INTRODUCTION

An airport is a complex and busy place dedicated to facilitating the movement of

passengers and cargo. It consists of various structures that support different functions
such as maintenance, aircraft control, and auxiliary services. This article focuses on the
passenger functions of an airport and how they interact with the community.

HISTORY
The history of airports clearly reflects the evolution of transportation and the changing
needs of society. From ancient times to today, airports have played a crucial role in
facilitating travel and commerce. Thus, they have undergone numerous changes and
developments along the way. Airports as we know them today did not exist until the 20th
century. Aviation technology advancements made it possible for planes to fly longer
distances and carry more passengers.
The concept of an airport, or a designated area for the landing and takeoff of aircraft,
has likely been around for as long as humans have been flying. However, the first
recorded use of an airport was in 1909, at College Park Airport in Maryland, United
States. This airport was established by the United States Army Signal Corps and was
used as a training ground for military pilots. It became a civilian airport and served as
the site of the first scheduled commercial flight in the United States in 1926.
Timeline of the airline industry in the Philippines:
1931 – To handle the airline matters, the government created an office under of the
Department of Commerce and Communications.
1941 – The first domestic airline, Philippine Airlines (PAL), was founded. PAL is now
also the flag-carrier airline of the Philippines.
1952 – The Civil Aeronautics Board and the Civil Aeronautics Administration was
reorganized due to the Republic Act 776.
1973 – As it is the sole domestic airline, Philippine Airlines (PAL) was virtually
monopolizing the country’s aviation industry.
1974 – PAL continues to dominate the industry by having the monopoly on domestic
travels.
1978 – The airline was given a new franchise, however, under a provision that the
government regulated the fares.
1995 – The industry was liberalized with the establishment of domestic and international
civil aviation liberalization policy and the government control was removed.
1999 – Competing airlines increased. Due to this, PAL’s market share decreased.

According to the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, the country has 71 airports.
Eleven of them can handle international flights. 32 of them only accommodate domestic
travel, and 28 of them are primarily used for general navigation. The most prominent of
these airports is the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, which is located in Pasay City. It
has four terminals and can handle hundreds of both international and domestic flights
every day, making it by far the busiest airport in the country.
In these airports are hundreds of planes coming in and out, handled by different airlines.
There are four major commercial airlines in the country: Cebu Pacific, Air Asia,
Philippine Airlines, and Skyjet. These airlines carry majority of the international and
domestic flights in the country.

Aerodromes are divided into four categories in the country: International, Principal
Class I, Principal Class II, and Community. These categories are defined by the Civil
Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) based on certain criteria:
International airports are considered gateways to and from the country. Since these
airports handle foreign arrivals, they are required to have border control facilities that
monitor and handle the ingress and egress of passengers in the Philippines.
DOMESTIC AIRPORTS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES:
 Principal Class I airports are airports that are capable of handling jet aircraft
with a capacity of 100 or more passengers.
 Principal Class II airports are defined as those that can accommodate aircraft
smaller than the minimum size for Class I, but still capable of carrying 19
passengers or more.
COMMUNITY AIRPORTS are small-scale airfields primarily designed to serve general
aviation traffic, rather than commercial flights
Domestic airport
A domestic airport is an airport that primarily handles flights within a country. Domestic
airports do not have customs and immigration facilities and so cannot handle flights to
or from a foreign airport. These airports often have short runways sufficient to handle
short or medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. Security check/metal detectors are
used in most countries, but in many cases they were installed decades after security
checks for international flights had become commonplace.
Some airports that are named "international" are essentially domestic airports that
handles international traffic on an irregular basis. It is an important area of study in the
field of architecture because domestic airports play a significant role in a city's
transportation infrastructure and can have a major impact on the overall urban identity
and culture . The design of domestic airport buildings can incorporate elements of local
architecture to reflect the history, culture, and identity of the city .
Additionally, domestic airports serve as gateways to a city and are often the first
impression that visitors have, making the form and function of the terminal buildings
crucial in creating a positive experience . Furthermore, the structural systems of airport
terminal buildings can contribute to their architectural expression and symbolic function,
reflecting the values and identity of the country and nation . Overall, studying domestic
airports in the field of architecture allows for the exploration of design strategies that
enhance the functionality, aesthetics, and cultural significance of these important
transportation hubs.

Relationship to the Community

The airport functions like a small city, driven by economic factors and providing
convenience for travelers. It has a significant impact on the community it serves,
affecting the surrounding area both economically and environmentally. Thoughtful
planning of airport infrastructure can lead to positive outcomes for the community.
Proper site planning and building design can help reduce or eliminate issues such as
noise, air pollution, and ecological imbalances. The community is impacted by the
airport's workforce, the arrival of new industries, and the economic effects they bring.
The success of the airport and the architect's adherence to its economic limitations are
crucial. To operate successfully, the airport must work closely with the surrounding
community. Building good relationships within the airport relies on first establishing a
positive relationship with the community.

The Components of an Airport:

 Terminal building
 Parking lot
 Control tower
 Hangar
 Apron
 Taxiway or approach runway
 Runway

An airport is a complex transportation facility, designed to serve aircraft, passengers,

cargo, and surface vehicles. Each of these users is served by different components of
an airport. The components of an airport are typically placed into two categories.
a. Landside components of an airport are planned and managed to accommodate
the movement of ground-based vehicles, passengers, and cargo. These
components are further categorized to reflect the specific users being served.
 Terminal - The airport terminal component is primarily designed to
facilitate the movement of passengers and luggage from the landside to
aircraft on the airside.
 Ground Access - The airport’s ground access component accommodates
the movement of ground-based vehicles to and from the surrounding
metropolitan area, as well as between the various buildings found on the
airport property.
b. Airside of an airport is planned and managed to accommodate the movement of
aircraft around the airport as well as to and from the air. The airside components
of an airport are further categorized as being part of the local airspace or the
airfield.
 Airfield - The airport’s airfield component includes all the facilities located
on the physical property of the airport to facilitate aircraft operations.
 Airspace - The airspace surrounding an airport is simply the area, off the
ground, surrounding the airport, where aircraft maneuver, after takeoff,
prior to landing, or even merely to pass through on the way to another
airport.

Major Terminal Components

a. Airport Access System. This component is composed of the functional
elements which enable ground ingress and egress to and from the airport
terminal facility. They include the following:
 1. Curb - platforms and curb areas (including median strips) which provide
passengers and visitors with vehicle loading and unloading areas adjacent
to the terminal.
2. Pedestrian Walkways - designated lanes and walkways for crossing
airport roads, including tunnels and bridges which provide access between
auto parking areas and the terminal.
3. Auto Parking - areas providing short-term and long-term parking for
passengers, visitors, employees, and car rental.
4. Access Roads - vehicular roadways providing access to the terminal
curb, public and employee parking, and to the community
roadway/highway system.
5. Service Roads - public and nonpublic roadways and fire lanes providing
access to various sub-elements of the terminal and other airport facilities,
such as air freight, fuel tank stands, postal facility, and the like.
b. Main Terminal Building. The following elements comprise this component:
1. Lobbies - public areas for passenger circulation, services, and
passenger/visitor waiting.
2. Airline Ticket Counters/Office Areas - areas required for ticket
transactions, baggage check-in, flight information, and administrative
backup.
3. Public Circulation Areas - areas for general circulation which include
stairways, escalators, elevators, and corridors.
4. Terminal Services - facilities, both public and nonpublic, which provide
services incidental to aircraft flight operations. These facilities include rest
rooms, restaurants and concessions, food preparation and storage areas,
truck service docks, and miscellaneous storage.
5. Outbound Baggage Facility - a nonpublic area for sorting and
processing baggage for departing flights.
6. Intraline and Interline Baggage Facility - a nonpublic area for
processing baggage transferred from one flight to another.
7. Inbound Baggage Facility - a nonpublic area for receiving baggage from
an arriving flight and public areas for baggage pickup by arriving
passengers.
8. Federal Inspection Services - a control point for processing passengers
arriving on international flights.
9. Airport Administration and Services - areas set aside for airport
management, operations, and maintenance functions.
c. Connector. The connector consists of the structure(s) and/or facilities normally
located between the aircraft gate position and the main terminal building. At low
activity airports, i.e., less than approximately 200,000 annual enplaned
passengers; this component is often combined with the terminal building
component. It normally contains the following elements:
1. Concourse - a passageway for circulation between aircraft gate parking
positions and the main terminal building.
2. Departure Lounge - an area for assembling and holding passengers prior
to a flight departure. In some instances, it may be a mobile lounge also
used to transport passengers to a parked aircraft.
3. Security Inspection Station - a control point for passenger and baggage
inspection and controlling public access to parked aircraft.
4. Airline Operational Areas - areas set aside for airline personnel,
equipment, and servicing activities related to aircraft arrivals and
departures.
 5. Passenger Amenities - areas normally provided in both the connector as
well as the terminal components, particularly at the busier airports with
relatively long connectors. These amenities include rest rooms, snack
bars, beverage lounges, and other concessions and passenger services.
6. Building Maintenance and Utilities - areas often included in the
connector component to provide terminal building maintenance and
utilities.
d. Apron. The apron comprises the area and facilities used for aircraft gate parking
and aircraft support and servicing operations. It includes the following sub-
components:
1. Aircraft Gate Parking Positions - used for parking aircraft to enplane
and deplane passengers. The passenger boarding device is part of the
gate position.
2. Aircraft Service Areas - on or adjacent to an aircraft parking position.
They are used by airline personnel/equipment for servicing aircraft and the
staging of baggage, freight, and mail for loading and unloading of aircraft.
3. Taxi lanes - reserved to provide taxiing aircraft with access to and from
parking positions.
4. Service/Fire Lanes - identified rights-of-way on the apron designated for
aircraft ground service vehicles and tire equipment.

Glossary
AMENITIES: That part of a terminal building housing convenience, service, and
diversion facilities for the passengers, tenants, and public.
AVERAGE PEAK HOUR: The peak hour of the average peak day. The peak hour is the
one-hour period of any peak day during which the highest percentage of the day's traffic
is experienced. The average peak day is the average of the top 37 days (10 percent) of
a year in terms of traffic volume.
BAGGAGE DIVERTER: A mechanical device for transferring baggage from a moving
conveyor belt to a baggage claim counter in such manner that the baggage is evenly
distributed along the baggage counter.
BOARDING CONTROL POINT: The point at which a passenger's credentials are
inspected to assure that he is authorized to board a particular flight. Normally, this point
is located in the vicinity of the gate from which the flight will depart.
BOARDING PASSENGER: Any originating or connecting passenger authorized to
board a flight.
CONNECTING PASSENGER: A passenger who arrives on one flight only for the
purpose of transferring to another flight to reach his destination. These passengers are
broken down into two categories: interline and interline passengers.
CUSTOMS: This is an area under federal jurisdiction through which passengers arriving
from foreign countries are required by law to pass in order to make a declaration related
to baggage which is accompanying them upon entry to the United States. This area is
used for receipt of a declaration and/or examination of baggage. If duty is required; the
customs agent will receive same in the customs area. Special attention must be paid to
the design of this area because of changing techniques of operation.
DEPARTURE ROOM: An assembly area, including the boarding control point, located at
a gate position(s) for passengers pending availability of aircraft for boarding.
DEPLANING: Any passenger, cargo, baggage, visitor, ate., which is related to the
unloading
from an arriving flight.
DOMESTIC PASSENGERS: All passengers traveling in the United States or its
territories are considered as domestic. Foreign nationals within the confines and
territory require no special checking and operate as domestics.
ENPLANING: Any passenger, cargo, baggage, visitor, etc., which is related to the
boarding of a departing flight.
GATE: A location to which aircraft are brought for the purpose of discharging and
loading passengers and their baggage.
GATE CONCOURSE: An extension from the main terminal building primarily intended to
provide protected access for passengers between the main terminal building and the
gates. In addition to the passenger corridor, the concourse may include airline functional
areas and minimum consumer services.
GROUND TRANSPORTATION: The independently operated transportation vehicles
scheduled for passengers' use between airports and the areas served thereby is called
ground transportation.
INTERLINE CONNECTING(ION): A term used to describe passengers and baggage
which arrive on the flight of one airline and depart on a flight of another.
INTOWN TERMINAL: A facility located apart from the airport, usually in the downtown
area of the city, at which passengers may be processed, baggage is checked to
passengers’ destinations, and from which ground transportation is provided.
INTERLINE CONNECTING(ION): A term used to describe passengers and baggage
which arrive on one flight and depart on another flight of the same airline.
IN-TRANSIT PASSENGER: If an internationally bound aircraft stops at an airport for
refueling or discharge of passengers and a remaining number of passengers are to be
detained in the aircraft for another destination, the convenience of providing a totally
segregated lounge facility may be warranted for the continuing passengers. This facility
is referred to as an in-transit area.
LONG-HAUL A term used to define flights or traffic which travels over a relatively long
distance as opposed to those which travel over a shorter distance. Normally, long-haul
passengers arrive at their originating airport earlier than short-haul passengers, carry
more baggage than short-haul passengers, and are accompanied to or are met at the
airport by more persons than short-haul passengers.
ORIGINATING PASSENGER: A passenger who is starting his trip.
OUTBOUND BAGGAGE ROOM: The area to which checked baggage of originating
passengers is delivered for sorting by flights prior to its being dispatched to the aircraft
for loading.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE: The function of the Public Health Service is to determine
whether an arriving passenger will present a health hazard to the general population.
This may require inoculation, special examination, and possibly quarantine. Design
requires correlation with federal authorities.
READY ROOM: An area adjacent to the normal work areas in which personnel whose
duties are performed out-of-doors may assemble, be protected, and from which they
may receive their work assignments. These rooms should be concealed from public
view.
SELF-CLAIM BAGGAGE: A method under which passengers have direct access to
terminating baggage in a controlled area. As passengers leave the area, an attendant
retrieves baggage claim checks and matches them to strap checks to assure that
passengers have selected only baggage to which they are entitled.
SHORT-HAUL: A term used to define flights or traffic which travel over a relatively short
distance as opposed to those which travel over a long distance. Normally, short-haul
passengers arrive at the airport of origin later than long-haul passengers, carry less
baggage than long-haul passengers, and are
accompanied to or met at the airport by fewer persons than long-haul passengers.
STANDBY PASSENGER: A passenger not holding confirmed space but who is on hand
at departure time for space that might become available.
TERMINATING PASSENGER: A passenger who has arrived at his destination.
THROUGH PASSENGER: A passenger who arrives and departs on the same flight.
TRANSFER BAGGAGE ROOM: The area to which checked baggage of connecting
passengers is delivered for sorting by flights prior to its being dispatched to the aircraft
for loading. This may be combined with the outbound baggage room at some locations.
UNIT TERMINAL: One of several functionally complete terminal areas (which may be in
the same or several buildings) each of which houses the activities of one or more
airlines.

