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Physical Science
Quarter 1 - Module 5
Collision Theory and the Factors
Affecting the Reaction Rate
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
1
Physical Science - Grade 12
Alterative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 5: Collision Theory and the Factors Affecting the
Reaction Rate
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education - Division of Cagayan de Oro
Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V
Development Team of the Module
Author/s: Leah Lyn A. Lingatong
Vanessa Mae B. Martinez
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Senior High
Senior School
High School
Physical Science
Quarter 1-Module 5
Collision Theory and the Factors
Affecting the Reaction Rate
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Sincerest appreciation to those who have made significant contributions to this module.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
What This Module is About v
What I Need to Know v
How to Learn from this Module v
Icons of this Module vi
What I Know 1
Lesson 1 - Collision Theory and Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction 3
What’s In 3
What’s New: Effect of Surface Area/Particle Size of the Reactants 4
What is It 5
What’s New: Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates 6
What is it 7
What’s New: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates 7
What is it 8
What’s New: Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rates 9
What is it 9
What’s More: Identifying Scenarios 10
What’s More: Real-life Applications 11
What I Have Learned: True or False 11
What I Can Do 12
Assessment 13
Key to Answers 15
References 16
iv
What This Module is About
This module discusses how the collision theory is used to explain the effects
of concentration, temperature, particle size, and the presence of catalyst on the
reaction rate. Understanding the concepts in this module will enable
us to explain the chemical changes that are happening around us in our daily lives.
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Use simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration, temperature,
and particle size on the rate of reaction (S11/12PS-IIIf-23)
2. Define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate (S11/12PS-IIIf-24)
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
v
Icons of this Module
6
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What do you call the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical
reaction?
A. Activation energy. C. Reaction mechanism energy
B. Energy of the reaction. D. The entropy of reaction
2. Which statement best describes the Collision theory?
A. All collisions lead to chemical reactions.
B. Most collisions lead to chemical reactions.
C. Very few reactions involve particle collisions.
D. Effective collisions lead to chemical reactions.
3. Which is/are necessary for successful collisions to occur?
I. Favorable collision geometry.
II. Sufficient kinetic energy.
III. Large change in enthalpy (∆H).
A. I only C. II and III only
B. I and II only D. I, II, and III
4. Which of the following will decrease the number of effective collisions during a
chemical reaction?
A. Adding a catalyst. C. Decreasing the temperature.
B. Increasing the surface area. D. Increasing reactant concentrations.
5. Which of the following will increase the reaction rate?
A. Adding a catalyst
B. Decreasing temperature
C. Using lumps instead of powder
D. Decreasing the concentration of an acid
6. Crushing a solid into a powder will increase the reaction rate. Why?
A. The particles will collide with more energy.
B. The powdered form has more surface area.
C. The activation energy barrier will be lowered.
D. The orientation of colliding particles will be improved.
7
7. Why does increasing the temperature of the reactants increase the reaction rate?
A. Heat energy increases the size of the molecules of reactants, and therefore
the molecules react more frequently.
B. Heat energy helps to lower the amount of overall energy that is required for
the reaction to occur.
C. Heat energy causes some of the reactants to evaporate, thereby increasing
the concentration of the reactants.
D. Heat energy causes the particles of the reactants to move faster, therefore,
react with each other more frequently.
8. Enzymes are an important component of the human body. Most chemical
reactions do not occur or will proceed slowly without enzymes. What are
enzymes?
A. Biological Catalyst
B. Simple elements
C. Chemicals that increase the surface area
D. Molecules used to increase concentration.
9. How does a catalyst makes a chemical reaction faster?
A. It makes lower energy pathways available.
B. It increases the concentration of products.
C. It increases the concentration of the reactants.
D. It binds to enzymes to release substrate.
10. What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
A. It evaporates.
B. It remains unchanged.
C. It is incorporated into the reactants.
D. It is incorporated into the products.
8
Collision Theory and the
Lesson
Factors Affecting Reaction
1
Rate
What’s In
Chemical reactions are all around us. We witness it every day- combustion,
digestion, photosynthesis, cooking, and many more. Have you ever wondered what
causes a chemical reaction? What is needed for a chemical reaction to occur?
For this lesson, we will discuss the Collision Theory that provides a qualitative
explanation of chemical reactions and the rates at which they occur. It explains why
some chemical reactions are faster while others are slow.
This theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles
(atoms or molecules) must effectively collide. Effective collision means that
reactants collide with each other with sufficient energy (known as the activation
energy) and proper orientation. The absence of any one of these factors will not
result in a chemical reaction.
