily switch between two operating modes on a machine or
device, especially in low-light conditions; the illumination feature
helps you see the current setting at a glance.
Key points about this type of switch:
 Two positions: It only has two selectable options, which you can
toggle between by rotating the handle 90 degrees.
 Illuminated: An integrated LED light illuminates to indicate which
position the switch is currently in.
 90-degree rotation: To change settings, you rotate the handle by
90 degrees.
Typical applications:
 Machine control panels: Switching between different operating
modes on a machine, like "manual" and "automatic".
 Audio equipment: Selecting between different sound sources.
 Industrial control systems: Activating or deactivating specific
functions on a machine.
 81. Cable trunking with a cover protects cables
from damage, keeps them organized, and reduces the risk of
electric shock. It can be used in homes, offices, and other
commercial and industrial settings.
How it works
 Protects cables
Cable trunking with a cover protects cables from damage,
moisture, dust, and physical damage.
 Keeps cables organized
Cable trunking with a cover keeps cables organized and
prevents them from becoming tangled.
 Reduces risk of electric shock
Cable trunking with a cover helps to reduce the risk of electric
shock.
 Keeps cables out of sight
Cable trunking with a cover can be used to hide cables behind
walls or under floors.
Materials
 Galvanized iron (GI): GI cable trunking is made from iron coated
with zinc to prevent rusting and corrosion.
 Plastic: Plastic cable trunking is available in various types.
 Metal: Metal cable trunking is available in various types.
 Wood: Wood cable trunking is available in various types.
Installation
 Cable trunking is usually mounted on walls or ceilings.
  It can be cut to size to fit your needs.

82. A "125A, 36kA, 4 Pole, Thermal Magnetic Trip

MCCB" is a molded case circuit breaker designed to protect an
electrical circuit carrying up to 125 Amps of current, with a
breaking capacity of 36 kiloamps, featuring 4 poles (for 3 phase
power plus neutral), and equipped with a thermal-magnetic trip
mechanism to automatically cut off power in case of overload or
short circuit situations; commonly used in industrial and
commercial applications to safeguard electrical systems against
high current surges and imbalances.
Key points about this MCCB:
 Current Rating (125A):
Indicates the maximum continuous current the breaker can
handle safely.
 Breaking Capacity (36kA):
Represents the maximum fault current the breaker can interrupt
without damage.
 4 Pole:
Means it has four terminals, allowing for protection of all three
phases and the neutral wire in a 3-phase system.
 Thermal Magnetic Trip:
This mechanism provides both overload protection (thermal) and
short circuit protection (magnetic).
 Typical applications:
Protecting large motors in industrial settings, Power distribution
panels in commercial buildings, and High-current appliance
circuits.

83. A thermal overload relay with a thermal

setting range of 9-15A is primarily used to protect electric motors
from damage caused by excessive current draw (overload) within
the range of 9 to 15 amperes, essentially acting as a safety
mechanism to automatically cut off power to the motor if it draws
too much current, preventing overheating and potential motor
failure; this is commonly used in applications where motors
operate within this current range, like smaller machinery or
appliances.
Key points about this type of thermal overload relay:
 Function:
It monitors the current flowing through a circuit and trips (opens
the circuit) when the current exceeds the preset setting (between
9 and 15 amps in this case) for a prolonged period, preventing
further damage to the motor.
 Application:
Commonly used in motor starters to protect motors in various
applications like pumps, fans, conveyors, and other industrial
machinery.
 Protection against overheating:
 By interrupting the circuit when an overload occurs, it helps
prevent the motor from overheating due to excessive current
draw.
 Setting range:
The "9-15A" indicates that this specific relay is designed to
operate within a current range between 9 and 15 amps, allowing
you to select the appropriate protection level for the motor you
are using.

85. A "6sqmm terminal block" is a type of electrical

connector designed to securely connect wires with a cross-
sectional area of 6 square millimeters, commonly used in control
and power distribution systems to facilitate the connection of
multiple wires within a circuit, particularly where moderate current
flow is required; the "6sqmm" refers to the wire gauge size it is
designed to accommodate.
Key points about 6sqmm terminal blocks:
 Wire size compatibility:
This terminal block is specifically designed to securely clamp
wires with a cross-sectional area of 6 square millimeters.
 Application versatility:
They are often used in various applications like industrial control
panels, automation systems, power distribution boards, and
other electrical equipment where moderate current needs to be
managed.
 Mounting options:
Many 6sqmm terminal blocks are designed to be mounted on
DIN rails for easy organization and space-saving installation.
 Feed-through functionality:
Some "6sqmm feed-through" terminal blocks allow wires to pass
through from one side to the other, enabling a continuous
connection within a circuit.

86. A 2.5sqmm - PVC/CU cable, which stands for a 2.5 square

millimeter cross-sectional area copper conductor with PVC
insulation, is commonly used for medium-current electrical wiring
in domestic and commercial applications, such as powering
standard lighting fixtures, small appliances, and general power
outlets due to its ability to carry a moderate current load while
being flexible and easy to install; the PVC insulation provides
good protection against moisture and abrasion.
Key points about 2.5sqmm PVC/CU cable:
 Application:
Ideal for general household wiring, including lighting circuits,
power outlets, and appliance connections.
 Conductor material:
Copper, chosen for its high electrical conductivity.
 Insulation material:
PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), providing good insulation and
protection against moisture.
 Flexibility:
The cable is usually flexible, allowing for easy bending and
routing during installation.
 Current carrying capacity:
 Depending on the specific cable and installation conditions, a
2.5sqmm cable can typically carry a current of around 24 Amps.

87. 2.5 sq mm U-type cable lugs are

used to connect cables and wires in electrical installations and
equipment. They are used in a variety of applications, including
industrial, electrical, and automotive.
Applications
 Industrial control panels: Securely connect power cables and
control wires
 Building wiring: Connect cables to insulated busbars in electrical
distribution systems
 Motor control centers: Safely connect motor leads to prevent
accidental contact with high-voltage connections
 Temporary power installations: Provide insulated connections
for temporary power setups at construction sites or for events
 Automotive: Connect wires to an automotive battery or to the
ends of battery jumper cables
Features
 Secure connection: Provides a secure connection that is
resistant to vibration and flexing
 Corrosion-resistant: The copper construction is corrosion-
resistant, which helps to extend the life of the terminal
 Easy to use: The terminal is easy to crimp and install
 88. A DIN rail is a metal rail of a standard type
widely used for mounting circuit breakers and industrial control
equipment inside equipment racks. These products are typically
made from cold rolled carbon steel sheet with a zinc-plated or
chromated bright surface finish.

89. An "IS2062 2002008*12 Thk H-

Beam" refers to a structural steel H-beam manufactured
according to the Indian Standard (IS) 2062, with a flange width
and depth of 200mm, a web thickness of 8mm, and an overall
thickness of 12mm; it is primarily used as a load-bearing
component in construction applications like building frames,
bridges, and industrial structures due to its high strength and
stability, particularly where large spans and heavy loads are
involved.
Key points about IS2062 H-Beams:
 Material:
 The "IS2062" indicates that the steel used conforms to the Indian
Standard for hot-rolled medium and high tensile structural steel,
meaning it has good mechanical properties like high yield
strength and tensile strength.

 Dimensions:
 200200mm:*: This represents the flange width and depth of the H-
beam.
 8mm: This is the thickness of the web (the vertical part of the H-
beam).
 12mm: This is the overall thickness of the flange.
 Applications:
 Building construction: Supporting large spans in industrial
buildings, warehouses, and multi-story structures.
 Bridges: Used as main girders in bridge decks.
 Industrial machinery: Supporting heavy equipment and machinery
90. What is the use of IS2062?
IS2062 is a product standard of Bureau of Indian Standards for
steel. It specifies standards for Hot Rolled Medium and High
Tensile Structural Steel. These steels are used for structural
purpose

91. An IS2062 19mm diameter round

bar is a piece of mild steel, conforming to the Indian Standard IS
2062, typically used for various structural applications in
engineering and fabrication due to its good weldability, strength,
and machinability; commonly found in applications like machinery
components, automotive parts, infrastructure construction, and
 general engineering projects where a medium-strength round bar
is needed.
Key points about IS2062 round bar:
 Material:
Mild steel, meeting the IS 2062 standard which specifies
properties like tensile strength and chemical composition.
 Applications:
Used in fabrication of structural elements like beams, columns,
machinery parts, chassis components, and other industrial
components.
 Benefits:
Good weldability, moderate strength, readily available, and cost-
effective.

92. Steel flats, being flat, rectangular sections of

steel, are highly versatile and used in a wide range of structural
and fabrication applications, from bracing and framing to custom
metalwork.

95. Mild Steel MS Pipe 12 inch (300 mm) B-Class Jindal,

Thickness: 5. 18% GST (additional). Jindal MS pipes are known
for its high quality and they are used in fire fighting systems,
petrol pumps, gas line, etc
 96. A 450 mm stainless steel (SS) bellow is
used to absorb vibrations and thermal expansion in piping
systems, engines, and other structures.
Uses
 Engine exhaust: Isolates engine vibrations and high
temperatures
 Piping systems: Absorbs dimensional changes, thermal
expansion, and mechanical vibrations
 Ducting, vessels, and other structures: Controls forces and
stresses caused by thermal expansion and contraction
 Aerospace: Measures altitude
 Pressure and temperature sensors: Used as flexible
connectors
Benefits
 Absorbs movements in more than one direction
 Takes up less space than bends and loops
 Prevents damage or stress to piping systems

97. A Twin Aviation lamp, also called a "Twin

Aviation Obstruction Light," is a high-intensity lighting fixture
 used to warn low-flying aircraft about the presence of tall
structures like buildings, towers, chimneys, or transmission lines
by making them highly visible at night, typically by using two
separate light sources to ensure redundancy in case one
fails; essentially acting as a safety measure to prevent collisions
with obstacles.
Key points about Twin Aviation lamps:
 Function:
To alert pilots about potential obstacles by providing a bright,
visible light signal, especially during nighttime operations.
 Design:
Usually consists of two separate light sources mounted together,
providing backup illumination if one fails.
 Applications:
Installed on high-rise buildings, communication towers, power
transmission towers, and other tall structures.
 Color:
Typically red or white depending on regulations and visibility
requirements.

98. A "3 core 2.5 sqmm armoured cable" is

primarily used for distributing mains power in applications where
extra protection against physical damage is required, such as
outdoor wiring, underground installations, industrial settings, or
situations with potential for mechanical stress, due to its three
 separate insulated conductors and a protective steel wire
armouring layer; essentially providing reliable power supply in
harsh environments.
Key points about this cable:
 Three cores:
Allows for carrying three separate electrical phases (typically
designated as live, neutral, and earth).
 2.5 sqmm cross-section:
Indicates the size of each individual copper conductor, suitable
for moderate power applications.
 Armoured:
The steel wire armouring provides protection against abrasion,
impact, and rodent damage.
Common applications:
 Outdoor power supply: Wiring for sheds, garages, outdoor
lighting, and garden features.
 Industrial applications: Power distribution within factories,
particularly in areas with heavy machinery
 Underground wiring: For buried electrical lines in residential,
commercial, and municipal projects
 Construction sites: Temporary power supply where cables
might be exposed to harsh conditions

99. Lightning
arresters are devices that protect buildings, homes, and power
 lines from power surges and lightning strikes. They are also
known as lightning isolators.
How they work
 Lightning arresters are cylindrical objects that contain a spark gap
and a series inductor.
 They work by diverting lightning and limiting the voltage.
 They are installed at the highest points of a structure to intercept
lightning strikes before they reach sensitive equipment.
Where they are used
 Power transmission lines: Protect transformers and other
substation equipment
 Telecom towers: Protect electronic communication devices
 Data centers: Protect sensitive industrial electronics
 Homes: Protect homes that are tall or in areas with frequent
lightning strikes
Types of lightning arresters
 Expulsion type arrester: Also called a protector tube, this type of
arrester is commonly used on systems operating at voltages up to
33 kV

100. A "25*3mm copper flat" is primarily used as an earthing strip

or grounding conductor in electrical systems, due to its flat, wide
design and high conductivity of copper, allowing it to efficiently
carry fault currents to the ground and ensuring safety; the
dimensions "25mm x 3mm" refer to its width (25mm) and
thickness (3mm) respectively.
Key points about 253mm copper flat:*
 Application: Primarily used for earthing and grounding
applications in electrical installations.
 Material: Made from high-purity copper for excellent electrical
conductivity.
 Dimensions: 25mm wide and 3mm thick.
 Benefits:
o Can be easily attached to other electrical components.
o Provides a large surface area for efficient current flow.
o Can be bent and shaped to fit various configurations.

101. A 600x600x3mm copper plate is

a grounding electrode used in electrical systems to protect people
and equipment from electrical hazards. It's also used to protect
against lightning strikes.
How it works
 The plate provides a low resistance path for electrical faults and
surges
 The faults and surges are safely directed into the ground
 The plate protects people from electric shock and electrocution
 The plate safely conducts lightning strikes to the ground
Where it's used
 Electrical systems: Used to ground electrical systems
 Lightning protection: Used to protect against lightning strikes
 Corrosive soil: Used in soil with high salt and moisture content
 Places where earth rods aren't adequate: Used when earth
rods don't provide enough earth resistance
 Where it's used in
Hospitals, Data centers, Construction, Railways, Mining,
Petrochemical, Oil and gas, Telecommunications, and Power
generation.

102. A 600x600x3mm GI (Galvanized Iron) plate

is primarily used as an "earthing plate" in electrical systems,
meaning it is buried underground to provide a pathway for
electrical current to dissipate safely into the ground, preventing
electrical shock hazards; the dimensions "600x600" represent the
length and width of the plate, while "3mm" indicates its thickness.
Key points about a 600x600x3mm GI plate:
 Function:
It acts as a grounding electrode, connecting electrical equipment
to the earth to protect against surges and faults.
 Material:
Galvanized iron is chosen for its corrosion resistance, making it
suitable for underground use.
 Installation:
The plate is usually buried in a pit filled with a mixture of salt and
charcoal to enhance conductivity.
 Applications:
This type of plate is commonly used in industrial, commercial,
and residential electrical systems.
 103. A 40mm diameter Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe is
typically used for small-scale water supply systems, including
distributing treated water in rural areas, plumbing within buildings,
and sometimes for underground drainage due to its corrosion-
resistant properties and relatively affordable price; essentially, any
application where a moderate water flow is needed in a smaller
pipe size.
Key points about 40mm GI pipes:
 Water distribution:
Commonly used for distributing treated water in smaller
residential areas or where water demand is not high.
 Plumbing applications:
Can be used for internal plumbing within buildings for
applications like water supply lines to fixtures.
 Cost-effective:
Considered a relatively economical option compared to other
pipe materials for smaller water lines.
 Corrosion resistance:
The zinc coating on the pipe provides good protection against
rust, making it suitable for underground applications.
 104. Gi Earthing StripFor most of the electrical
appliances, this strip is used for protecting them from any kind of
overvoltage damage. It gets connected to the earthing electrode
for efficient working.

105. Made from pure copper, these rods are bonded together to
form a single rod that is 17 millimeters in diameter and 3 meters in
length. With this length, the rods are perfect for setting up
grounding points for electrical equipment. They are also great for
large areas that need to be grounded.

106. An aluminium cladding sheet, weighing 26

kg, is primarily used in construction to cover the exterior walls of
buildings, providing protection against weather elements,
enhancing aesthetics, and offering corrosion resistance due to its
aluminium composition; essentially acting as a decorative and
protective outer layer for the building facade.
Key points about aluminium cladding sheets:
 Lightweight and durable:
Aluminium is significantly lighter than many other materials,
making it easier to install while still maintaining strength.
 Weather resistance:
 The material is designed to withstand harsh weather conditions,
including rain, wind, and UV radiation.

 Aesthetic versatility:
Aluminium cladding sheets can be customized with various
finishes, colors, and textures to suit different architectural styles.
 Corrosion resistance:
Due to its natural oxide layer, aluminium is highly resistant to
corrosion, especially when properly treated.
Typical applications of aluminium cladding sheets:
 Building facades: Covering the exterior walls of commercial
buildings, residential structures, and industrial facilities.
 Ventilated facades: Creating a ventilated air gap between the
cladding and the building wall for improved thermal insulation.
 Window and door frames: Used for the outer framing of
windows and doors.
 Signage: Designing large, weatherproof signage due to its
formability.

107. Rockwool 50mm Thick

Rockwool 50mm thick is a thermal and acoustic insulation
material used in buildings and other structures. It's made from
stone wool fibers that are bonded together with a resin binder.
Uses
 Thermal insulation
Rockwool 50mm thick can be used to insulate pipes, tanks,
boilers, heat exchangers, and more. It can help improve energy
efficiency and comfort in buildings.
 Acoustic insulation
Rockwool 50mm thick can be used to reduce noise transmission
between rooms in movie theaters, studios, and other spaces.
 Fire protection
Rockwool 50mm thick is fire resistant and non-combustible, so it
can help prevent the spread of flames.
 Moisture resistance
Rockwool 50mm thick is resistant to moisture and won't promote
mold or mildew growth.
Features
 Lightweight
 Strong
 Resilient
 Easy to cut
 Can withstand extreme temperatures
 Made from renewable raw materials
 Has minimal impact on the environment

108. Cladding mesh is a type of metal mesh

used primarily in construction to create building facades, providing
both aesthetic appeal and practical functions like ventilation, by
acting as a protective layer over the main building structure while
 allowing air to flow through, often used to enhance the
appearance of a building with its textured patterns and ability to
play with light and shadow; it can also offer protection from
weather elements and provide structural reinforcement to the
cladding material itself.
Key points about cladding mesh:
 Aesthetic appeal:
The woven patterns of the mesh can add visual interest to a
building's exterior, creating a unique and modern look.
 Ventilation:
Due to its open structure, mesh cladding allows for air
circulation, which can be beneficial in certain climates.
 Protection:
While providing ventilation, the mesh can also act as a barrier
against small debris and pests.
 Material options:
Cladding mesh can be made from various materials including
stainless steel, aluminum, and mild steel, depending on the
desired durability and appearance.
Common applications of cladding mesh:
 Building facades: Used on the exterior of buildings to create a
visually appealing and functional facade.
 Sunshades: Can be designed to provide shade from direct
sunlight while still allowing for natural light to enter.
 Interior design: May be used in interior spaces to create
decorative screens or partitions.
 109. Heat Shrink Cable Terminations11kV
terminations connect medium/high voltage power cables with
polymeric insulation including XLPE and EPR to MV-HV
switchgear, transformers and cable boxes – suits 3 core bonded
or easy strip semi-conductive screens.

110. A 300 sqmm cable gland is used to

terminate and seal a 300 sqmm cable to electrical
equipment. Cable glands are used to protect the cable and
equipment from moisture, dirt, and dust. They also provide strain
relief and support the cable.
Uses
 Terminating cables: Cable glands can be used to terminate
cables indoors or outdoors.
 Protecting equipment: Cable glands can protect equipment from
moisture, dirt, and dust.
 Providing strain relief: Cable glands can provide strain relief by
connecting the cable at a fixed angle.
 Maintaining protection rating: Cable glands can maintain the
protection rating of an enclosure.
  Supporting short circuit restraint: Cable glands can support
short circuit restraint.
Factors to consider
 Cable size: The size of the cable gland should match the size of
the cable.
 Environmental conditions: The cable gland should be suitable
for the environmental conditions where it will be used.
 Hazard level: The cable gland should be suitable for the hazard
level of the area where it will be used.

111. A 300 mm cable tie is a bundling tool

used to secure wires and cables together. They are often used to
organize cables in electrical and electronic products, as well as in
cable trays.

112. A 4 core 2.5 sq mm armored copper cable is

used to supply power to devices and networks in buildings,
hospitals, and other facilities. It can also be used for outdoor
applications, such as powering garden sheds, hot tubs, and street
lights.
Uses
 Powering devices
 A 4 core 2.5 sq mm armored copper cable can supply power to
devices and networks in buildings, hospitals, and other facilities

 Outdoor applications
A 4 core 2.5 sq mm armored copper cable can be used to power
outdoor buildings, such as garden sheds or workshops
 Street lighting
A 4 core 2.5 sq mm armored copper cable can be used to
distribute power underground and light streets
Features
 Armored
The cable has a steel wire armor that protects the insulating
layers underneath
 Insulation
The cable has insulation material that protects against moisture
and other environmental factors
 Fire retardant
The cable has a special insulation material that helps to prevent
the spread of fire and smoke
 Flexible
The cable has a flexible design that makes it easier to install in
tight spaces

113. What is a hole saw used for? Hole saws

tend to be used for cutting holes with a larger diameter than your
standard drill bit. The hole they create is clean and avoids cutting
up your core material in your workpiece. The main advantage of
 using a hole saw over a standard drill bit is the overall efficiency
and accuracy.

114. A "4 core 16 sqmm armoured cable gland" is

used to securely fasten and seal a 4-conductor electrical cable
with a cross-sectional area of 16 square millimeters that is
protected by a steel wire armour, typically used in applications
where robust protection against damage and environmental
factors is required, like industrial settings, construction sites, or
direct burial underground power lines.
Key points about this type of cable gland:
 Function:
It provides a watertight seal where the armoured cable enters an
enclosure, preventing moisture and dust from entering while
maintaining electrical continuity.
 Cable type:
Designed specifically for "SWA" (Steel Wire Armoured) cables,
which have a steel wire braid wrapped around the outer
insulation for added protection.
 Core configuration:
"4 core" indicates the cable has four individual conductors within
it, usually used for carrying three phase power and a neutral
wire.
 Size specification:
 "16 sqmm" refers to the cross-sectional area of each individual
conductor within the cable, determining its current carrying
capacity.
Typical applications:
Power distribution systems in industrial environments, Outdoor
electrical installations where cables are exposed to weather
elements, Underground cable runs, and Heavy-duty machinery
connections.
115. A "2 Pair 1.5 sqmm Shielded cable gland" is used to
securely connect and protect a shielded electrical cable with two
pairs of conductors, each having a cross-sectional area of 1.5
square millimeters, by providing a tight seal against environmental
elements like dust and moisture while also preventing
electromagnetic interference by grounding the cable's shield to
the enclosure it's connected to; typically used in applications like
instrumentation, control systems, and audio equipment where
signal integrity is crucial.
Key points about this cable gland:
 "2 Pair":
Indicates the cable has two separate pairs of wires within it,
allowing for two independent signal circuits.
 "1.5 sqmm":
Refers to the cross-sectional area of each individual wire within
the pair, determining its current carrying capacity.
 "Shielded":
Means the cable has a metallic braid or foil wrapped around the
conductors to protect against external electromagnetic
interference.
Typical applications:
  Connecting sensors and actuators in industrial automation
systems
 Signal transmission in audio equipment
 Instrumentation circuits in process control applications

116. Mild Steel MS Pipe 12 inch (300 mm) B-Class Jindal,

Thickness: 5. 18% GST (additional). Jindal MS pipes are known
for its high quality and they are used in fire fighting systems,
petrol pumps, gas line, etc.

117. Concrete breaking machines with flat and pointed

tools are used to break up concrete, asphalt, and other hard materials. They
are used for a variety of tasks, including demolition, trenching, and
landscaping.

What are the tools used with concrete breaking machines?

 Pointed chisels
The most common type of chisel, used for chipping, starting projects, and
removing large amounts of debris
 Flat chisels
Used for detailed work, such as removing tiles from walls or floors, or
breaking concrete slabs
How to use a concrete breaking machine?
 Place the points about 2–3 inches in from the edge of the concrete
 Use a firm grip on the machine and wear safety glasses
 Avoid hitting the same spot more than once, as this can make it harder to
break
 If one section doesn't crack, move to a different area until you form a fracture
  Use a pry bar or pickaxe to loosen and separate the broken concrete pieces
 Cut any rebar or wiring that might be present

118. A paint gun, also known as a spray gun, is a tool used to apply paint,
varnish, or other liquids to a surface. It uses compressed air to break down
the liquid into a fine mist that can be sprayed onto the surface.

Uses
 Painting
Paint guns can be used to paint a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal,
glass, and plastic. They can be used for both large and small jobs, such as
painting a house or staining a bench.
 Applying finishes
Paint guns can be used to apply lacquers, shellac, and other finishes to
manufactured items.
 Maintenance painting
Portable paint guns can be used for maintenance painting on new or old
construction.
Advantages
 Faster application: Paint guns can apply paint faster than a brush or roller.
 Smoother finish: Paint guns can provide a smoother and more even finish.
 Access to hard-to-reach areas: Paint guns can be used to access areas that
are difficult to reach with a brush or roller.
Preparation
 Masking
Before painting, cover all surfaces, including floors, with masking
materials. Use painter's tape to seal the masking materials along the paint
edge.
 Filling the gun
Fill the paint cup in the gun holder about 1/2–3/4 full. Don't fill it to the top, as
this can cause splashing.
 119. A sledgehammer is a large, heavy hammer with a
long handle, primarily used for demolition work, like breaking through drywall,
masonry walls, or other heavy materials where a significant force is needed to
break or drive objects; essentially, it's used for tasks requiring powerful blows
to demolish or dismantle structures.

Key points about sledgehammers:

 Heavy-duty tool:
Due to its size and weight, it delivers a strong impact, making it ideal for
heavy-duty demolition jobs.
 Construction applications:
Commonly used for breaking down walls, removing concrete, or driving posts
into the ground during construction.
 Demolition work:
Considered an essential tool for demolishing buildings, where large
structures need to be broken down.
 Not for delicate tasks:
Because of its power, a sledgehammer is not suitable for precise or delicate
work.

120. A ball head hammer, also called a ball-peen hammer,

is primarily used for shaping and rounding off edges of metal, particularly for
tasks like riveting, bending metal sheets, and striking punches, thanks to its
rounded "peen" face which allows for controlled deformation of the metal
 surface; it's commonly used in metalworking, blacksmithing, and sheet metal
fabrication.

Key points about a ball-peen hammer:

 Peening face:
The rounded ball-shaped face is the "peen" which is used for shaping and
rounding metal edges.
 Flat face:
The other side of the hammer head usually has a flat face for striking
punches and chisels.
 Applications:
 Setting rivets
 Bending and shaping metal
 Removing dents from metal sheets
 Rounding edges of fasteners
 Creating gaskets by lightly tapping around mating surfaces

121. Base plates are used to distribute the weight of a

structure over a larger area, which prevents the foundation from shifting. They
are often used in construction, engineering, and manufacturing.

Uses
 Building construction
Base plates are used to distribute the weight of a building over a larger area,
preventing the foundation from shifting.
 Bridges
Base plates are used to isolate track vibration from the bridge structure,
which reduces bridge noise.
 Manufacturing
Base plates are used to stabilize and distribute the weight of machinery and
equipment.
 Orthodontics
Base plates are used to anchor and retain orthodontic appliances in the
mouth.
 Scaffolding
Base plates are used to secure and distribute heavy loads.
How they work
 Base plates are bolted or welded into place.
 The thickness of the base plate depends on the specific application and load
requirements.
 Base plates act as an interface between the superstructure and the
foundation.

122. Gusset plates are used to connect two or more

structural members, such as beams, columns, and truss members. They are
used in many metal weight-bearing structures, including buildings, bridges,
and other industrial structures.

Uses
 Connecting members: Gusset plates can connect beams, columns, and
truss members.
 Strengthening joints: Gusset plates can strengthen joints between
components.
 Retrofitting structures: Gusset plates can be used to retrofit structures that
can no longer safely support the applied loads.
How they work
  Gusset plates are connected to other members using bolts, rivets, welding, or
a combination of all three.
 The size and strength of the gusset plate depends on the size and function of
the structure.
 Gusset plates transmit internal forces from connected members.
Materials
 Gusset plates can be made from steel, copper, or aluminum.
 The material and size of the gusset plate varies based on the structure.

123. What is a flashback arrestor used for?

A flashback arrestor or flash arrestor is a gas safety device most commonly used in oxy-
fuel welding and cutting to stop the flame or reverse flow of gas back up into the
equipment or supply line. It protects the user and equipment from damage or
explosions.

124. What is a solenoid valve used for?

A solenoid valve is a device that controls the flow of liquids or gases in systems. It's
used in many applications, including in homes, industrial settings, and transportation.

How it works

 A solenoid valve uses an electric current to create an electromagnetic field.

  This field moves a core, called an armature, which opens or closes the valve.

 The valve can be naturally open or closed, and the electric current can be turned on or off
as needed.
What it's used for

 Controlling flow

Solenoid valves can open and close flow paths, or control the direction of flow.

 Regulating flow

Solenoid valves can be used to manage the flow of water, air, oil, or gas.

 Safety

Solenoid valves can be used in applications where the valve needs to be closed without power,
such as gas appliances.

 Controlling machines
Solenoid valves can control the entry of water into washing machines and dishwashers. They can
also control cylinders and motors in fluid power systems.
Where it's used

 Automatic irrigation systems

 HVAC systems

 Car fuel systems

 Industrial automation

 Medical devices

 Satellite propulsion

125. What is the foot

valve?
 A foot valve is a special type of non-return valve installed at the end of a pump suction
in water or at the bottom of pipelines to prevent water from flowing backward when the
pump is off.

Foot valves' primary purpose is to stop water from running back down the pipe. It's also
recognised as the foot valve. It allows the pump to lift the water but does not allow it to flow
down slightly.

126.

A truss is a framework that supports heavy loads,

such as roofs and bridges. Trusses are lightweight, rigid, and durable, and
can be made from steel or wood. They are used in a variety of construction
projects, from small homes to large industrial buildings.

Properties of trusses
 Load distribution: Trusses distribute loads across their triangular framework,
reducing the risk of localized failure.
 Rigidity: Trusses are rigid, preventing excessive movement or deformation
under load.
 Durability: Steel and metal trusses are resistant to corrosion, fire, and pests.
  Scalability: Trusses can be adapted to a wide range of construction needs.
Types of trusses
 King post truss
A simple truss design with a central vertical post, two diagonal beams, and
horizontal rafters. It is often used for small-span roofs and bridges.
 Pratt truss
A truss with diagonal members in tension for gravity loads. It is often used in
long span buildings.
 Fink truss
A truss with members subdivided into shorter elements, which is often used
for short-span high-pitched roofs.
 Scissor truss
A truss with sloping upper chords that cross each other, forming a shape
resembling a pair of scissors. It is often used to create an open and airy feel
in a room.
 Gable truss
A roof truss with three truss members creating a triangle, and multiple
vertical members in the center for additional support.
 North light truss
A truss that is often used in industrial workshop buildings with short roof
spans. It allows for the most benefit from natural lighting.

127.

A purlin is a horizontal beam that provides structural support to a roof or

building. Purlins are often made of steel, but can also be made of wood.
 How purlins work
 Purlins are installed parallel to the building's eave.
 They connect rafters along the length of the building.
 Purlins support the roof deck and distribute the weight of the roof to the
building's main structure.
 Purlins can also be used for flooring, wall support, and aesthetic finishes.
Types of purlins
 C-shaped: A common shape for purlins
 Z-shaped: Another common shape for purlins
 Purlin plate: A type of purlin in traditional timber framing
 Principal purlin: A type of purlin in traditional timber framing
 Common purlin: A type of purlin in traditional timber framing
Materials used for purlins
 Cold-formed steel is a common material used to make purlins
 Purlins can also be made of wood
Benefits of purlins
 Purlins help to improve structural efficiency
 Purlins can help to reduce construction costs

128. What is a hose reel?

A hose reel is a device that stores and manages hoses, cords, and other flexible
tubes. Hose reels are used in many industries, including fire fighting and irrigation.

How it works

 A hose reel is a cylindrical drum or spool made from metal, plastic, or fiberglass.
 The hose is wound around the reel.

 The reel can be spring-driven, hand-cranked, or motor-driven.

 Spring-driven reels are the most common type and are self-retracting.
Where it's used

 Hose reels can be mounted on walls or attached to carts, trucks, or wagons.

 They can be used for watering gardens, fire fighting, and other applications.

 Air hose reels can be used to store and dispense air hoses.
How it's categorized

 Hose reels are categorized by the length and diameter of the hose they hold.
 They are also categorized by their pressure rating and rewind method.

129. Tungsten rods are used in high voltage and

frequency switching operations, as well as in arc welding.

High voltage and frequency switching

 Circuit breakers
Tungsten rods are used in circuit breakers because of their low surface
evaporation rate, excellent arc resistance, and efficient electrical and thermal
conductivity.
 High voltage switches
Tungsten rods are used in high voltage switches because of their low
surface evaporation rate, excellent arc resistance, and efficient electrical and
thermal conductivity.
 Arcing contacts
Tungsten rods are used in arcing contacts because of their low surface
evaporation rate, excellent arc resistance, and efficient electrical and thermal
conductivity.
Arc welding
 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
 Tungsten rods are used in GTAW, also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG)
welding, to produce the weld.

 Plasma welding
Tungsten rods are used in plasma welding to protect the electrode, arc, and
weld pool from atmospheric contamination.
Different types of tungsten rods are used for different welding applications:
 Pure tungsten: Used for AC welding, especially on aluminum and
magnesium
 Zirconiated tungsten: Used for welding aluminum and magnesium alloys,
and for welding metals with a higher melting point on the surface
 Ceriated tungsten: Used for welding aluminum alloys with a higher electrical
conductivity
 Rare earth tungsten: Used for automated welding on all metals