AIRPORT GUIDELINES/STANDARDS
1. Choice of Airport Location: Factors to Consider
Site placement and runway orientation rely heavily on the airspace and accompanying
ground tracks along the runway’s take-off and landing corridors.
These factors determine where planes can land safely over 95% of the time, where
obstructions that protrude into the flight path must be removed, and where the noise
from planes might be intolerable for nearby homes, businesses, and outdoor spaces.

2. Design and Layout (Geometric Design of Airport)

 Airplane Physical Features
o Before beginning any design work, it is necessary to have a firm grasp
of the functionality and structural characteristics of the airplanes that
will be using the airport.
o Maximum take-off weight (W), wingspan (A), length (B), tail height (C),
wheelbase (D), nose to the centerline of main gear (E), undercarriage
width (1.15 main gear track) (F), and line-of-sight/obstacle-free zone at
the nose of the aircraft (G) are the key physical features of the plane
that affect airport design.
 Runway Length
o The ideal runway length is based on aircraft type, maximum take-off
weight, engine performance, landing and braking performance, flap
position, and required safety features.
o Additionally, each plane in the airport needs to be able to take off with
only one working engine, which means the runway needs to be long
enough and obstacle-free enough to accommodate that. Adequate
stopping space should be incorporated into the stopping zone if the
pilot cancels take-off before the rotation.
Gross Terminal Area Space Distribution

Terminal Circulations
1.
Design Solutions for Passenger Terminals
1. Consolidated Passenger Terminal

2. Finger Terminal (Consolidated)

3. Satellite Terminal (Consolidated)

4. Finger Terminals (Decentralized)

5. Satellite Terminals (Decentralized)

6. Drive to Gate

7. Mobile Lounge
Terminal Area Concepts
1. Simple Terminal Concept
 The simple terminal consists of a single common waiting and ticketing area
with exits leading to the aircraft parking apron. It is adaptable to airports with
low airline activity which will usually have an apron providing close-in parking
for three to six commercial transport aircraft. A simple terminal will normally
consist of a single-level structure with two to four gates where access to
aircraft is afforded by a walk across the aircraft parking apron. The layout of
the simple terminal should take into account the possibility of pier or linear
extensions for terminal expansion.
2. Pier Concept
 Has an interface with aircraft along piers extending from the main terminal
area. In the pier concept, aircraft are usually arranged around the axis of the
pier in a parallel or perpendicular parked relationship. Each pier has a row of
aircraft gate positions on both sides, with the passenger right-of-way or
concourse running along the axis of the pier which serves as the circulation
space for enplaning and deplaning passengers.
3. Satellite Concept
 consists of a building, surrounded by aircraft, which is separated from the
terminal and is usually reached by means of a surface, underground, or
above-grade connector. The aircraft are normally parked in radial or parallel
positions around the satellite, which can have common or separate departure
lounges.
4. Linear Concept
 aircraft are parked along the face of the terminal building. Concourses
connect the various terminal functions with the aircraft gate positions.

5. Transporter Concept
  Aircraft and aircraft-servicing functions in the transporter concept are remotely
located from the terminal. The connection to the terminal is provided by
vehicular transport for enplaning and deplaning passengers.

Passenger Loading Methods

1. From a single level terminal building the passengers walk across the apron to the
aircraft. This method is presently being employed by many airports in use today.
2. From a two-level terminal building the passengers walk down a flight of stairs and
then across the apron to the aircraft. This is an intermediate phase in use, where
the future development would employ the use of jetways.

3. This method shows a jetway which rotates into position and has the capability of
telescoping to accomplish the interface between aircraft of different sill height .
This diagram demonstrates a power-in, pushout gate position.
4. This is the same as method 3 above, however, it differs only in that this diagram
demonstrates a power-in, power-out gate position.

5. This diagram demonstrates a fixed jet way of short length and with a small
amount of telescoping capability. This jetway also has the capability of making
some adjustments in sill height. The gate position can only be a power-in, push-
out condition.
6. This method, which is used in some present-day airports, consists of a train of
carts designed to carry passengers or it may consist of the use of buses to
deliver the passengers to a remote aircraft parking position. The terminal building
can be either a one-level or two-level structure.

7. This method is known as the Mobil-lounge and consists of an elaborately

furnished bus with a scissor lift end a telescoping front to achieve the interface
between both the aircraft and the terminal building. The aircraft is parked at a
remote position from the terminal building.
8. This method is used for the wide-bodied aircraft. The two main corridors are fixed
in their location, however, the four short jetways nave telescoping capability in
order to achieve the interface with the aircraft. The gate position, requires a
power-in, push-out condition.

9. This method is also used for the wide-bodied aircraft. It is based upon the
concept of a fixed corridor for access to the front two passenger doors and a
cantilevered jet way over the wing to reach the back door. Here again, the gate
position requires a power-in, push-out condition.
Baggage Handling Systems
Area Considerations for Baggage Systems
1. Enplaning Baggage
a. Curbside check-in. This area must provide convenience of tagging and
usually some mechanical conveyance back to a central bag room.
b. Counter check-in. This will coincide with the usual ticket counter in the
main terminal area. It is customary to provide mechanization from an area
directly in the back of the ticket counter to the central baggage room.
c. Gate check-in. In small quantities, bags are received at the gate. Bags
must be checked in at this point because many passengers mistakenly
believe that their suitcases will be accepted for storage in the passenger
portion of the plane.
 d. Transfer baggage. Additional bags will be received at a convenient
location adjacent to the baggage room for transfer from other airlines or
the same carrier.

2. Deplaning Baggage.
a. In order to size a baggage claim area, the architect must have the
following information: the number of passengers and the amount of
baggage that will be claimed within the peak condition, the type of
claiming device and its physical size, its capacity, and its linear feet of
frontage.

Baggage Claim Systems

a. The baggage is transported from the aircraft to the claiming device by a cart and
is then off-loaded manually by an attendant.

b. DIVERTER. In this system the baggage is placed on a conveyor at one end. A

diverter moves back and forth along the conveyor and disperses the baggage
onto the claiming device.

c. CAROUSEL. A conveyor, from underneath or from above, delivers the baggage

to a rotating carousel.
d. RACE TRACK. A conveyor from underneath or from above, delivers the baggage
to a continuously circulating conveyor, the length of which will depend upon the
terminal layout.

e. POD. The baggage pod is removed from the aircraft and delivered to the claim
area. The passengers remove their baggage from the pod.

f. AMOEBA. This system is an extension of the race track system. The only
difference being that the baggage is manually loaded directly onto the conveyor
by an attendant behind a wall and out of view from the passengers.

g. AUTOMATED. This system consists of carts that are operated by a computer

system. The passenger inserts his claim ticket into a call box at a desired
location, the cart then delivers the baggage at that location.
Airline Ticket Counter/Offices
The Airline Ticket Counter (ATO) area is the primary location for passengers to complete
ticket transactions and check-in baggage. It includes the airline counters, space and/or
conveyors for handling outbound baggage, counter agent service areas, and related
administrative/support offices.
1. Linear Counter

2. Flow-through Counters
3. Island Counter
General Considerations
Needless to say, passengers who may be carrying baggage should be offered
such conveniences of design as automated doors, sufficiently wide escalators, moving
sidewalks, and similar devices. At all times the analysis of traffic flow, volume of
passengers, and direction of movement should be carefully considered.
The terminal must also provide amenities for the traveling public. These may
include any o1 the following list and such other items as may be determined by a
particular- locale:
 Bank
 Newsstand
 Berber shop
 Observation deck
 Camera shop
 Parcel lockers
 Candy store
 Restaurant and supplementary eating facilities
  Car rental agencies
 Cocktail lounge
 Drug store
 Rest room facilities
 Duty free shops
 Shoe shine
 Employee snack bar and cafeteria
 Showers/ dressing rooms
 Teenage lounge
 Flower shop
 Gift shop
 Hotel
 Television lounge
 Insurance vending
 Valet
 Money exchange
 Women's wear

Traveler's aid in large installations and nursery facilities adjacent to the

women's lounge in the main portion of the facility. Medical and first-aid facilities
should be included in the passenger terminal if they are not provided elsewhere in the
airport.

Parking Requirements
The different types of parking are short-term (metered parking), medium-term
(one or two days), long-term parking, valet parking, and rent-a-car parking.
a. Locations
 Public parking lots should be located to limit walking distances from
parked automobiles to terminals to no more than 1,000 feet (300 m). At
larger airports, large volume parking needs may require provision of
remote parking facilities served by shuttle bus or people mover systems.
b. Sizing
 A rule-of-thumb suggests an increase of 15 percent in the number of
estimated parking spaces to minimize the amount of time required to find
a parking space. In developing a parking lot plan, approximately 31.5 to
36.0 m2, including lanes, should be allowed for each parked automobile.
This is the equivalent of 109 to 124 parked cars per acre (269 to 306 per
hectare) for on-grade parking.
 One (1) car slot for every 1,000.00 sq. meters of gross floor area and one
(1) bus slot for every one hundred (100) workers; if number of workers
exceed two hundred (200), provide one (1) off-RROW (or off-street)
passenger loading space that can accommodate two (2) queued
jeepney/shuttle slots
c. Circulation
 Counter-clockwise circulation within the parking lot is usually preferable
and one-way traffic control is recommended to minimize congestion and
hazards.
d. Parking Structures
  Multilevel parking structures are used at high activity airports, albeit with
higher construction costs, to increase the number of parking slots in a
given arca and to reduce walking distances.
e. Employee And Tenant Parking
 Employee and tenant parking should be provided near working areas
which are not in or near terminal buildings, Otherwise, remote parking with
a shuttle service to work areas is required.
f. Public Transportation and Rental Car Areas
 Parking facilities arti also required for the short-term parking of taxis, vans,
limousines, busts, and for rental car ready and storage lots.

Medium-type Air-passenger Terminal

AIRPORT LAYOUT SAMPLE
REFERENCE:
https://www.arch2o.com/airport-design-standards/
https://www.wccaviation.com/blogs/an-overview-of-the-airline-industry-in-the-
philippines#:~:text=1941%20%E2%80%93%20The%20first%20domestic
%20airline,carrier%20airline%20of%20the%20Philippines
https://tavtechnologies.aero/en-EN/review/pages/airporthistory
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_airport
https://www.traveloka.com/en-ph/explore/tips/domestic-international-airports-
philippines/63570
https://www.aviationupdatesph.com/airports-in-the-philippines/