The Collision Theory further tells us that the rate of a chemical reaction is
proportional to the number of successful collisions between the molecules of the
reactants. The more often reactant molecules collide effectively, the more often they
react with one another and the faster the reaction rate.
Activation Energy- the minimum amount of energy used to initiate a
chemical reaction. If the reactant particles do not possess the required activation
energy when they collide, they simply bounce off each other without reacting.
Figure 1. Combustion of LPG Gas- a chemical Figure 2. Rusting of Iron- a chemical reaction
reaction with a fast reaction rate. with a slow reaction rate.
9
Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
Chemical reactions proceed at different rates. Some reactions can happen at
very fast rates like the combustion of LPG gas in kitchens, while others may occur at
a slower rate over several years like the rusting of iron.
There are four (4) factors that affect the speed of a chemical reaction. These
are the (1) surface area/particle size of the reactants, (2) concentration of the
reactants, (3) temperature, and (4) the presence of catalysts. The collision theory
is used to explain the effects of these factors on the reaction rate.
We will investigate the effects of these factors through activities. These
activities mostly use household materials so that you will be able to perform them
at home.
1. Effect of Surface Area/Particle Size of the Reactants on Reaction Rates
Let us determine the effect of the surface area/ particle size of the reactants on
the reaction rate by doing Activity 5.1
What’s New
Activity 5.1 The Effect of Surface Area/ Particle Size on Reaction Rates
Objective: Investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction.
Materials:
2 Similar cups
2 effervescent tablets ((E.q. Alka seltzer tablets, Berocca, Panadol, Redoxan) Mortar
and pestle
Stopwatch
Procedure:
Part A. Whole Tablet
1. Fill one cup with 100 mL of room temperature water.
2. Drop one (1) whole effervescent tablet into the cup of water. Record the time the
effervescent tablet completely dissolves. Record data in Table 5.1.
Part B: Powdered Tablet
1. Place one (1) effervescent tablet into a mortar and grind to a fine powder.
2. Transfer the powdered tablet into a container.
3. Fill one cup with 100 mL of room temperature water.
4. Put the powdered tablet in a cup of water. Record the time the effervescent tablet
completely dissolves. Record data in Table 5.1.
10
Table 5.1: The Effect of Surface Area/ Particle Size on Reaction Rates
Reaction Condition Time the tablet was fully Observations
dissolved
Whole effervescent tablet
in a cup of water
powdered effervescent
tablet in a cup of water
Guide Questions:
1. Which reaction is faster? Why?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. How does the surface area/ particle size affect the reaction rate?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
In Activity 5.1 we used various particle sizes to compare the rates of reaction.
You observed that the powdered effervescent tablet dissolves faster in a cup of
water than the whole tablet. Why? Although they have the same mass, they differ in
surface area. Breaking the reactant into smaller pieces increases its surface area
allowing more particles to be available for a collision.
In collision theory, as more particles collide the frequency of collision also
increases and more likely results in a faster reaction rate. The reaction becomes
faster as particles get smaller.
11
2. Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates
The concentration tells us how much solute there is in a solution. Activity 5.2
will help us determine its effect on the reaction rate.
What’s New
Activity 5.2: Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates
Objective: Investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of a
reaction.
Materials:
2 similar cups 6 mL pure Vinegar
1.5 mL of Water 2 spoonful of Baking soda
Procedure:
1. In one cup, use pure vinegar (3mL) and place one spoonful of baking
soda. Record in Table 5.2 the time it takes for the reaction to happen.
2. In another cup, add pure vinegar (1.5mL) and water (1.5 mL) before
you add the spoon full of baking soda. Record reaction time in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates
Concentration Total Time of Reaction Observations
Pure Vinegar
50% vinegar + 50% water
Guide Questions
1. Which reaction had the fastest rate? Why?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Explain what could be occurring at the molecular level in each example. (How
are the molecules moving or acting?)
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Why substances with high concentrations react faster than substances with
low concentrations?
Answer:______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
12
What is It
In Activity 5.2, the pure vinegar has more concentration than the
vinegar solution which makes the reaction rate faster. The rates of many
reactions depend on the concentrations of the reactants. Reaction rates
usually increase when the concentration of one or more of the reactants
increases. Increasing the concentration means more reactant particles are
in a given space (volume) which increases the likelihood of collisions
between them. The increased frequency of collisions results in a faster
reaction rate.
For a chemical reaction to occur, a certain number of energized
molecules must be equal to or greater than the activation energy. As the
concentration increases, the number of molecules with the minimum
energy required also increases, and thus the reaction rate increases.
3. Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
Temperature is the measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an
object. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
What is its effect on the reaction rates? Let us find out in Activity 5.3.
What’s New
Activity 5.3: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
Objective: Investigate the effect of temperature on reaction rates
Materials:
Hot water Cold water
2 clear similar glasses Stopwatch/Timer
Effervescent tablet (E.q. Alka seltzer tablets, Berocca, Panadol, Redoxan)
Procedure:
Part A: Hot Water
1. Fill a clear glass with exactly 100 mL of hot water.
2. Take the temperature of the hot water by using a laboratory thermometer
and record your data in Table 5.3.
3. Drop 1 effervescent tablet into the hot water. Measure the time it takes for the
tablet to fully dissolve. Record your data in Table 5.3.
Part B. Cold Water
1. Fill a clear glass with exactly 100 mL of cold water.
Use the thermometer to take the temperature of the cold water and record it
in Table 5.3.
2. Drop 1 effervescent tablet into the cold water. Measure the time it takes for
the tablet to fully dissolve. Record your data in Table 5.3.
13
Table 5.3: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
Temperature Time the tablet was Observations
of water fully dissolved
Hot water
Cold water
Guide Questions:
1. In which glass of water does the effervescent tablet dissolved faster? Why?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the reactant molecules as you increase the temperature of
the reaction?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How does the temperature affect the reaction rate?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
The effervescent tablet dissolved faster in hot water than in cold water.
Therefore, the reaction rate is directly proportional to the temperature. The reaction
becomes faster as the temperature gets higher.
Increasing the temperature of the reactants increases the kinetic energy that it
possesses causing the particles to move faster. As they move faster, the frequency
of collision between them increases. This gives the reactants enough energy to
overcome the activation energy thus making the reaction faster.
14
4. Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rates
What’s New
Activity 5.4: Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rates
Objective: Investigate the effect of a catalyst on reaction rate
Materials:
Hot water Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
2 Test tubes Manganese dioxide
Procedure:
1. Place 10mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in 2 separate test tubes. Place one
test tube in a hot water bath. Note the rate bubbles form.
2. Add a pinch of manganese dioxide to the second test tube. Note the rate
bubbles form.
Guide Questions:
1. How will you compare the rate at which bubbles were produced?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What happened to the test tube added with manganese dioxide? What do
you call manganese dioxide?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What is a catalyst? How does it affect the reaction rate?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
In Activity 5.4, manganese dioxide catalyzes the reaction. A
catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without
itself being consumed by the reaction. Once the reaction is over, you'd have the
same amount of catalyst as you did at the start.
The addition of a catalyst provides a new reaction pathway that
offers lower activation energy. Lowering the activation energy enables more
reactant molecules to collide with enough energy to overcome the smaller energy
barrier.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions.
15
Table 5.5 Examples of Enzymes
Enzyme Produced Site of Optimum Digestion
by Action pH
CARBOHYDRATE
DIGESTION
Salivary amylase Salivary glands Mouth Neutral Starch+ H2O maltose
Pancreatic amylase Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Starch+ H2O maltose
Maltase Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Maltose+ H2O glucose+ glucose
Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Lactose+ H2O glucose+
Lactase
galactose
PROTEIN DIGESTION
Pepsin Gastric Glands Stomach Acidic Protein+ H2O peptides
Trypsin Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Protein+ H2O peptides
peptidases Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic peptide+ H2O amino acids
NUCLEIC ACID
DIGESTION
Nuclease Pancreas Small Intestine Basic RNA and DNA +H2O nucleotides
Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Nucleotide + H2O base+
Nucleosidases
Sugar + phosphate
FAT DIGESTION
Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Fat droplet + H2O
Lipase
monoglycerides+ fatty acids
What’s More
Activity 5.5: Identifying the Scenarios
Identify whether the following scenarios will increase or decrease the reaction
rate. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.
_____________1. Breaking a reactant into smaller pieces.
_____________2. Increasing the temperature.
_____________3. Putting foods on the fridge.
_____________4. Diluting solutions.
_____________5. Adding heat.
16
What’s More
Activity 5.6: Real-Life Applications
Which factor affecting reaction rate is depicted in each of the following
situation/scenarios. Write your answers in the second column of the table below.
Situation/Scenario Factor Affecting Reaction Rate
1. Protein is broken down in the stomach by the
enzyme pepsin.
2. More bubbles appear when a concentrated
solution of hydrochloric acid is added to a
magnesium strip than when a dilute solution of
the acid is added.
3. Raw potatoes are cut into thin slices for
cooking.
4. Blowing air on a campfire to help get it
going.
5. Grains of sugar dissolve quickly in water.
6. Smaller pieces of charcoal are used to grill
food.
7. Meat is stored in a refrigerator to last longer.
8. Acid rain erodes marble faster.
9. Protease is used to tenderize meat.
10. Leaving a glass of milk on the table causes it
to spoil easily.
What I Have Learned
TRUE or FALSE: Write T if the statement is true and write F when it is false. Write
your answer before each number.
____________1. Collision theory states that particles have to collide with sufficient
energy to react.
____________2. Starter energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a
successful collision.
____________3. Adding heat will increase the reaction rate.
____________4. Grains of sugar has a greater surface area than a cube of
sugar of the same mass.
____________5. Usually lowering the temperature will slow down a reaction.
17
What I Can Do
Activity: Write an essay to explain and justify why understanding collision
theory is relevant in industries.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
18
Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the effect of temperature rise on reaction rate?
A. It increases molecular concentration and slows reaction rate.
B. It increases the number of effective collisions among reactants, thus
increasing the reaction rate.
C. It decreases the system's energy and limits how much further reaction can
take place.
D. It decreases the number of collisions and the energy of molecules to limit
the further reaction.
2. Your Science teacher demonstrates an interesting chemical reaction in your
class. The teacher dissolves zinc strips to a container with concentrated
hydrochloric acid. The teacher then added more hydrochloric acid in the
container and added more pieces of zinc strips. What factor will NOT affect the
reaction rate?
A. The amount of hydrochloric acid. C. The concentration of reactants.
B. The surface area of the Zinc. D. The size of the container.
3. When the concentration of reactant molecules increases, the rate of reaction
increases. What is the best explanation for this? As the reactant concentration
increases,
A. the rate constant increases.
B. the activation energy increases.
C. the average kinetic energy of molecules increases.
D. the frequency of molecular collisions increases.
4. What does a catalyst do?
A. Stabilises a reaction
B. Cools the reaction down
C. Increases the rate of reaction
D. Increases the concentration of the reaction
5. It helps to speed up a reaction but does not take part in the chemical reaction.
A. Catalyst B. Coefficient C. Combustion D. Reactants
6. Which among these conditions will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
A. Increased temperature and decreased concentration of reactants.
B. Increased temperature and increased concentration of reactants.
C. Decreased temperature and decreased concentration of reactants.
D. Decreased temperature and increased concentration of reactants.
7. Grinding a seltzer tablet into powder increases the rate of reaction due to
increased
A. Concentration B. Reactants C. Surface area D. Temperature
19
8. Why are many types of foods stored in refrigerators?
A. At lower temperatures, the chemical reactions that spoil food occur slower
than usual.
B. Refrigerators also contain enzymes that slow the rate of reactions that spoil
the food.
C. The volume inside the refrigerator decreases the concentration of the food
particles, allowing them to decompose more slowly.
D. Bacteria do not grow well in dark places.
9. Which of the following substances act as catalysts in the body?
A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. nucleic acids D. enzymes
10. A chemical reaction with a fast reaction rate
A. combustion of LPG Gas
B. rusting of iron
C. rusting of water pipe
D. a piece of newspaper turning yellow
20
21
What’s More
1.increases
2.increases
3.decreases
4.decreases
5. increases
What’s More
1. catalyst
2. concentration
3. surface area
Assessment 4. concentration What I Know
5. surface area
1.B 6. surface area 1.A
2.D 7. temperature 2.D
3.D 8. concentration 3.B
4.C 9. catalyst 4.C
5.A 10. temperature 5.A
6.B 6.B
7.C What I Have Learned 7.D
8.A 1. T 8.A
9.D 2. F 9.A
10.A 3. T 10.B
4. T
5. T
Answer Key
References
Books
Chang, Raymond. Essential Chemistry. Reprint, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Dapul,Gian Karlo R.,Salazar, Maria Kristina. Teaching Guide for Senior High School
Physical Science Quezon City, Philippines: Commission on Higher Education.
2016.
Valdoz, Meliza, Marites Aquino, Jonna Biong, and Mylene Andaya. Science Links
Worktext For Scientific And Technological Literacy. Manila: Rex Bookstore,
Inc. 2017.
Website
Lawson, Peggy, and Stephen Lower. "The Collision Theory". Chemistry Libretexts,
2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_T
extbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Kinetics/Modeling_Reaction_
Kinetics/Collision_Theory/The_Collision_Theory.
"Topic 6.1: Digestion And Absorption". AMAZING WORLD OF SCIENCE WITH MR.
GREEN, 2020. https://www.mrgscience.com/topic-61-digestion-and-absorption.html.
22
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