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KEY CONCEPT

OXIDES
NEUTRALISATION
APPLICATION OF NEUTRALISATION

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4 TYPES OF
OXIDES

BASIC AMPHOTERIC
OXIDE OXIDE
ACIDIC NEUTRAL
OXIDE OXIDE
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SUMMARY TABLE
OXIDES

Oxides Basic Oxides Acidic Oxides Amphoteric Oxides Neutral Oxides

Element type Metal oxides Non-metal oxides Some metal oxides Some non-metal oxides

Chemical properties Behaves like an alkali, Behaves like an acid, neutralise Can behave like an acid or an Does not react
neutralise with acid with alkali alkali, can react with both
acid and alkali

Examples - Sodium oxide - Carbon dioxide - Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 - Water, H2O
- Potassium oxide - Sulfur dioxide - Lead (II) oxide, PbO - Carbon monoxide, CO
- Calcium oxide - Phosphorus (V) oxide - Zinc oxide, ZnO - Nitrogen monoxide, NO

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NEUTRALISATION

Neutralisation is the process where acid reacts with a base to produce salt
& water.

ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER

REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS

- Regulating the pH of soil

Farmers will add bases like slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or quicklime
(calcium oxide) to ensure the soil maintains the optimal pH for growth
of plants.

- Treating indigestion

Overeating can result in the overproduction of hydrochloric acid by our

stomach, causing indigestion. In order to neutralise the excess
hydrochloric acid, we would need to intake antacid (a type of base).

- Toothpaste

Bacteria on our teeth produce acids which can result in tooth decay.

Toothpastes contain magnesium hydroxide help to remove bacteria &

neutralise the acids in our mouth.

NEUTRALISATION
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KEY CONCEPT

SALT SOLUBILITY TABLE

ACID + EXCESS INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCE
TITRATION
PRECIPITATION

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SUMMARY TABLE
SALT SOLUBILITY TABLE
Soluble salts Insoluble salts

SPA SPA ALL NONE

Anything with sodium, - Sodium
potassium & - Potassium
ammonium are
- Ammonium
definitely soluble.
Nitrates ALL NONE

Chlorides ALL except Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2

Silver chloride, AgCl

Sulfates ALL except

Lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4
Barium sulfate, BaSO4
Calcium sulfate, CaSO4

Carbonates SPA salts ALL except

Oxides & Group I & some Group II elements ALL except

Hydroxides

All Group I metals form Ba, Ca (oxide / hydroxide)

soluble salts. are slightly soluble.
(Sodium, Potassium…)

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*Find your own method for memorising. Make your life easier by finding a methodology that works for you!
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*If you find the next

couple of slides too
complicated, feel free to
skip to SLIDE 20.

Due to the seemingly complex nature of salt preparation, many

students opt to memorise the procedure for salt preparation and
attempt regurgitate the content in exams.

While that might work to an extent, they will not be able to solve
application questions and might remember some parts wrongly.

In this upcoming section, I will attempt to break down the logic

behind salt preparation and show you why you do not need to
memorise anything once you have understood salt preparation.

UNDERSTANDING
SALT PREPARATION
VS
9 MEMORISING
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NAME REACTION

PRECIPITATION SOLUBLE + SOLUBLE  INSOLUBLE SALT

ACID + INSOLUBLE SOLUBLE + INSOLUBLE  SOLUBLE SALT

SUBSTANCE

TITRATION SOLUBLE + SOLUBLE  SOLUBLE SALT

TITRATION
3 methods
PRECIPITATION
There are only 3 ways to prepare a salt.

Choosing which method to use depends on the solubility of

the salt and the solubility of the reagents.

Use the table above to see how each preparation method is

ACID + different!

