CLS 224
(Basic Anatomy & Physiology)
Lecture 6: The Cardiovascular System
Contents:
1. Anatomy & Physiology of the Heart
2. Microscopic & Gross Anatomy of Blood
Vessels
3. Physiology of Circulation
The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The function of the
cardiovascular system is to
deliver oxygen and nutrients
and to remove carbon
dioxide and other waste
products (transportation).
Using blood as the
transport vehicle.
A closed system of the
heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to
circulate to all parts of the body
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Objectives:
•Describe the location of the heart in the body, and
identify its major anatomical areas on an Appropriate
model or diagram.
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Size, Location, and Orientation:
About the size of your fist
weighs less than a pound
hollow, cone-shaped
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Size, Location, and Orientation:
Location
Thorax between the lungs (within the inferior
mediastinum)
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
rests on the diaphragm
at the level of the fifth intercostal space
Its broad postero-superior aspect (base) from
which the great vessels of the body emerge,
points toward the right shoulder and lies
beneath the second rib.
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Size, Location, and Orientation:
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Size, Location, and Orientation:
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Size, Location, and Orientation:
Copyright © 2016 by mcgraw-hill
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Coverings and Walls of the Heart :
Coverings: Heart Wall:
Three layers
Pericardium – a
double serous 1. Epicardium
membrane Outside layer
This layer is the visceral
a. Visceral pericardium pericardium
Next to heart Connective tissue layer
b. Parietal pericardium 2. Myocardium
Outside layer Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle
makes a U-turn
3. Endocardium
Serous fluid fills the Inner layer
space between the
layers of pericardium Endothelium
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Coverings and Walls of the Heart :
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Coverings and Walls of the Heart :
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Coverings and Walls of the Heart :
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers & Associated Great Vessels:
Chambers:
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers •The septum that divides the
A. Atria heart longitudinally is referred
Receiving chambers to as either the
interventricular septum or
1. Right atrium
the interatrial septum,
2. Left atrium depending on which chamber
B. Ventricles it separates.
Discharging chambers
1. Right ventricle
2. Left ventricle
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers & Associated Great Vessels:
Chambers:
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers & Associated Great Vessels:
Associated Great Vessels:
a. Aorta
Leaves left ventricle
b. Pulmonary arteries
Leave right ventricle
c. Vena cavae (superior & inferior)
Enters right atrium
d. Pulmonary veins (four)
Enter left atrium
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers & Associated Great Vessels:
Chambers:
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Valves:
Four valves
Atrio-ventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
1. Bicuspid valve or mitral (left)
2. Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves -between ventricle and
artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Valves:
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Valves open as blood is pumped through
Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart
strings”)
Close to prevent backflow
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Valves:
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Valves:
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
External Heart Anatomy
Copyright © 2016 by mcgraw-hill
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
External Heart Anatomy
Copyright © 2016 by mcgraw-hill
The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Blood Circulation:
A. pulmonary circulation
B. systemic circulation
C. Cardiac (Coronary) Circulation
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
Blood Circulation:
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
C. Cardiac (Coronary) Circulation:
Blood in the heart chambers does not
nourish the myocardium
The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
i. Coronary arteries
ii. Cardiac veins
Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus
The Heart Anatomy of the Heart
C. Cardiac (Coronary) Circulation:
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Two systems act to regulate heart activity:
A. Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
B. the nerves of the autonomic nervous
system
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Conduction System :
Special tissue sets the pace
1. Sinoatrial node (right atrium)
Pacemaker
2. Atrio-ventricular node (junction of r&l
atria and ventricles)
3. Atrio-ventricular bundle (Bundle of
His)
4. Bundle branches (right and left)
5. Purkinje fibers
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Conduction System :
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Cardiac Cycle:
Atria contract simultaneously
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Systole = contraction
of the ventricles
Diastole = relaxation
•cardiac cycle = one complete heartbeat,
during which both atria and ventricles contract
and then relax.
•The average heart beats approximately 75 times per
minute,so the length of the cardiac cycle is normally
about 0.8 second.
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Filling of Heart Chambers –
the Cardiac Cycle
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Cardiac Output (CO):
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart
in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
• 5250 ml/min = 75 beats/min x 70 mls/beat
• Norm = 5000 ml/min
• Entire blood supply passes through body once
per minute.
• CO varies with demands of the body.
The Heart Physiology of the Heart
Regulation of Heart Rate
A. Increased heart rate
1. Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis
Low blood pressure
2. Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
3. Exercise
4. Decreased blood volume
The Heart: Regulation of Heart
Rate
B. Decreased heart rate
1. Parasympathetic nervous system
2. High blood pressure or blood volume
3. Dereased venous return
Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels
Objectives:
•Compare and contrast the structure and Function of
arteries, veins, and capillaries
Blood Vessels
The Vascular System
Taking blood to the tissues and back
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels: Anatomy
Three layers (tunics)
1. Tunic intima
Endothelium
2. Tunic media
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
3. Tunic externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Blood Vessels
The Vascular System
Blood Vessels
Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types:
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick to allow for exchanges
between blood and tissue
Blood Vessels
Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
Blood Vessels
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Blood Vessels
Capillary Beds
Capillary beds consist of
two types of vessels
Vascular shunt – directly
connects an arteriole to a
venule
True capillaries –
exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross
to cells
Carbon dioxide and
metabolic waste products
cross into blood
Vital Signs:
Arterial pulse
Blood pressure
Repiratory Rate
Body Temperature
All indicate the efficiency of the system
Pulse
Pulse –
pressure wave
of blood
Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated
Blood Pressure
Measurements by health professionals are
made on the pressure in large arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the
distance away from the heart increases
Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Variations in Blood Pressure:
Human normal range is variable
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
1. Neural factors 3. Temperature
Autonomic nervous Heat has a vasodilation
effect
system adjustments
(sympathetic division) Cold has a
vasoconstricting effect
2. Renal factors 4. Chemicals
Various substances can
Regulation by altering cause increases or
blood volume decreases
Renin – hormonal 5. Diet
control
References:
