Cruise ship

Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for

vacationing. Unlike ocean liners, which are used for
transport, cruise ships typically embark on round-trip
voyages to various ports of call, where passengers may
go on tours known as "shore excursions".

Modern cruise ships tend to have less hull strength, Wonder of the Seas is one of the largest cruise
speed, and agility compared to ocean liners. However, ships in service.
they have added amenities to cater to water tourists,
with recent vessels being described as "balcony-laden
floating condominiums".

As of November 2022 there were 302 cruise ships operating

worldwide, with a combined capacity of 664,602 passengers.
Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with an
estimated market of $29.4 billion per year, and over 19 million
passengers carried worldwide annually as of 2011. The industry's
rapid growth saw nine or more newly built ships catering to a
North American clientele added every year since 2001, as well as Icon of the Seas, the largest cruise
others servicing European clientele until the COVID-19 pandemic ship in service
in 2020 saw the entire industry all but shut down. The average age
of a cruise ship in 2024 is 17.5 years. The construction market for
cruise ships is dominated by three European companies and one
Asian company.

Operators of cruise ships are known as cruise lines. Cruise ships

are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete
hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. Traditionally,
the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early Cruiseferry MS Galaxy at the port of
Mariehamn, Åland, in February
dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining
2016
time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow diners to dine
whenever they want. Besides the dining room, modern cruise
ships often contain one or more casual buffet-style eateries. Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the
Mediterranean. Others operate elsewhere in places like Alaska, the South Pacific, and the Baltic Sea.
Large cruise ships have been identified as one of the major causes of overtourism.

History

Origins
Italy, a traditional focus of the Grand Tour, offered an early cruise
experience on the Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies. Built in 1831, the Francesco I sailed from Naples
in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. Nobles,
authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe boarded the
cruise ship, which sailed in just over three months to Taormina,
Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens,
Smyrna and Constantinople, providing passengers with excursions
and guided tours.[1][2] Cruise ships MSC Poesia, Vision of
the Seas, and Mein Schiff Herz at
P&O first introduced passenger-cruising services in 1844, Tallinn Passenger Port in Estonia
advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and
Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern
cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind. P&O
Cruises is the world's oldest cruise line.[3] The company later
introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and
Constantinople. It underwent a period of rapid expansion in the
latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger and more
luxurious ships to serve the steadily expanding market. Notable
ships of the era include SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became
the first ship built with a total steel superstructure,[4] and RMS Strathaird, a P&O cruise ship
of the early-20th century. The
SS Valetta built in 1889.
company began offering luxury
cruise services in 1844.
The cruise of Augusta
Victoria in the
Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March
1891, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife
themselves,[5] is often stated to have been the first ever cruise.[6]
Christian Wilhelm Allers published an illustrated account of it as
Backschisch.

The first vessel built exclusively for luxury cruising was

Prinzessin Victoria Luise of the German Empire, designed by
Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the
Albert Ballin, general manager of the Hamburg-America Line.
first purpose-built cruise ship.
The ship was completed in 1900.[7][8]

The practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads into the more established market for transatlantic
crossings. In the competition for passengers, ocean liners – Titanic being the most famous example –
added luxuries such as fine dining, luxury services, and staterooms with finer appointments. In the late-
19th century, Albert Ballin, director of the Hamburg-America Line, was the first to send his transatlantic
ships out on long southern cruises during the worst of the North Atlantic winter seasons. Other companies
followed suit. Some of them built specialized ships designed for easy transformation between summer
crossings and winter cruising.[9]
In 1897 three luxury liners, all European-owned, offered transportation between Europe and North
America. In 1906 the number had increased to seven. The British Inman Line owned City of Paris,[10] the
Cunard Line had Campania and Lucania.[11] The White Star Line owned Majestic[12] and Teutonic.[13]
La Lorraine and La Savoie sailed for the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.[14]

From luxury ocean liners to "megaship" cruising

Modern cruise ships tend to have less hull strength, speed, and
agility compared to ocean liners.[16]

With the advent of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s,

intercontinental travelers switched from ships to planes, sending
the ocean liner trade into a terminal decline. Certain characteristics
of older ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising duties,
Cruise passenger count has
such as high fuel consumption, deep draught preventing them increased about 7-fold since 1990,
from entering shallow ports, and cabins (often windowless) interrupted by the Covid-19
designed to maximize passenger numbers rather than comfort. In pandemic.[15]
the late 1950s and 1960s, ships such as Holland America Line's
SS Rotterdam (1959), the French Line's SS France (1961), and
Cunard Line's RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (1969) were designed to
serve the dual purposes of ocean liner during the northern
hemisphere summer months and cruise ship in the winter,
incorporating doors and baffles that could be open or closed to
divide classes or open the ship to one class, wherein all passengers Cunard Line's Queen Elizabeth 2,
received roughly the same quality berthing and most of the same having been built following the
facilities. (Passengers in cabins in certain grades on the Queen advent of the jet airliner, was
Elizabeth 2 had access only to certain dining rooms). convertible between ocean liner and
cruise ship.
Ocean liner services almost ceased in the 1970s and 1980s. The
Rotterdam was put on permanent cruise service in 1968, while the
France (at the time the largest passenger vessel in the world) was
mothballed in 1974, sold to Norwegian Cruise Line in 1979, and
after major renovations relaunched as SS Norway in 1980, thus
becoming the first "mega-cruise ship". The main exception was
Cunard's Queen Elizabeth 2: although being put on more cruises,
she maintained the regular transatlantic crossing tradition
throughout the year, but with a stronger focus on leisure Sovereign of the Seas was the first
passengers, catering to a niche market of those who appreciated of Royal Caribbean International's
Sovereign-class cruise ships.
the several days at sea. International celebrities were hired to
perform acts on board, along with cabarets, and with the addition
of a casino and other entertainment amenities, the crossing was advertised as a vacation in itself.

The 1977–1986 television series The Love Boat helped to popularize the concept as a romantic
opportunity for couples.[17] Industry experts credit the series with increasing interest in the cruise
industry, especially for those that weren't newlyweds or senior citizens, and for the resulting demand to
spur investment in new ships instead of conversions. The influence was particularly notable for Princess
Cruises, a line that partnered with the series and received a great deal of attention as a result.[18]
Contemporary cruise ships built in the late 1980s and later, such as
the Sovereign class which broke the size record held for decades
by Norway, showed characteristics of size once reserved for ocean
liners. The Sovereign-class ships were the first "megaships" to be
built specifically for the mass cruising market. They also were the
first series of cruise ships to include a multi-story lobby with a
glass elevator and had a single deck devoted entirely to cabins
Carnival Destiny (later renamed
with private balconies, instead of oceanview cabins. Other cruise Carnival Sunshine)
lines soon launched ships with similar attributes, such as the
Fantasy class, leading up to the Panamax-type Vista class,
designed such that two-thirds of the oceanview staterooms have balconies. As the veranda suites were
particularly lucrative for cruise lines, something which was lacking in older ocean liners, recent cruise
ships have been designed to maximize such amenities and have been described as "balcony-laden floating
condominiums".[19]

Until 1975–1980, cruises offered shuffleboard, deck chairs, "drinks with

umbrellas and little else for a few hundred passengers". After 1980, they
offered increasing amenities. As of 2010, city-sized ships have dozens of
amenities.[20]

There have been nine or more new cruise ships added every year since
2001, including the 11 members of the aforementioned Vista class, and all
at 100,000 GT or greater. The only actual ocean liner to be completed in
recent years has been Cunard Line's Queen Mary 2 in 2004.[21] Following
the retirement of her running mate Queen Elizabeth 2 in November 2008,
Queen Mary 2 is the only liner operating on scheduled transatlantic
service, though she also sees significant service on cruise routes.[22]
Oasis of the Seas with a
six-deck-high outdoor area
Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before being
surpassed by Royal Caribbean International's Freedom-class vessels in
2006. The Freedom-class ships were in turn overtaken by RCI's own Oasis-class vessels which entered
service in 2009 and 2010.[23] A distinctive feature of the Oasis-class ships is the split, atrium structure,
made possible by the hull's extraordinary width, with the 6-deck high Central Park and Boardwalk
outdoor areas running down the middle of the ship and verandas on all decks.

In two short decades (1988–2009), the largest class cruise ships have grown a third longer (268 to
364.75 m, 879 ft 3 in to 1,196 ft 8 in), doubled their widths (32.2 to 65.7 m, 105 ft 8 in to 215 ft 7 in),
nearly tripled the total passenger count (2,744 to 7,600), and more than tripled in volume (73,000 to
248,000 GT). Also, the "megaships" went from a single deck with verandas to all decks with verandas.[24]

As of November 2022 there were 302 cruise ships operating worldwide, with a combined capacity of
664,602 passengers.[25] Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with an estimated
market of $29.4 billion per year, and over 19 million passengers carried worldwide annually as of
2011.[26] The industry's rapid growth saw nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American
clientele added every year since 2001, as well as others servicing European clientele until the COVID-19
pandemic in 2020 saw the entire industry all but shut down.[27] The average age of a cruise ship in 2024
is 17.5 years.[28]

Cruise lines
Operators of cruise ships are known as cruise lines, which are
companies that sell cruises to the public.[29][30] Cruise lines have a
dual character; they are partly in the transportation business, and
partly in the leisure entertainment business, a duality that carries
down into the ships themselves, which have both a crew headed
by the ship's captain, and a hospitality staff headed by the
Celebrity Solstice is the lead ship of
equivalent of a hotel manager. Among cruise lines, some are direct
Celebrity's Solstice class of cruise descendants of the traditional passenger shipping lines (such as
ships. Cunard), while others were founded from the 1960s specifically
for cruising.

Historically, the cruise ship business has been volatile. The ships are large capital investments with high
operating costs. A persistent decrease in bookings can put a company in financial jeopardy. Cruise lines
have sold, renovated, or renamed their ships to keep up with travel trends. Cruise lines operate their ships
almost constantly. If the maintenance is unscheduled, it can result, potentially, in thousands of dissatisfied
customers.[31]

A wave of failures and consolidations in the 1990s led to many cruise lines being bought by much larger
holding companies and continue to operate as "brands" or subsidiaries of the holding company. Brands
continue to be maintained partly because of the expectation of repeat customer loyalty, and also to offer
different levels of quality and service. For instance, Carnival Corporation & plc owns both Carnival
Cruise Line, whose former image were vessels that had a reputation as "party ships" for younger
travelers, but have become large, modern, yet still profitable, as well as Holland America Line and
Cunard Line, whose ships cultivate an image of classic elegance. In 2004, Carnival had merged Cunard's
headquarters with that of Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita, California so that administrative, financial and
technology services could be combined, ending Cunard's history where it had operated as a standalone
company (subsidiary) regardless of parent ownership.[32] However, Cunard did regain some
independence in 2009 when its headquarters were moved to Carnival House in Southampton.[33]

The common practice in the cruise industry in listing cruise ship

transfers[34] and orders[35] is to list the smaller operating company,
not the larger holding corporation, as the recipient cruise line of
the sale, transfer, or new order. In other words, Carnival Cruise
Line and Holland America Line, for example, are the cruise lines
from this common industry practice point of view; whereas
Carnival Corporation & plc and Royal Caribbean Group, for
example, can be considered holding corporations of cruise lines.
Silver Spirit in Kuşadası, Turkey
This industry practice of using the smaller operating company, not
the larger holding corporation, is also followed in the list of cruise
lines and in member-based reviews of cruise lines.[36]
Some cruise lines have specialties; for example, Saga Cruises only allows passengers over 50 years old
aboard their ships, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and Windstar Cruises
only operate tall ships. Regent Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels—smaller than the
"megaships" of Carnival and Royal Caribbean—designed such that virtually all of their suites are
balconies. Several specialty lines offer "expedition cruising" or only operate small ships, visiting certain
destinations such as the Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galápagos Islands. John W. Brown, which formerly
operated as part of the United States Merchant Marine during World War II before being converted to a
museum ship, still gets underway several times a year for six-hour "Living History Cruises" that take the
ship through Baltimore Harbor, down the Patapsco River, and into the Chesapeake Bay, and she is also
the largest cruise ship operating under the American flag on the United States East Coast.[37]

Currently the three largest cruise line holding companies and operators in the world are Carnival
Corporation & plc, Royal Caribbean Group and Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings.

As an industry, the total number of cabins on all of the world's cruise ships amount to less than 2% of the
world's hotel rooms.[38]

Organization
Cruise ships are organized
much like floating hotels,
with a complete hospitality
staff in addition to the
usual ship's crew. It is not
uncommon for the most
luxurious ships to have
more crew and staff than
Disney Cruise Line's cruise ship
passengers.[39] AIDAdiva in İzmir
Disney Magic departing Port
Canaveral
Dining
Dining on almost all cruise
ships is included in the cruise price. Traditionally, the ships'
restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early dining and
late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining time for the
entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow diners to dine whenever
they want. Having two dinner times allows the ship to have
enough time and space to accommodate all of its guests. Having
two different dinner services can cause some conflicts with some
of the ship's events (such as shows and performances) for the late Princess Cruises' Coral-class cruise
diners, but this problem is usually fixed by having a shorter ship, Island Princess in Cabo San
version of the event take place before late dinner. Cunard Line Lucas
ships maintain the class tradition of ocean liners and have separate
dining rooms for different types of suites, while Celebrity Cruises
and Princess Cruises have a standard dining room and "upgrade" specialty restaurants that require pre-
booking and cover charges. Many cruises schedule one or more
"formal dining" nights. Guests dress "formally", however, that is
defined for the ship, often suits and ties or even tuxedos for men,
and formal dresses for women. The menu is more upscale than
usual.

Besides the dining room, modern cruise ships often contain one or
more casual buffet-style eateries, which may be open 24 hours and
with menus that vary throughout the day to provide meals ranging
Serenade of the Seas is one of
from breakfast to late-night snacks. In recent years, cruise lines
Royal Caribbean's Radiance class
have started to include a diverse range of ethnically themed of cruise ships.
restaurants aboard each ship.[40] Ships also feature numerous bars
and nightclubs for passenger entertainment; the majority of cruise
lines do not include alcoholic beverages in their fares and passengers are expected to pay for drinks as
they consume them. Most cruise lines also prohibit passengers from bringing aboard and consuming their
own beverages, including alcohol, while aboard. Alcohol purchased duty-free is sealed and returned to
passengers when they disembark.

There is often a central galley responsible for serving all major restaurants aboard the ship, though
specialty restaurants may have their own separate galleys.

As with any vessel, adequate provisioning is crucial, especially on a cruise ship serving several thousand
meals at each seating. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and unload 3,600
passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each cruise, for the Royal Princess.[41]

Other on-board facilities

Modern cruise ships typically have aboard some or all of the following facilities:

Buffet restaurant
Card room
Casino – Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws
Child care facilities[42]
Cinema
Clubs
Fitness center
Hot tub
Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool with water slides
Infirmary and morgue[43]
Karaoke
Library
Lounges
Observation lounge
Ping pong tables
Pool tables
Shops – Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid merchandising licensing and local taxes
Spa
 Teen Lounges
Theatre with Broadway-style shows
Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators, miniature
golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, water slides, basketball courts, tennis courts,
chain restaurants, ropes obstacle courses, and even roller coasters.[44]

H2OZone aboard Promenade on the Allure Golf course on

Freedom of the Seas of the Seas Brilliance of the Seas

Molecular Bar aboard the Formal brunch aboard Surf simulator on

Celebrity Equinox before the Celebrity Equinox Oasis of the Seas
Christmas

A junior suite on Radiance of the Seas

A luxury suite aboard the Bridge on a

Celebrity Equinox cruise ship

Crew
Crew are usually hired on three to eleven month contracts which may then be renewed as mutually
agreed, depending on service ratings from passengers as well as the cyclical nature of the cruise line
operator. Most[45] staff work 77-hour work weeks for 10 months continuously followed by two months of
vacation.[46][47]

There are no paid vacations or pensions for service, non-management crew, depending on the level of the
position and the type of the contract. Non-service and management crew members get paid vacation,
medical, retirement options, and can participate in the company's group insurance plan.

The direct salary is low by North American standards,[47] though restaurant staff have considerable
earning potential from passenger tips. Crew members do not have any expenses while on board, because
food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are included. Bard
College at Simon's Rock professor Francisca Oyogoa states that "Crewing agencies often exploit the
desperation of potential employees."[48]

Living arrangements vary by cruise line, but mostly by shipboard position. In general two employees
share a cabin with a shower, commode and a desk with a television set, while senior officers are assigned
single cabins. There is a set of facilities for the crew separate from that for passengers, such as mess
rooms and bars, recreation rooms, prayer rooms/mosques, and fitness center, with some larger ships even
having a crew deck with a swimming pool and hot tubs.[49]

The International Labour Organization's 2006 Maritime Labour Convention[50] is also known as the
"Seafarers' Bill of Rights".[51]

Business model
Most cruise lines since the 2000s have to some extent priced the cruising experience à la carte, as
passenger spending aboard generates significantly more than ticket sales.[47] The passenger's ticket
includes the stateroom accommodation, room service, unlimited meals in the main dining room (or main
restaurant) and buffet, access to shows, and use of pool and gym facilities, while there is a daily gratuity
charge to cover housekeeping and waiter service. However, there are extra charges for alcohol and soft
drinks, official cruise photos, Internet and wi-fi access, and specialty restaurants. Cruise lines earn
significantly from selling onshore excursions offered by local contractors; keeping 50% or more of what
passengers spend for these tours.[47] In addition, cruise ships earn significant commissions on sales from
onshore stores that are promoted on board as "preferred" (as much as 40% of gross sales). Facilitating this
practice are modern cruise terminals with establishments of duty-free shops inside a perimeter accessible
only by passengers and not by locals.[47] Ports of call have often oriented their own businesses and
facilities towards meeting the needs of visiting cruise ships. In one case, Icy Strait Point in Alaska, the
entire destination was created explicitly and solely for cruise ship visitors.[52]

On "cruises to nowhere" or "nowhere voyages", some cruise ships make two- to three-night round trips
without visiting any ports of call.[53]

Travel to and from the port of departure is usually the passengers' responsibility, although purchasing a
transfer pass from the cruise line for the trip between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee that
the ship will not leave until the passenger is aboard. Similarly, if the passenger books a shore excursion
with the cruise line and the tour runs late, the ship is obliged to remain until the passenger returns.[54]
Luxury cruise lines such as Regent Seven Seas Cruises and Crystal Cruises market their fares as "all-
inclusive".[55] For example, the base fare on Regent Seven Seas ships includes most alcoholic beverages
on board ship and most shore excursions in ports of call, as well as all gratuities that would normally be
paid to hotel staff on the ship.[56] The fare may also include a one-night hotel stay before boarding, and
the air fare to and from the cruise's origin and destination ports.[56]

Many cruise lines have loyalty programs. Using these and by booking inexpensive tickets, some people
have found it cheaper to live continuously on cruise ships instead of on land.[57]

Cruise ship utilization

Cruise ships and former liners sometimes find use in applications other than those for which they were
built. Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several
major wars, cruise ships have also been used as troop transport vessels. By contrast, ocean liners were
often seen as the pride of their country and used to rival liners of other nations, and have been
requisitioned during both World Wars and the Falklands War to transport soldiers and serve as hospital
ships.[58]

During the 1992 Summer Olympics, eleven cruise ships docked at the Port of Barcelona for an average of
18 days, served as floating hotels to help accommodate the large influx of visitors to the Games. They
were available to sponsors and hosted 11,000 guests a day, making it the second largest concentration of
Olympic accommodation behind the Olympic Village.[59] This hosting solution has been used since then
in Games held in coastal cities, such as at Sydney 2000, Athens 2004,[60] London 2012, Sochi 2014,[61]
Rio 2016 and was going to be used at Tokyo 2020.[62]

Cruise ships have been used to accommodate displaced persons during hurricanes. For example, on 1
September 2005, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) contracted three Carnival
Cruise Lines vessels (Carnival Fantasy, the former Carnival Holiday, and the Carnival Sensation) to
house Hurricane Katrina evacuees.[63] In 2017, cruise ships were used to help transport residents from
some Caribbean islands destroyed by Hurricane Irma,[64] as well as Puerto Rico residents displaced by
Hurricane Maria.[65]

The cruise ships have also been used for evacuations. In 2010, in response to the shutdown of UK
airspace due to the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano, the newly completed Celebrity Eclipse
was used to rescue 2,000 British tourists stranded in Spain as an act of goodwill by the owners. The ship
departed from Southampton for Bilbao on 21 April, and returned on 23 April.[66] A cruise ship was kept
on standby in case inhabitants of Kangaroo Island required evacuation in 2020 after a series of fires
burned on the island.[67]

Regional industries
Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. Others operate elsewhere in places like
Alaska, the South Pacific, the Baltic Sea and New England. A cruise ship that is moving from one of
these regions to another will commonly operate a repositioning cruise while doing so. Expedition cruise
lines, which usually operate small ships, visit certain more specialized destinations such as the Arctic and
Antarctica, or the Galápagos Islands.
The number of cruise tourists worldwide in 2005 was estimated at
some 14 million. The main region for cruising was North America
(70% of cruises), where the Caribbean islands were the most
popular destinations.

The second most popular region was continental Europe (13%), Four cruise ships docked at port of
where the fastest growing segment is cruises in the Baltic Sea.[68] Nassau, the Bahamas
The most visited Baltic ports are Copenhagen, St. Petersburg,
Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki.[69] The seaport of St. Petersburg,
the main Baltic port of call, received 426,500 passengers during
the 2009 cruise season.[70]

According to 2010 CEMAR[71] statistics the Mediterranean cruise

market is going through a fast and fundamental change; Italy has
won prime position as a destination for European cruises, and
destination for the whole of the Mediterranean basin. The most
visited ports in Mediterranean Sea are Barcelona (Spain), Cruise ships in Ushuaia, Argentina
Civitavecchia (Italy), Palma (Spain) and Venice (Italy).

2013 saw the entrance of the first Chinese company into the cruise market. China's first luxury cruise
ship, Henna, made her maiden voyage from Sanya Phoenix Island International Port in late January.[72]

Caribbean cruising industry

The Caribbean cruising industry is one of the largest in the world,
responsible for over $2 billion in direct revenue to the Caribbean
islands in 2012.[73] Over 45,000 people from the Caribbean are
directly employed in the cruise industry.[73] An estimated
17,457,600 cruise passengers visited the islands in the 2011–2012
cruise year (May 2011 to April 2012.[73]) Cruise lines operating in
the Caribbean include Royal Caribbean International, Princess
Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Disney Cruise Nearly 9,000 passengers from three
Line, Holland America, P&O, Cunard and Norwegian Cruise Line. Carnival ships visiting St. Thomas,
There are also smaller cruise lines that cater to a more intimate US Virgin Islands; from front to
feeling among their guests. The three largest cruise operators are back: Carnival Liberty, Carnival
Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean International, and Star Triumph and the Carnival Glory

Cruises/Norwegian Cruise Lines.

Many American cruise lines to the Caribbean depart out of the Port of Miami, with "nearly one-third of
the cruises sailing out of Miami in recent years".[74] Other cruise ships depart from Port Everglades (in
Fort Lauderdale), Port Canaveral (approximately 45 miles (72 km) east of Orlando), New York, Tampa,
Galveston, New Orleans, Cape Liberty, Baltimore, Jacksonville, Charleston, Norfolk, Mobile, and San
Juan, Puerto Rico. Some UK cruise lines base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean season,
operating direct charter flights out of the UK.

The busiest ports of call in the Caribbean for cruising in the 2014 year are listed below:[75]
 Passenger
Rank Destination Arrivals
(2014)[75]
1 The Bahamas 4,804,701

2 Cozumel, Mexico 3,404,858

3 United States Virgin Islands 2,083,890

4 Sint Maarten 2,001,996

5 Cayman Islands 1,609,555

6 Jamaica 1,423,797
7 Puerto Rico 1,356,822

8 Turks and Caicos Islands 971,838

9 Belize 968,131
10 Aruba 667,095

11 Haiti 662,403

12 Saint Lucia 641,452

13 Curacao 629,145

14 Barbados 557,898

15 Antigua and Barbuda 522,342

16 Dominican Republic 435,494

17 Saint Kitts and Nevis 434,106

18 British Virgin Islands 378,083

19 Bermuda 356,093

20 Dominica 286,573

21 Grenada 235,140
22 Martinique 177,786

23 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 85,170

24 Trinidad and Tobago 42,820

Alaskan cruising industry

2016 was the most recent year of CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association) studies conducted around
the cruise industry specifically in the US and more specifically Alaska. In 2016, Alaskan cruises
generated nearly 5 million passenger and crew visits, 20.3% of all passenger and crew visits in the US.
(NASDAQ, 2017) Cruise lines frequently bring passengers to Glacier Bay National Park, Ketchikan,
Anchorage, Skagway, and the state's capital, Juneau.[76]
 Alaska cruise statistics
Share of
Total the U.S.
(%)

Passenger embarkations 157,000 1.3

Resident cruise passengers 9,000 0.1

Total passenger & crew visits 4,897,000 20.3

Direct expenditures $1,065m 4.9

Total employment impact 19,842 5.1

Total wage impact $991m 4.8

Visitor volume is represented by overall visitors entering Alaskan waters and/or airspace. Between
October 2016 and September 2017 Alaska had about 2.2 million visitors; 49% of those were through the
cruise industry. That 2.2 million was a 27% increase since 2009, and the volume overall has steadily
increased. Visitors generally spend money when travelling, and this is measured in two distinct areas: the
cruising companies themselves and the visitors. There are no current numbers for cruise specific
passenger spending ashore, but the overall visitor expenditure can be measured. Tours accounted for
$394 million (18%), gifts and souvenirs $427 million (20%), food $428 million (20%), transportation
$258 million (12%), lodging $454 million (21%), and other $217 million (10%). The second main area of
economic growth comes from what the cruising companies and their crews spend themselves. Cruise
liners spend around $297 million on the items that come in their packages on board and ashore as parts of
group tours: things like stagecoach rides and boat tours on smaller vessels throughout their ports of call.
This money is paid to the service providers by the cruise line company. Cruise liner crew are also a
revenue generator, with 27,000 crew members visiting Alaska in 2017 alone, generating about
$22 million. 2017 was also a good year for job generation within Alaska: 43,300 jobs were created,
bringing in $1.5 billion in labor costs, and a total income of $4.5 billion was generated. These jobs were
scattered across all of Alaska. Southeast Alaska had 11,925 jobs ($455 million labor income), Southwest
1,800 jobs ($50 million labor income), South Central 20,700 jobs ($761 million Labor income), Interior
8,500 jobs ($276 million labor income), Far North 375 jobs ($13 M labor income). Labor income is
shown in the graph below.
 Labor Income
Employment
US$ millions

Food and drink 6,900 173

Accommodations 6,200 163

Retail 5,300 108

Tours and activities 5,000 173

Transportation 4,100 173

Other 2,800 79

Total direct jobs/income from visitor spending 30,400 870

Direct Jobs / income from industry spending 4,100 133

Indirect / induced jobs income 8,800 536

Total visitor industry-related jobs / income 43,300 1,539

Shipyards
The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by
three European companies and one Asian company:

Chantiers de l’Atlantique of France.

Fincantieri of Italy with:
Ancona shipyards (located at Ancona)
Marghera shipyards (located at Marghera, First Chinese-built cruise ship Adora Magic
Venice) City in Shanghai, 2023.

Monfalcone shipyards (located at Monfalcone,

Gorizia)
Sestri Ponente shipyards[77] (located at Genoa)
VARD Braila shipyards (located at Braila)
VARD Søviknes Shipyard (located in Norway)
VARD Tulcea shipyards (located at Tulcea)
Meyer Werft of Germany with two shipyards:
Meyer Turku at Perno shipyard in Turku, Finland
Meyer Werft of Germany.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan.
As of March 2024, 54 new ships have been ordered and are due to be delivered by 2028.[78]

As of August 2024, there are 62 ships on order until 2036, adding 154,146 berths.[79]

Safety and security

Piracy
As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not to mention
a considerable amount of cash and jewelry on board (for example in casinos and shops), there have been
several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, such as on Seabourn Spirit and MSC Melody.[80][81]

As a result, cruise ships have implemented various security measures. While most merchant shipping
firms have generally avoided arming crew or security guards for reasons of safety, liability and
conformity with the laws of the countries where they dock, cruise ships have small arms (usually semi-
automatic pistols) stored in a safe accessible only by the captain who distributes them to authorized
personnel such as security or the master-at-arms. The ship's high-pressure fire hoses can be used to keep
boarders at bay, and often the vessel itself can be maneuvered to ram pirate craft. A recent technology to
deter pirates has been the LRAD or sonic cannon which was used in the successful defence of Seabourn
Spirit.[81][82]

A related risk is that of terrorism, the most notable incident being that of the 1985 hijacking of Achille
Lauro, an Italian cruise ship.[83]

Crime on-board
Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used
include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. "puffer machines"), to
prevent weapons, drugs[84] and other contraband on board. Security has been considerably tightened
since 11 September 2001, such that these measures are similar to airport security.[85][86]

In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification card, which
must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are not entitled to do
so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship.[87] The Cruise Ship ID cards are also
used as the passenger's room key. CCTV cameras are mounted frequently throughout the ship.

In 2010, the United States Congress passed the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act[88] after numerous
incidents of sexual violence, passenger disappearances, physical assault, and other serious crimes.
Congress said:

Passengers on cruise vessels have an inadequate appreciation of their potential vulnerability

to crime while on ocean voyages, and those who may be victimized lack the information they
need to understand their legal rights or to know whom to contact for help in the immediate
aftermath of the crime.

Congress said both passengers and crew committed crimes. It said data on the problem was lacking
because cruise lines did not make it publicly available, multiple countries were involved in investigating
incidents on international waters, and crime scenes could not be secured quickly by police. It
recommended that owners of cruise vessels:

install acoustic hailing and warning devices capable of working at a distance.[89][90]

install more security cameras
install peep holes in passenger room doors
limit access to passenger rooms to select staff at specific times
After investigating the death of Dianne Brimble in 2002, a coroner in Australia recommended:
 Federal police officers travel on ships to ensure a quick response to crime,
scanners and drug detection dogs check passengers and crew at Australian ports,
an end to overlaps between jurisdictions, and
flags of ships be disregarded for nations unable to investigate incidents thoroughly and
competently.[91]
The lobby group International Cruise Victims Association, based in Arizona, pushes for more regulation
of the cruise industry, and supports victims of crimes committed on cruise ships.[92]

Overboard drownings
Passengers and crew sometimes drown after going overboard in what the industry calls man-overboard
incidents (MOBs). From 2000 to 2018 more than 300 people fell off cruise ships or large ferries, which is
an average of about 1.5 people each month. Of those, only about 17 to 25 percent were rescued. Critics of
the industry blame alcohol promotion for many passenger deaths, and poor labour conditions for crew
suicides. They also point to underinvestment in the latest MOB sensors, a lack of regulation and
consumer protection, and a lack of on-board counselling services for crew. The industry blames
irresponsible behaviour by passengers, and says overboard sensors are unreliable and generate false
alarms.[93]

Maritime lawyer Jim Walker estimates about half of all disappearances at sea involve some factor of foul
play, and that a lack of police jurisdiction on international waters allows sexual predators to go
unpunished.[94]

Stability
Modern cruise ships are tall but remain stable due to their
relatively low center of mass. This is due to large open spaces and
the extensive use of aluminium, high-strength steel and other
lightweight materials in the upper parts, and the fact that the
heaviest components—engines, propellers, fuel tanks and such—
are located at the bottom of the hull. Thus, even though modern
cruise ships may appear tall, proper weight distribution ensures
that they are not top-heavy.[95][96] Furthermore, large cruise ships View of the stern of Royal Princess
tend to be very wide, which considerably increases their initial
stability by increasing the metacentric height.

Although most passenger ships utilize stabilizers to reduce rolling in heavy weather, they are only used
for crew and passenger comfort and do not contribute to the overall intact stability of the vessel. The
ships must fulfill all stability requirements even with the stabilizer fins retracted.[97]
According to the Washington Post, a recent study by economic consultant G.P. Wild – commissioned by
the cruise industry's trade group and released in March 2019 – argued that cruises are getting safer over
time. The study claims that, even as capacity increased 55 percent between 2009 and 2018, the number of
overall "operational incidents" declined 37 percent and the rate of man-overboard cases dropped 35
percent.[98]

Disease

Norovirus
Norovirus is a virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis,[99] and is also a cause of gastroenteritis on
cruise ships.[100] It is typically transmitted from person to person.[101] Symptoms usually last between 1
and 3 days and generally resolve without treatment or long term consequences. The incubation period of
the virus averages about 24 hours.[102]

Norovirus outbreaks are often perceived to be associated with cruise ships. According to the United States
CDC, the factors that cause norovirus to be associated with cruise ships include the closer tracking and
faster reporting of illnesses on cruise ships compared to those on land; the closer living quarters that
increases the amount of interpersonal contact; as well as the turnover of passengers that may bring the
viruses on board.[103]

However, the estimated likelihood of contracting gastroenteritis from any cause on an average 7-day
cruise is less than 1%.[104] In 2009, during which more than 13 million people took a cruise,[100] there
were nine reported norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships.[100] Outbreak investigations by the United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have shown that transmission among cruise ship
passengers is primarily person-to-person; potable water supplies have not been implicated. In a study
published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the CDC reported that, "Perceptions that
cruise ships can be luxury breeding grounds for acute gastroenteritis outbreaks don't hold water. A recent
CDC report showed that from 2008 to 2014, only 0.18% of more than 73 million cruise passengers and
0.15% of some 28 million crew members reported symptoms of the illness."[105]

Ships docked in port undergo surprise health inspections. In 2009, ships that underwent unannounced
inspections by the CDC received an average CDC Vessel Sanitation Program score of approximately 97
out of a total possible 100 points.[106] The minimum passing inspection score is 85.[106] Collaboration
with the CDC's Vessel Sanitation Program and the development of Outbreak Prevention and Response
Plans has been credited in decreasing the incidence of norovirus outbreaks on ships.[107]

Legionnaires' disease
Other pathogens which can colonise pools and spas including those on cruise ships include Legionella,
the bacterium which causes Legionnaires' disease. Legionella, and in particular the most virulent strain,
Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, can cause infections when inhaled as an aerosol or aspirated.
Individuals who are immunocompromised and those with pre-existing chronic respiratory and cardiac
disease are more susceptible. Legionnaires' has been infrequently associated with cruise
ships.[108][109][110]

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a form of E. coli and the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the
developing world, as well as the most common cause of diarrhea for travelers to those areas.[111] Since
2008 there has been at least one reported incident each year of E. coli on international cruise ships
reported to the Vessel Sanitation Program of the Centers for Disease Control, though there were none in
2015.[100] Causes of E. coli infection include the consumption of contaminated food or water
contaminated by human waste.[112]

COVID-19
News outlets reported several cases and suspected cases of Coronavirus disease 2019 associated with
cruise ships in early 2020. Authorities variously turned away ships or quarantined them; cruise operators
cancelled some port visits and ultimately suspended global cruise operations. People aboard cruise ships
played a role in spreading the disease in some countries.[113]

Environmental impact
Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that can result in
discharges to the marine environment, including sewage,
graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water, ballast water, and
solid waste. They also emit air pollutants to the air and water.
These wastes, if not properly treated and disposed of, can be a
significant source of pathogens, nutrients, and toxic substances
with the potential to threaten human health and damage aquatic
life.[114][115]
Smoke from cruise ships over
Most cruise ships run (primarily) on heavy fuel oil (HFO), or
Juneau, Alaska. In the foreground
"bunker fuel", which, because of its high sulphur content, results are harbor seals floating on the
in sulphur dioxide emissions worse than those of equivalent road Douglas breakwater.
traffic.[116] The international MARPOL IV-14 agreement for
Sulphur Emission Control Areas requires that cruise ships must
use fuel containing no more than 0.10% sulphur or make use of exhaust gas scrubbers to reduce sulfur
oxide emissions to no worse than an engine running on <0.1% sulfur fuel.[117] Cruise ships may use 60
percent of the fuel energy for propulsion, and 40 percent for hotel functions, but loads and distribution
depend highly on conditions.[118]

It has been claimed that air pollution from maritime transport, including cruise ships, is responsible for
50,000 deaths per year in Europe.[119][120]

Some cruise lines, such as Cunard, are taking steps to reduce environmental impact by refraining from
discharges (Queen Mary 2 has a zero-discharge policy) and reducing their carbon dioxide output every
year.[121]
Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators,[122] although an increasing
number of new ships are fueled by liquified natural gas (LNG).[123] When docked, ships must run their
generators continuously to power on-board facilities, unless they are capable of using onshore power,
where available. Some cruise ships already support the use of shore power, while others are being
adapted to do so.[124]

Overtourism
Large cruise ships have been identified as one of the major causes of overtourism in places like Venice,
Barcelona, and Dubrovnik.[125]

Critics of the industry say it overwhelms the cities' infrastructure, causing overcrowding, damaging
heritage sites, and changing the character of local neighbourhoods – as residential amenities and shops
are replaced by tourist cafes and souvenir stands.[126]

Cruise tourists contribute little economically to the places they visit. In Venice, short stay day trippers –
including cruise tourists – account for 73% of all visitors, yet only contribute to 18% of the tourism
economy. By contrast overnight visitors contribute 50%.[127]

In Venice, campaigners have long been calling for a ban on large cruise ships entering the historic portion
of the city.[128] In 2021, they were successful. Ships weighing over 25,000 tonnes were banned from
entering the Venice Lagoon along the Giudecca Canal in an attempt to protect the fragile lagoon
ecosystem and to limit the damage to the underwater foundations of the city's historic centre.[127] At the
time, UNESCO warned the city could be placed on its endangered list if ships were not diverted to
another port.[129]

In 2023, Barcelona Mayor, Ada Colau, spoke out in favour of limiting the number of cruise ships arriving
in the city. Currently up to 200,000 people disembark each month in peak season, Colau's new measures
could halve this.[130] In a 2019 study by Transport and Environment, Barcelona ranked as the worst
cruise port for air pollution in Europe.[131]
From 2024, only 1,000 cruise passengers per day will be allowed to disembark in Bar Harbor, Maine,
United States. The average cruise ship holds 3,000 passengers. The move came after a 2021 survey
showed the majority of local residents were unhappy with large cruise ships, and felt that the town was
overrun by cruise tourists.[132]

Sunken vessels
Examples of Sunken Cruise Ships

Images in Order of Appearance: World Discoverer, Sea Diamond, Explorer and Costa Concordia

Bianca C.: caught fire and sank on 24 October 1961, one dead.
Prinsendam: caught fire and sank on 11 October 1980, with no fatalities.
Mikhail Lermontov: accidentally hit a rock 16 February 1986, one dead.
Jupiter: sank on 21 October 1988 after accidentally colliding with the cargo ship Adige, 4
dead.
Oceanos: accidentally sunk on 4 August 1991 after suffering uncontrolled flooding, no
fatalities.
Achille Lauro: caught fire and sank 30 November 1994, two dead.
Galileo Galilei: caught fire and sank on May 21, 1999, with no fatalities.
World Discoverer: accidentally hit a reef on 30 April 2000, no fatalities.
Monterey: sank en route to the scrapyard on October 21, 2000, with no fatalities.
Federico C.: sank on 17 December 2000 due to possible sabotage, with no fatalities.
Sea Diamond: accidentally hit a reef and capsized on 6 April 2007, two dead.
Explorer: accidentally sunk on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg, no fatalities.
Costa Concordia: sank accidentally on 13 January 2012 after hitting some rocks, 32 dead.
The wreck was salvaged three years after the incident and then towed to the port of Genoa,
where it was scrapped.[133]
Dongfang Zhi Xing: capsized and sank in a storm on June 1, 2015, killing 442 people.
Hableány: a river cruise ship, sank on 29 May 2019 after accidentally colliding with the river
cruise ship Viking Sigyn, 28 dead.[134]

See also
Oceans portal
 Transport portal

List of cruise ships

List of largest cruise ships
List of ocean liners
River cruise
Cruiseferry
Lido
List of busiest cruise ports by passengers

References
1. London, Wendy; Farias, Wallace (6 December 2019). "Forever Young and New: Cruise
Tourism". In Yeoman, Ian; McMahon-Beattie, Una (eds.). The Future Past of Tourism:
Historical Perspectives and Future Evolutions (https://books.google.com/books?id=bkDADw
AAQBAJ). Bristol: Channel View Publications (published 2019). ISBN 9781845417093.
Retrieved 21 June 2020. "The first known effort to advertise cruising with all of the imagery
associated with leisure cruising surfaced in 1833, when the Francesco I, a Sicilian vessel,
advertised a three-month Mediterranean cruise to Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta,
Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna and Constantinople."
2. Collard, Ian (2009). The British Cruise Ship: An Illustrated History 1844–1939 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=GxGoAwAAQBAJ). Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing
Limited (published 2013). ISBN 9781445621302. Retrieved 21 June 2020. "It has been
claimed that Francesco I was the first cruise ship, as in 1833 she sailed from Naples with
nobility from all over Europe. The three-month cruise took her to Taormina, Catania,
Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna and Constantinople, and
offered excursions and guided tours at each port of call."
3. "Cruise New June 2012" (http://www.btnews.co.uk/article/5037). The Business Travel News.
25 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2021. "There is no argument that P&O is the world's
oldest cruise line and Southampton the longest-established cruise port."
4. Yeoman, Ian; McMahon-Beattie, Una (6 December 2019). The Future Past of Tourism:
Historical Perspectives and Future Evolutions (https://books.google.com/books?id=bkDADw
AAQBAJ&dq=Ss+valetta+1899+electric&pg=PT92). Channel View Publications.
ISBN 9781845417093.
5. Gerhardt, pp. 35–36 (pdf pp. 37–38)
6. For example by Kludas and Bischoff; Gerhardt p. 36 (pdf p. 38); Haller, giving 174 as the
number of passengers.
7. Quartermaine, Peter (2006). "History and Culture" (https://books.google.com/books?id=FUG
SzFX02kYC). Cruise: Identity, Design and Culture. Laurence King Publishing.
ISBN 9781856694469.
8. Austin, Daryl (22 July 2021). "The History of the World's First Cruise Ship Built Solely for
Luxurious Travel" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-worlds-first-cruise-ship-b
uilt-solely-luxurious-travel-180978254/). Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
9. "The history of cruises" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140109163949/http://www.hamburgc
ruisedays.de/en/cruise-more/the-history-of-cruises/). Hamburg Cruise Days. Archived from
the original (http://www.hamburgcruisedays.de/en/cruise-more/the-history-of-cruises/) on 9
January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
10. Kludas, Arnold (1999). Record breakers of the North Atlantic, Blue Riband Liners 1838–
1953. London: Chatham.
11. Warren, Mark (1993). The Cunard Royal Mail Steamers Campania and Lucania. Patrick
Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-148-5.
12. "RMS Majestic (I) - The White Star Line History Website" (http://www.whitestarhistory.com/m
ajestic1). Whitestarhistory.com. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
13. "TGOL – Teutonic" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111007014931/http://www.thegreatocean
liners.com/teutonic.html). Thegreatoceanliners.com. Archived from the original (http://www.th
egreatoceanliners.com/teutonic.html) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
14. "Ships of Compagnie Générale Transatlantique" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213
753/http://www.frenchlines.com/shipindex_en_cgt_l.php). Frenchlines.com. Archived from
the original (http://www.frenchlines.com/shipindex_en_cgt_l.php) on 4 October 2013.
Retrieved 13 January 2014.
15. "Growth of the Ocean Cruise Line Industry" (https://cruisemarketwatch.com/growth/). Cruise
Market Watch. December 2024. Archived (https://archive.today/20241212054234/https://crui
semarketwatch.com/growth/) from the original on 12 December 2024.
16. "What Is the Difference Between an Ocean Liner and Cruise Ship?" (https://www.cruisecritic.
com/articles.cfm?ID=1557). cruisecritic.com. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
17. "Cruise Industry Growth Trends Over Time | From QE2 to Love Boat and Eco-Cruises" (http
s://www.jobmonkey.com/cruise/necessity_to_pleasure/). JobMonkey.
18. Hardingham-Gill, Tamara (13 February 2024). " 'The Love Boat': How a TV show
transformed the cruise industry" (https://www.cnn.com/travel/how-the-love-boat-transformed
-cruising/index.html). CNN. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
19. Klassen, Christopher (6 September 2017). "What's the Difference between a Cruise Ship
and an Expedition Vessel in Galapagos?" (https://www.santacruzgalapagoscruise.com/what
s-difference-cruise-ship-expedition-vessel-galapagos/). Santa Cruz Galapagos Cruise.
Retrieved 11 June 2019.
20. Best, Keilani (17 March 2010). "Cruise group celebrates growth of 'floating cities' " (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20100905071157/http://wap.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=307864&rc
=bz). Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 6C. Archived from the original (http://wap.floridat
oday.com/news.jsp?key=307864&rc=bz) on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
21. Roughan, John (16 February 2007). "The ocean-going stretch limo" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20070930014229/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/event/story.cfm?c_id=1501162&objectid=1
0424244). The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/e
vent/story.cfm?c_id=1501162&objectid=10424244) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved
26 September 2011.
22. "Ocean Liner Vs. Cruise Ship: What's The Difference [2024]" (https://highseascruising.com/o
cean-liner-vs-cruise-ship/). 16 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
23. "Work starts on world's largest cruise ship" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110930172109/ht
tp://www.travelmole.com/stories/1124808.php). Travel Mole. 12 December 2007. Archived
from the original (http://www.travelmole.com/stories/1124808.php) on 30 September 2011.
Retrieved 15 October 2021.
24. Saunders, Aaron (19 December 2013). Giants of the Sea: The Ships that Transformed
Modern Cruising. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848321724.
25. "How Many Cruise Ships Are There In the World?" (https://cruiseshiptraveller.com/how-man
y-cruise-ships/). 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
26. "Cruise Market Watch Announces 2011 Cruise Line Market Share and Revenue Projections"
(http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/blog1/articles/cruise-market-watch-announces-2011-cru
ise-line-market-share-and-revenue-projections/). Cruise Market Watch. 11 December 2010.
27. Yeginsu, Ceylan (19 March 2021). "Why U.S. Cruises Are Still Stuck in Port" (https://ghostar
chive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/travel/coronavirus-cruises.
html). The New York Times. Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/1
9/travel/coronavirus-cruises.html) on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
28. "The Average Age of a Cruise Ship? 17.5 Years" (https://cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-new
s/2024/07/the-average-age-of-a-cruise-ship-17-5-years/). Cruise Industry News. Retrieved
29 July 2024.
29. "Cruise line definition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190424222035/http://www.travel-indu
stry-dictionary.com/cruise-line.html). Travel industry dictionary. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.travel-industry-dictionary.com/cruise-line.html) on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 26 June
2016.
30. "Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA)" (https://cruising.org).
31. Walker, James (13 February 2013). "What cruise lines don't want you to know" (http://www.c
nn.com/2013/02/13/opinion/walker-cruise-ships/index.html). CNN. Retrieved 15 October
2021.
32. "Company News: Carnival to move Cunard line's operations to California" (https://www.nyti
mes.com/2004/07/17/business/company-news-carnival-to-move-cunard-line-s-operations-to
-california.html?pagewanted=1). The New York Times. Bloomberg. 17 July 2004. Retrieved
15 October 2021.
33. Hamilton, Keith (20 July 2009). "Carnival UK moves into new Southampton headquarters" (h
ttp://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/4501646.Opening_of_landmark_city_base_for_Carnival_U
K/). Southern Daily Echo. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
34. "Cruise Ship Sales and Transfers: Secondhand Cruise Ship Market" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160822235738/http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/cruise-ship-sales.h
tml). Cruise Industry News. 22 November 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.cruise
industrynews.com/cruise-news/cruise-ship-sales.html) on 22 August 2016. Retrieved
26 June 2016.
35. "Cruise Ship Orderbook" (http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/cruise-ship-order
book.html). Cruise Industry News. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
36. "Member reviews of cruise lines" (http://www.cruisecritic.com/memberreviews/cruise-lines/).
Cruise Critic. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
37. Remarks of ship's captain, Baltimore Harbor, 5 October 2013.
38. Matousek, Mark (25 February 2019). "The CEO of Carnival reveals the cruise industry's
biggest challenge right now" (https://www.businessinsider.com/carnival-cruise-ceo-reveals-in
dustrys-biggest-challenge-2019-2). Business Insider. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
39. Wolber, Ben; Papathanassis, Alexis; Vogel, Michael (2012). The business and management
of ocean cruises. CABI. ISBN 9781845938468.
40. Lallani, Shayan S. (October 2017). "Mediating Cultural Encounters at Sea: Dining in the
Modern Cruise Industry". Journal of Tourism History. 9 (2–3): 160–177.
doi:10.1080/1755182X.2017.1386725 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1755182X.2017.138672
5). S2CID 149137319 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149137319).
41. Porter, Lizzie (10 March 2016). "How cruise lines mop up after 3,500 passengers – and
brace themselves for thousands more" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruises/articles/pr
incess-cruises-royal-princess-turnaround-day-at-southampton-port/). The Telegraph.
Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruis
es/articles/princess-cruises-royal-princess-turnaround-day-at-southampton-port/) from the
original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
42. Ellie (29 December 2020). "Questions Answered: Family Cruising with Young Children" (http
s://elliestraveltips.com/2020/12/questions-answered-families-cruising-with-their-young-childr
en/). Ellie's Travel Tips. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
43. Caracciolo, Frankie (16 May 2018). "What Happens When Someone Dies During a Cruise"
(https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/what-happens-when-someone-dies-on-a-cruise).
Thrillist. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
44. McCartney, Scott (8 January 2020). "They're Putting a Roller Coaster on a Cruise Ship" (htt
ps://www.wsj.com/articles/theyre-putting-a-roller-coaster-on-a-cruise-ship-11578479401).
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
45. wandereatwrite (19 September 2020). "What Working on Cruise Ships is Really Like: Pros &
Cons" (https://wandereatwrite.com/working-on-cruise-ships-pros-cons/). Wander Eat Write.
Retrieved 15 October 2021.
46. Klein, Ross A. "High Seas, Low Pay; Working on Cruise Ships" (http://www.cruisejunkie.co
m/ot.html). Cruisejunkie.com. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
47. Klein, Ross A. (13 April 2010). "The cost of cruising" (http://www.vancouverobserver.com/lif
e/travel/2010/04/13/cost-cruising?page=0,3). The Vancouver Observer. Retrieved
15 October 2013.
48. Oyogoa, Francisca (2016). "Cruise Ships: Continuity and Change in the World-System" (htt
p://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/613/746). Journal of World-Systems
Research. 22 (1): 33. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2016.613 (https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjwsr.2016.613).
49. "Cruise Ship Jobs – Frequently Asked Questions" (http://www.cruiseshipjob.com/frequent.ht
m). Cruiseshipjob.com. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
50. "Maritime Labour Convention, 2006" (http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/maritime-labour-co
nvention/lang--en/index.htm). International Labour Organization. Retrieved 15 October
2021.
51. "ILO Maritime Labour Convention" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190816211800/https://ww
w.itfseafarers.org/ILOMLC.cfm). International Transport Workers Federation. Archived from
the original (http://www.itfseafarers.org/ILOMLC.cfm) on 16 August 2019. Retrieved
15 October 2021.
52. Hannafin, Matt; Sarna, Heidi (2010). Frommer's Cruises and Ports of Call (https://archive.or
g/details/frommerscruisesp00heid). John Wiley & Sons. p. 595 (https://archive.org/details/fro
mmerscruisesp00heid/page/595).
53. Compare: Mayntz, Melissa. "Cruise to Nowhere" (http://cruises.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Cruise_
to_Nowhere). Cruises.lovetoknow.com. Retrieved 2 November 2018. "A two-night, three-day
cruise to nowhere can offer a quick vacation for a very reasonable price. Ships depart from
their home port and sail in a loop to and from the same port, without any other stops."
54. Mullally, Linda (21 November 2010). "In search of bargains at sea: Deciphering the deals
from cruise lines" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140630030116/http://www.montereyheral
d.com/entertainment/ci_16673097). Monterey Herald. Archived from the original (http://www.
montereyherald.com/entertainment/ci_16673097) on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 15 October
2021.
55. Faust, Chris Gray (3 March 2020). "Top 5 Luxury All-Inclusive Cruises" (http://www.cruisecriti
c.com/articles.cfm?ID=1865). Cruise Critic. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
56. "The Regent Experience" (http://www.rssc.com/experience/all-included/). Regent Seven
Seas Cruises. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
57. Sydney Page (20 May 2022). "Accountant retires on cruise ships to avoid cost of land living"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/05/20/cruise-ship-retire-angelyn-burk/).
Washington Post.
58. Shirley, John (15 June 2012). "Captain Christopher Burne obituary" (https://www.theguardia
n.com/uk/2012/jun/15/captain-christopher-burne). The Guardian. Retrieved 15 October
2021.
59. Duran, Pere (2005). The impact of the Games on tourism: Barcelona: the legacy of the
Games, 1992–2002 (https://www.sportsdestinations.com/management/economics/impact-ol
ympic-games-tourism-8492) (Report). Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olímpics, UAB. p. 11.
Retrieved 14 November 2021.
60. "Athens 2004 Seeks Eight Cruise Ships for Accommodation Programme" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20211029174545/https://www.sportcal.com/News/PressReleases/5293).
SportCal.com (Press release). Athens 2004 Organising Committee. 1 May 2002. Archived
from the original (https://www.sportcal.com/News/PressReleases/5293) on 29 October
2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
61. Svetozarsky, Aleksei (10 July 2013). "Cruise liners to turn into floating hotels for Sochi
Winter Olympics" (https://www.rbth.com/news/2013/07/10/cruise_liners_to_turn_into_floatin
g_hotels_for_sochi_winter_olympics_27947.html). Russia Beyond. Retrieved 14 November
2021.
62. Jarvis, Howard (27 March 2019). "Cruise ships to ease room shortage during Olympics" (htt
ps://standbynordic.com/cruise-ships-to-ease-room-shortage-during-olympics/).
standbynordic.com. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
63. Weisman, Jonathon (28 September 2005). "$236 Million Cruise Ship Deal Criticized" (http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/27/AR2005092701960_pf.htm
l). The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
64. Zillman, Claire (11 September 2017). "Cruise Lines Are Sending Ships to Rescue Hurricane
Irma Victims in the Caribbean" (https://fortune.com/2017/09/11/hurricane-irma-cruise-line/).
Fortune. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
65. Putterman, Samantha (28 September 2017). "Royal Caribbean cancels cruise, sends ship
to help Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria" (https://www.bostonherald.com/2017/09/28/royal-
caribbean-cancels-cruise-sends-ship-to-help-puerto-rico-after-hurricane-maria/). Boston
Herald. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
66. Palmer, Jo (22 April 2010). "Stranded tourists return from Bilbao on Eclipse cruise" (http://ne
ws.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8636000/8636568.stm). BBC.
Retrieved 15 October 2021.
67. Goldsbury, Louise (6 January 2020). "Cruise Ship on Standby for Bushfire Evacuations in
Australia" (https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/4936/). CruiseCritic. Retrieved 15 October
2021.
68. "Cruise Baltic Status Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080227163531/http://www.crui
sebaltic.com/media(636,1033)/Cruise_Baltic_status_report_Jan_07.pdf) (PDF). 2007. p. 11.
Archived from the original (http://www.cruisebaltic.com/media(636,1033)/Cruise_Baltic_statu
s_report_Jan_07.pdf) (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
69. "Helsinki port guide" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090221172618/http://www.discovertheb
altic.com/index.htm). 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.discoverthebaltic.com/inde
x.htm) on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
70. Zborovskaya, Yelena (2009). "More Tourists Choose to Arrive by Sea" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20100905121704/http://www.sptimes.ru/story/29959). The St. Petersburg Times.
Archived from the original (http://www.sptimes.ru/story/29959) on 5 September 2010.
Retrieved 6 October 2009.
71. "Cemar 2010 report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090601104714/http://www.crociereonlin
e.net/forecast.htm). 2010. p. 1. Archived from the original (http://www.crociereonline.net/fore
cast.htm) on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
72. "Henna charts new course for China's cruise tourism" (https://web.archive.org/web/2014022
2195247/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/henna-charts-new-course-for-chinas-cruise-touris
m/). TTGmice. Archived from the original (http://www.ttgmice.com/article/henna-charts-new-
course-for-chinas-cruise-tourism/) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
73. Business Research and Economic Advisors (September 2012). "Economic Contribution of
Cruise Tourism to the Destination Economies" (http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2012-Cruis
e-Analysis-vol-1.pdf) (PDF). Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association. p. 2. Retrieved
15 October 2021.
74. Pattullo, Polly (1 January 1996). Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (https://
archive.org/details/lastresortscosto00patt). Monthly Review Press. pp. 156–158 (https://arch
ive.org/details/lastresortscosto00patt/page/156). ISBN 978-0-85345-977-4.
75. "2014 Statistical Tables" (http://www.onecaribbean.org/wp-content/uploads/22June2015Latt
ab14Final.pdf) (PDF). onecaribbean.org. Caribbean Tourism Organization. 22 June 2015.
p. 6. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
76. Ewert, Ellie (25 January 2021). "Alaska Cruises: the Ultimate Guide for an Unforgettable
Alaskan Cruise" (https://www.elliestraveltips.com/alaska-cruises-guide/).
elliestraveltips.com. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
77. "Fincantieri Sestri Ponente the launch of the ultra-luxury ship Silver Muse" (http://www.geno
va24.it/2017/04/fincantieri-sestri-ponente-varo-della-nave-extra-lusso-silver-muse-177497/).
Genova 24. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017. Translation (https://translate.google.com/t
ranslate?sl=it&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genova24.i
t%2F2017%2F04%2Ffincantieri-sestri-ponente-varo-della-nave-extra-lusso-silver-muse-177
497%2F&edit-text=).
78. "54 Cruise Ships on Global Orderbook as of March 2024 - Cruise Industry News | Cruise
News" (https://cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/2024/03/54-cruise-ships-on-global-order
book-as-of-march-2024/).
79. "New Orders from Carnival and OLC Boost Global Cruise Ship Orderbook - Cruise Industry
News | Cruise News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20240806181355/https://cruiseindustryne
ws.com/cruise-news/2024/08/new-orders-from-carnival-and-olc-boost-global-cruise-ship-ord
erbook/). Archived from the original (https://cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/2024/08/ne
w-orders-from-carnival-and-olc-boost-global-cruise-ship-orderbook/) on 6 August 2024.
80. "Database: Incidents involving cruise ships" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100905065554/
http://databases.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/ftlaudcruise/ftlaudcruise_list.php). sun-
sentinel.com. Archived from the original (http://databases.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/ftl
audcruise/ftlaudcruise_list.php) on 5 September 2010.
81. Hooper, John (26 April 2009). "Italian cruise ship fends off pirates with gunfire" (https://www.t
heguardian.com/world/2009/apr/26/italian-cruise-ship-pirates). The Guardian. Retrieved
15 October 2021.
82. " 'I beat pirates with a hose and sonic cannon' " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/666467
7.stm). BBC News. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
83. "This Day in History: US Navy fighter jets intercept Italian cruise ship hijackers" (https://www.
history.com/this-day-in-history/achille-lauro-hijacking-ends). History.com. A&E Television
Networks. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
84. "Drugs" (https://www.cruiselawnews.com/articles/drugs/). Cruise Law News. Retrieved
15 October 2021.
85. Devaney, Tim (12 September 2014). "Cruise ships face airport-style security measures" (htt
ps://thehill.com/regulation/226514-cruise-ships-facing-new-airport-like-security-measures).
The Hill. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
86. Vaux, Robert. "International Cruise Ship Security Issues" (https://traveltips.usatoday.com/int
ernational-cruise-ship-security-issues-9955.html). USA Today. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
87. "Tightening cruise ships' security: State of access control solutions onboard passenger
ships" (https://www.sourcesecurity.com/insights/co-3108-ga.3204.html). sourcesecurity.com.
Retrieved 15 October 2021.
88. Grinberg, Emanuella (1 July 2010). "Cruise ship security bill clears Congress" (http://www.cn
n.com/2010/TRAVEL/07/01/cruise.ship.bill/index.html). CNN. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
89. "Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010" (https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ2
07/PLAW-111publ207.pdf) (PDF). Congress.gov. United States Congress. 27 July 2010.
Retrieved 16 March 2019.
90. "H.R. 3360 (111th): Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010" (https://www.govtrack.u
s/congress/bills/111/hr3360). www.GovTrack.us. Civic Impluse, LLC. 15 March 2019.
Retrieved 16 March 2019.
91. Milledge, Magistrate Jacqueline M. (3 December 2010). "THE "Brimble" Recommendations"
(http://www.coroners.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/18_brimblerecs2.pdf) (PDF). Coroners
Court of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
 92. "Victims Helping Victims: Together We Are Making A Difference" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20191230125415/http://www.internationalcruisevictims.org/index.html). International
Cruise Victims. Archived from the original (http://www.internationalcruisevictims.org/index.ht
ml) on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
93. Spinks, Rosie (17 December 2018). "People fall off cruise ships with alarming regularity.
Can anything be done to stop it?" (https://qz.com/1443797/why-do-people-keep-falling-off-cr
uise-ships-because-people-keep-stepping-onto-them/). Quartz. Uzabase. Retrieved
28 September 2019. "Since 2000, 284 people have fallen off cruise ships—and another 41
from large ferries—an average of about 1.5 people per month."
94. Lazaredes, Nick (28 February 2012). "Lost at Sea" (https://web.archive.org/web/201909280
15816/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/sites/sbs.com.au.news/files/transcripts/381861_datelin
e_lostatsea_transcript.html). SBS. Australia: Special Broadcasting Service. Archived from
the original (https://www.sbs.com.au/news/sites/sbs.com.au.news/files/transcripts/381861_d
ateline_lostatsea_transcript.html) on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
95. "Why aren't cruise ships top heavy?" (http://www.beyondships2.com/faq-top-heavy-cruise-sh
ips.html). Beyond Ships. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
96. Marks, Paul (16 January 2012). "How stable are cruise ships like the Costa Concordia?" (htt
ps://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21360-how-stable-are-cruise-ships-like-the-costa-conc
ordia.html). New Scientist. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
97. Of Stabilizers, Stability and Lawyers (http://open.salon.com/blog/rick_spilman/2012/07/03/of
_stabilizers_stability_and_lawyers). Rick Spilman. Retrieved 2012-11-14 Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20140715095856/http://open.salon.com/blog/rick_spilman/2012/07/03/of
_stabilizers_stability_and_lawyers) 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
98. Sampson, Hannah (18 July 2019). "Is cruising safe? Most of the time, but beware of what
can go wrong" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2019/07/18/is-cruising-safe-most-tim
e-beware-what-can-go-wrong/?noredirect=on). The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October
2021.
99. Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, et al. (August 2014). "Global prevalence of norovirus in
cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (https://zenodo.org/record/
1260252). Lancet Infect Dis. 14 (8): 725–30. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4 (https://d
oi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2814%2970767-4). PMC 8006533 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8006533). PMID 24981041 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24981
041).
100. CDC VSP. "Vessel Sanitation Program - Outbreak Updates for International Cruise Ships" (h
ttps://www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/surv/gilist.htm). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Retrieved 9 May 2016.
101. Moore MD, Goulter RM, Jaykus L (April 2015). "Human Norovirus as a Foodborne
Pathogen: Challenges and Developments" (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-food-02281
4-015643). Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 6 (1): 411–33.
doi:10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015643 (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-food-02281
4-015643). PMID 25884284 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25884284).
102. "Norovirus – Chapter 4 – 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health" (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/trav
el/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/norovirus). CDC. Retrieved 8 October
2019.
103. "Facts About Noroviruses on Cruise Ships" (https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/pub/norovirus/nor
ovirus.htm). cdc.gov. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
104. "Cruise Ship Travel – Chapter 8 – 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health" (https://wwwnc.cdc.
gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-by-air-land-sea/cruise-ship-travel). CDC. Retrieved
8 October 2019.
105. "Cruise Ship Illness Declines". JAMA. 315 (8): 743. 23 February 2016.
doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0733 (https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.0733). ISSN 0098-7484
(https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484).
106. "Vessel Sanitation Program: Advanced Cruise Ship Inspection Search" (https://wwwn.cdc.go
v/InspectionQueryTool/InspectionSearch.aspx). US Center for Disease Control. Retrieved
15 October 2021.
107. "Travel News, Tips, and Guides" (https://www.usatoday.com/travel/). USA Today. Retrieved
8 October 2019.
108. "Cruise-Ship—Associated Legionnaires Disease, November 2003 – May 2004" (https://ww
w.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a2.htm). cdc.gov.
109. "EWGLinet Summary Report – December 2006" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071127110
955/http://www.ewgli.org/data/monthly_reports/2006/mr_dec06.pdf) (PDF). ewgli.org.
Archived from the original (http://www.ewgli.org/data/monthly_reports/2006/mr_dec06.pdf)
(PDF) on 27 November 2007.
110. "Legionnaires' fear on cruise ship" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6920799.stm). BBC News.
30 July 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
111. "WHO | Research and development" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131208072748/http://w
ww.who.int/immunization/research/en/). WHO. Archived from the original (https://www.who.i
nt/immunization/research/en/) on 8 December 2013.
112. "E. Coli Infections" (https://medlineplus.gov/ecoliinfections.html). medlineplus.gov. Retrieved
8 October 2019.
113. Note for example the case of the Ruby Princess.
114. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Copeland,
Claudia. "Cruise Ship Pollution: Background, Laws and Regulations, and Key Issues" (http://
www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/07Dec/RL32450.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20081217143715/http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/07Dec/RL32450.pdf)
17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Order Code RL32450). Congressional
Research Service (Updated 6 February 2008)
115. Engelson, Andrew. "Cruise Ship Invasion" (https://hakaimagazine.com/features/cruise-ship-i
nvasion/). Hakai Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
116. Vidal, John (21 May 2016). "The world's largest cruise ship and its supersized pollution
problem" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/21/the-worlds-largest-cruise-
ship-and-its-supersized-pollution-problem). The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
117. "Mandatory Fuel Oil Change Over Procedures as from 1 July 2010 | Marpol, Statutory |
ANCO Maritime Activities Ltd" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100522170546/http://www.anc
omaritime.com/files/Fuel_Oil_Change_over_procedures%20.html). ANCO. 22 May 2010.
Archived from the original (http://www.ancomaritime.com/files/Fuel_Oil_Change_over_proce
dures%20.html) on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
118. Stensvold, Tore (29 March 2019). "Eksperter tviler på at lavt smøreoljenivå er hele
forklaringen" (https://www.tu.no/artikler/eksperter-tviler-pa-at-lavt-smoreoljeniva-er-hele-forkl
aringen/461654). Tu.no (in Norwegian). Teknisk Ukeblad. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
119. "L'insoutenable pollution de l'air du transport maritime" (https://fne.asso.fr/dossiers/l-insoute
nable-pollution-de-l-air-du-transport-maritime). France Nature Environnement (in French).
Retrieved 8 July 2022.
120. "Ship pollution causes 50,000 deaths per year | Airclim" (https://www.airclim.org/acidnews/2
011/AN2-11/ship-pollution-causes-50000-deaths-year). www.airclim.org. Retrieved 8 July
2022.
121. "Cunard Sustainability Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140828223746/http://www.cu
nard.com/documents/legal%20docs/2010%20sustainability%20report.pdf) (PDF). Archived
from the original (http://www.cunard.com/documents/legal%20docs/2010%20sustainability%
20report.pdf) (PDF) on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
122. Anish (9 October 2017). "How is Power Generated and Supplied on a Ship?" (https://www.m
arineinsight.com/marine-electrical/how-is-power-generated-and-supplied-on-a-ship/). Marine
Insight. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
123. "Why More LNG-Powered Cruise Ships Are Being Built" (https://www.hellenicshippingnews.
com/why-more-lng-powered-cruise-ships-are-being-built/). Hellenic Shipping News
Worldwide. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
124. Taylor, Matthew (26 September 2018). "Air pollution fears fuel fight against new London
cruise ship terminal" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/26/air-pollution-fe
ars-fuel-fight-against-huge-new-london-cruise-ship-terminal-river-thames). The Guardian.
Retrieved 26 September 2018.
125. "Overtourism. What is overtourism and how can we avoid it - Responsible Travel" (https://w
ww.responsibletravel.com/copy/what-is-overtourism). www.responsibletravel.com. Retrieved
28 June 2023.
126. "Overtourism in Venice - Responsible Travel" (https://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/overt
ourism-in-venice). www.responsibletravel.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
127. "Venice cruise ships: Not everyone supports the ban, here's why" (https://www.euronews.co
m/travel/2023/05/13/ive-lived-in-venice-for-8-years-why-do-i-see-see-cruise-ships-here-whe
n-theyve-been-banned). euronews. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
128. "Overtourism documentary by Responsible Travel" (https://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/
overtourism-documentary). www.responsibletravel.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
129. Tondo, Lorenzo (21 June 2021). "Venice may be put on endangered list if cruise ships not
banned, says Unesco" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/21/venice-may-be-put-
on-endangered-list-if-cruise-ships-not-banned-says-unesco). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-
3077 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
130. Keeley, Graham (30 March 2023). "Barcelona's crackdown on cruise ship tourists: 'They just
walk for four hours then leave' " (https://inews.co.uk/news/world/barcelona-cracking-down-cr
uise-ship-tourists-2241828). inews.co.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
131. Burgen, Stephen (7 June 2019). "Barcelona port is worst in Europe for cruise ship air
pollution" (https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jun/07/barcelona-port-is-worst-in-europe
-for-cruise-ship-air-pollution). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 (https://search.worldcat.org/is
sn/0261-3077). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
132. Frost, Rosie (20 April 2023). "Which European cities are trying to cut back the number of
cruise ship visits?" (https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/04/20/cruise-ships-erosion-air-po
llution-and-overtourism-are-driving-cities-towards-bans). euronews. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20230629080817/https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/04/20/cruise-ships-
erosion-air-pollution-and-overtourism-are-driving-cities-towards-bans) from the original on
29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
133. Pianigiani, Gaia (13 May 2014). "Aging Tuscan Port Vies to Dismantle Costa Concordia" (htt
p://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/world/europe/port-vies-to-dismantle-italian-cruise-ship.htm
l?_r=0). NYTimes. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230122145103/https://myaccou
nt.nytimes.com/auth/enter-email?response_type=cookie&client_id=lgcl&redirect_uri=http%2
53A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2014%252F05%252F14%252Fworld%252Feuro
pe%252Fport-vies-to-dismantle-italian-cruise-ship.html%253F_r%253D0) from the original
on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
134. Thorpe, Nick (26 September 2023). "River Danube: Ukrainian captain jailed after fatal river
tour boat crash" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66921562). BBC News.
Retrieved 29 July 2024.

Bibliography
Berger, Arthur Asa (2004). Ocean Travel and Cruising: A Cultural Analysis. New York:
Haworth Hospitality Press. ISBN 978-0789021984.
Butler, Manuel (2010). Cruise Tourism: Current Situation and Trends. Madrid: World Tourism
Organization. ISBN 9789284413645.
 Cartwright, Roger; Baird, Carolyn (1999). The Development and Growth of the Cruise
Industry. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0750643849.
Cudahy, Brian J. (2001). The Cruise Ship Phenomenon in North America. Centreville, MD,
USA: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0870335297.
Dawson, Philip (2000). Cruise Ships: An Evolution in Design. London: Conway Maritime
Press. ISBN 9780851776606.
Dickinson, Robert H.; Vladimir, Andrew N. (2008). Selling the Sea: An Inside Look at the
Cruise Industry (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471749189.
Douglas, Norman; Douglas, Ngaire (2004). The Cruise Experience: Global and Regional
Issues in Cruising. Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia: Pearson Hospitality Press. ISBN 978-
1862505124.
Dowling, Ross K., ed. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. Wallingford: CAB International.
ISBN 978-1845930486.
Garin, Kristoffer A. (2005). Devils on the Deep Blue Sea: the dreams, schemes, and
showdowns that built America's cruise-ship empires. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-
0670034185.
Klein, Ross A. (2002). Cruise Ship Blues: The Underside of the Cruise industry. Gabriola
Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers. ISBN 978-0865714625.
Middlemiss, Norman L. (1997). World Cruise Ships: The History and Development of
Cruising. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Shield Publications. ISBN 978-1871128154.
Munsart, Craig (2015). A Cruise Ship Primer: History & Operations. Atglen, PA, USA:
Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 9780870336386.
Peter, Bruce (2017). Cruise Ships: A Design Voyage. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry
Publications. ISBN 9781911268086.
Quartermaine, Peter; Peter, Bruce (2006). Cruise: Identity, Design and Culture. London:
Laurance King Publishing. ISBN 9781856694469.
Saunders, Aaron (19 December 2013). Giants of the Sea: The Ships that Transformed
Modern Cruising. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848321724.
Ulrich, Kurt (1998). Monarchs of the Sea: The Great Ocean Liners. London: Tauris Parke.
ISBN 978-1860643736.
Ward, Douglas, Berlitz Ocean Cruising and Cruise Ships, published annually

Further reading
Fran Golden (6 December 2019). "Why cruise lines keep cutting their ships in half" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210811225100/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-04/
why-cruise-lines-keep-cutting-their-ships-in-half-for-stretching). Bloomberg. Archived from
the original (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-04/why-cruise-lines-keep-cu
tting-their-ships-in-half-for-stretching) on 11 August 2021.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruise_ship&oldid=1269606262"