INSOUBLE
10
SUBSTANCE
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SUMMARY TABLE
SALT PREPARATION
PREPARATION METHOD PRECIPITATION TITRATION ACID + INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCE

SOLUBILITY OF SALT INSOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE

(Product in reaction)
Common elements’ salt ALL INSOLUBLE SALTS Group I salts / SPA salts - Group II salts
- Group III salts
- Transition metal salts
- Unreactive metal salts
EXAMPLE OF SALTS -All carbonates except SPA - Sodium nitrate - Magnesium sulfate
- Silver Chloride - Potassium chloride - Aluminium nitrate
- Lead Chloride - Sodium sulfate - Zinc chloride
- Barium Sulfate - Potassium carbonate - Iron sulfate
- Calcium Sulfate - Lead nitrate
- Lead Sulfate - Copper chloride
- Group II oxides/ hydroxides
REASONING Mix 2 soluble reactants that contain the Reactants are soluble. So is the product. Use excess of the insoluble to is ensure
(MOST IMPORTANT) correct ions. that all the acid is fully reacted.
The only way to get a pure substance is to
Get an insoluble salt as the only solid in find the exact volume to react through The only liquid in the resultant solution is
the reacting solution and collect using titration. the soluble salt.
filtration.
CHEMICAL EQUATION barium nitrate + sodium sulfate  barium sodium hydroxide + sulfuric acid  sodium acid + carbonate  salt + water + carbon
(Example) sulfate (insoluble) + sodium nitrate sulfate (soluble) + water dioxide gas
(water removed through crystallisation)
(salt collected using filtration) (neutralisation reaction)
(water removed through crystallisation) acid + base  salt + water
(water removed through crystallisation)

SOLUBLE + SOLUBLE  INSOLUBLE SALT acid + metal  salt + hydrogen gas

SOLUBLE + SOLUBLE  SOLUBLE SALT
SOLUBLE + INSOLUBLE  SOLUBLE SALT
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PRECIPITATION

The aqueous solutions of two soluble salts should be mixed; one

salt must contain the cation while the other must contain the
anion.

When the two salt solutions are mixed, a resultant insoluble salt
will form.

The insoluble salt can be filtered out and washed with distilled
water and dried with filter paper.

Steps:
1) Mix the 2 reactants.
2) Filter and collect residue.
3) Wash & dry with filter paper.

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PRECIPITATION
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ACID + INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCE

React excess of insoluble substance (metal, carbonate,

oxide/hydroxide) with an appropriate acid.

Add excess insoluble substance so that all the acid will be fully
reacted. This ensures that the filtrate collected is the pure soluble
salt.

Steps:
1) Mix the 2 reactants.
2) Filter and collect filtrate.
3) Heat till saturation & allow to cool. Crystals will form.
4) Filter to collect crystals.
5) Wash & dry with filter paper.

ACID + INSOLUBLE
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SUBSTANCE
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TITRATION

Soluble salts can also be prepared by reacting an acid with an

alkali. However, we will need to know the exact amount of alkali
needed to react with a fixed amount of acid.

Steps:

1. Using a pipette, add 25.0 cm3 of dilute acid into a conical flask.

2. Add a few drops of indicator to the acid.

3. Fill a burette with dilute alkali. Record the initial burette reading.
Slowly release the dilute alkali into the conical flask and swirl
the flask until a change in colour is observed.

4. Record the final burette reading. The initial and final reading
gives the volume of alkali needed to completely neutralise the
acid.

5. Repeat the experiment with the same exact amount of acid &
alkali, but without the indicator. The flask now contains only the
soluble salt and water.

6. Pour the solution into an evaporating dish. Heat till saturation.

7. Allow the solution to cool and crystals will form. Filter and dry
between sheets of filter paper.

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TITRATION
3 methods
PRECIPITATION
There are only 3 ways to prepare a salt.

Choosing which method to use depends on the solubility of

the salt and the solubility of the reagents.

Is everything clearer now? Hopefully lel.

ACID +
INSOUBLE
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SUBSTANCE
Try it yourself! (TYS Question)

Answer:
Try it yourself! (TYS Question)

Answer: