Units and Measurements
Units and Measurements
l. I
Introduction t.6 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
1.2 System of Units t.'l Accuracy, Precision and Uncenainty irl
1.3 Measurementof Length Measurements
1.4 Measurement of Mass 1.8 Errors in Measuremcnls
ro
1.5 Measurement of Time I.9 Significant Figures
I
std. Xl Sci.: Pre.ise Phyii.s
Q.5, whet rre fundrmentrl unitr? Sarte the S.l' .. solid angle subtended by entirc sphere at
units of 3even fundametrtal qoantitiB.
Ans: Fundsmentd [nits:
its centre is O = {t- =4n".
The unib used b measure funtlamental
qua tities lre called fundanental u its- Q.7. Dedve the rehdon between r.diro rnd
S.I. Units of fundamental quantities: degree. Alm find out l" rnd l' in term! of
th€lr respectlve vrlues in rrdlsn'
l'undamenlol Sl tlnits
\anre Slmhol (Trke ,t = 3.1416)
qoanait\
Lengrh metrc
:
Mass kilogra'n kg 2 ,1" 360'
TiniL' sccoDd n'= 180'
hlcctric.urrLnt lmperc
'Ihcrmodynrmic kelrin K ',. = lgr = _]!L
3.1416
= 57 2e6.
'm/sl '.^/"1
Unitoftime
Unit: Steradian (sr) t-
d. Ixnoted as (O) Momentum Unit of mass kg rn/s g cm's
t
Std. Xlsci.: Pre.ise
4
1: Units and Measurements
iv. If distance bclween the E3rth and planet or = 5.?5 x lO{ rad
d = 5.75 x lla x 5'7.291 x 60 x 60 arcsec
slar (D) is known. a = -D ....(converting mdian into ircsecond)
v. This relation gives, d = a D = l.lt6 rrclec
Thus, diameter (d) of planet or star can b€ Ani: Parallax is l.lt6.rcaec
determined. +Q.22.The mooll b rt a dbtrnce of 3.84 x 103 m
frcm the Errth, If viewed from two
Q.19, Llst .nd expl.in iome unl& ured by di.mctrically opposite pofuts on the Eerth,
rstronomeru for melsurlng lrrge dbtrnc€s.
the .ngle subteoded rt the moon is 1"54'.
Ans: For masuring large distances, astronomers Whrt ls the dlrmeter of the E.nh?
use the following units. Soluion:
i. The astronomical unit (AU) is the mean Given: Distance (D) = 3-84 x lO3 m
distance betwcen the cenEe of the Eanh and Subtend€d angle (cr)
the centre of lhe Sun. l'
= 54' = (60' + 54') = I 14'
I astronomical unit, (AU) = 1.496 x l0'r m ,
= I 14 , 2.91 l0r rad
ii. A light year is the distsnce Eavelled by light in i
=3.317 l0 rad
:
one year. I light year = 9.46 , l0r5 m ToJind: Diameter ofEanh (d)
iii. A parsec (pc) is the distance from where Fornula: d = aD
I AU subtends an angle of I s€cond ofarc. Calculation: Fromformula.
r= IAU _ l.496xl0rr =3.08x 10'6m d = 3.317 x l0rx3.84x 103
(l')' a.8a7 i l0 6 = 1.274 x l0l m
I p6,sec (pc) = 3.08 x I 0'6 m = 3.26 lighr year-; An3: Diameier ofEanh is 1.27{ x l0? m.
iQ.23. Wh€n thc phnet Jupiter is rt a distrnce of
Q.20. Nrne the devices used to nersure very
smrll diltrnces such Is rtomlc size. 824.7 milion kilometres from the ErrtlL it
Ans: Devices used arc: El€ctson micmscope, rngrLr dirDeter is me,Bured to b€ 35.72" of
tunnelling elecron microscop€. rrc. Crlcuhie th€ dirmeter ofthe Jupiter.
1.4 Measurementofllrss
Two opposite points A and I along the orbil
Q.24.Erpl.in the merhod lo measure masr.
of the Esrth arc 2 AU apa( The angle Ans: Method for mersurement of mass:
subtended by AB at the position ofthe star is i. Mass, until recently. was measured *ith a
AB standard mass of the inlemational prototlpe of
distaice ofthe star tom dr Eadl the kiloSram (a platinum-iridium alloy cylinder)
_ 2AU 2'1.4%,10" - 2.9p2xl0tl kept at intemational Burcau of Weighb and
MessurEs, at Serles, nefi Paris, France.
5.5ty 5.5x9.45x ldr 5.5x9.46x ld!
ii. As platinum - iridium piece was seen to pick
= antilog{lo8(2.992) - los(5.5) - los(9.46)}
up micropanicles and fbund to be affected by
x l0l atrnospherc, its mass could no longer be
= antilog{0.4761 0.74M 0.9759} x l0r treat€d as co.stant,
= sntilos{r.759E} x l0r iii. Hence. a new definition ofrnass was introduced
= 5.?51 x t0-2 x l0r in tem)s ofelecric current on 2Ou May 2019.
I
Std. Xl s.i.: P.ecise Physi.s
iv. Now, one kilogram mass is described in tems 1.6 Dimenslons snd Dimensional {nrlysis
of amount of current which has to be passed
thrcugh electromagnet to pull one side of Q.26. Delioe dlmeNioDr rnd dlmensloral formuh
extremely sensitive balance !o balance lhe of phyllc.l qurntltler. Give few etamples of
other side which holds one slandard kg mass. diDerNlon.l forEula.
To measue mass of small entities such as atoms
and nucleus, alomic mass unit (amu) is us€d. l. I)imenslotr!:
The dirnensiotlt of o physical guantily ale lhe
lr i. de6nert ac [ .r J mass ofan unexcited arom powers lo which the lundamental units must be
\12/
ofcarton l2 (Clr). I amu- 1.66 x l0 rr
kg
ruised fi onl to obtoin the unit of a Siven
physicalq antity.
1.5 Measurement of 'I ime
ii. Dimerslondformul.:
When arry de wd quantily is represenled v)ith
Q.25, Defioe mean iohr dry. ExDlair the method aPPropriote pov)en ol synbols of the
for mearuremetrt of time. Iundanental quontities, such an erpression ie
Ans: cal led dine N ional lornula.
i. A mean solar day is the average tine intenal It is expressed by square bmcket with no
from one noon to the next noon. comma in between the symbols.
Method for measureDart of tlm€: Iti. f,r.mple. of diDeNlontl formul.i
ii. The unit of time. the s€cond, was considered DsIrE
____-
I
a. Soeed:
'
iobe:86400 of the mean solar dav. where
tlrYE
ff] = r'u"rr't
as well as the frequency is maintained through
=
four caesium stomic clocks.
Tlfl*
Momenrum Mass . VelNir) I kg-ml.
tlrM 'r rl
Impulse force, rime lL \1 T l
lcnuerlrure ( I
( hrrgr
)
:f tt ly,.lr l rLl4I{I
_( rrent ! i re
1 I c (coulomb) If" M'T'A'l
Resisrance : potefltial difi€rqE cl (ohm) IL'M' r\ '1
Frequency : I
Cunent
t, I
i
I rme
L
fv r""r,l rA rl
tL: t\4 T
lNote: Students c.rn write 0 lot ternperature instead ofK and I /ot currcnt insteod oJ A in dinensional fornula.l
*Q.27. What are the dimensions of thc quantity
Q.29. Strte the uses ofdimenslonrl anrlysis.
AIls: Uses ofdim€dsionrl rnrlysisr
4//g, I 5,s1ag th€ tengrh rnd g the
i. To check the correctness of a physical
acccleratioo due to gravity? equation.
Aos: Quanrity =/x
I ..(i) ii. To derive the relationship between related
E physical quantities.
:r-r, tr 'r:Erxrrr =rl,rl ii. For example, consider the equation ofmotion.
....( l )
rlfi Writing the dimemional fomula of every
lNote: When power of synbol expressing tenq we get
.fundanenral quanrity appearing in dimensio al Dimensions of L.H.S. [v] = tL'M"11l,
lbrnula is not siwn, it is taken as l.l Dimensions of R.H.S. = [ul + [a1]
rFr=M'l .l.1l
ll
The col'tant ol proportionality'C'is NOT
dinensionless. Thus, nerhod of dinensional
= tL'M'r I
Electaic charge. e = current x time
anal$is nill not
'ork. tel : tl'r'l
Explana,ion lor poirrt (iv): distaft:e
I
wfi nandatd ttnbol\, the cquation \ -al
is dinensionully correct. Howerer, the
1.
- r,r=[i]=rL'r'r
n'mDletc cdudti,,n 6. s= ti + -al'
Now,tBl=[rl=
Le"l
Solvcd Eramplcs ---------a ... tBl = ILoM'r' rI
lNole: The ansu/er giwn abore is calctlote.l in
Q32. lf length forc€ 'F' rnd time 'T' rre
'L', accordance with textual n ethod considering the
t.ken rs fundamentrl qurDtities, wh.a
would be the dimensionrl equrtlon of mrss
.nd d€nsity? *Q.34. Derive the formul. of kloctlc eDergy of .
Solurion: prrtlcle h.virg m..s 'm' ltrd veloclty 'vi
i. Force = Mass x Accelemlion using dlmemioDrl aDrlysi!,
Solation:
Mass: Kinetic €ner$/ of a body depends upon mass
Dimensional equation of mass
(m) and velocity (v) of rhe My.
LaK.E. < m'vY
Di"*sonsor rorcetFl K.E. = km*vY ....(l )
D'mensions of accel€ntion
LLT 'l
k b"t"S
--[i]=n''"
is essumed to be
t r - l'[ r r, l'I r.l''
=n,Le.lLGlL;l
dimensionless. ""**,
Dimensions of L.H.S. = [v] = [Lrr'] .. !'=4.2 g'-'l=
#
nirnension of n.n.S. =
[.,6] Ao!: The magritude of a calorie in terms of the new
= tl.r1,,, , tlt,, 1!L
u,'is y i" .
= lL'l-'l'" dt'
=E'r'l
As, [L.H.s.] = [R.H.s.], Q3& The vdrc of C in C.GS ryrtem 13
+ v = k !6h is dimensionally conect equation. 5.67 x l0{ dyne cmr g-'. C.lcul.te tts vrlue
ln S.l. ryitem.
iQJ6, v - rt + -L. ".i. . dlme$lon.lly v.tid Sohlio/,':
Dimensional formula of giavitational constant
eqlr.tiotr- Obt ln thc dlnamlon.l formulr =1trr'r!
for & b rnd c where v lr ycloclty, t i! dme
rnd v. k lnlthl valocity. Dimension-
L
:l
Dimension-
5r1raXrr.' 6;r"n u= -L * ,^ ; lLlM, 'r, lL!M,'r,'l
"1* t+c Lr=lcm I L2= I m= l00cm
As only dimensionally identical quantiti4 can Mr=18 Mr = I kg= 1000 g
be added tog€ther or subt acted from each Tr=!!- T:= I s
other, each term olr R.H.S. has dimensions of 3
L.H.S. i.e., dimensions of velociry. 6.67 x 10 d)'ne cmz g-'?
.. tl.H.s.t tvl = tLrT 'l
= = Conversion factor (n) x Nmz kg-2 ....( | )
This means, [at] = [v] = [Lrrr] :. 6.61\ ro" Fl Miri]=
", [qM,
r]]
Given, t = time h5s dimension [T'l
n:6.67 x l0 s IL,l'fu,l'fr,l
., I"r= qF=Hi=[ur]=u.'ru"r1 l'.lL",l Lal
Similarly, Icl = ttl = tTl - tl,hrtrl n=667xt03 rrm I !8 L!
cml I rooo B]
lr no
Q.42. Lfut rersons thrt m.y intrcduce porsiblc ii. For example, while measuring the length ofan
utrcertalndcs in an obs€rvrtlon. object with a ruler, it is necessary to look at
Possible uncertainties in an observation may the ruler fiom dircctly above- lf the observer
a lo following reasons:
se due looks at it from an angle, the measured length
i. Quality of instrument used, uill be wrong due lo paralla\.
ii. Skill oflhe person doing the experiment, Q.4t. Whrl k nndom erlor (.ccidentrl)?
iii. The method used for measurement, AIls:
iv. Extemal or intemal factors atT€cting rhe resuh i- Rrtrdom error (.ccidetrtrl):
of the experiment, fhe errors whrch are caused due to minutc
change in experimental conditions like
l.E Error! in Measuremenls temperalure! pressure change in gas or
flucnlation in voltage, while the experiment is
Q.43. Whst is rn error? b€ing performed are called mndom enors.
Ans: The difference between measured value and ii. They can be positive or negative.
lrue value of a physical quantity is callcd iii. Random ermr cannot be eliminated completely
bui can be minimized by taking multiple
Whrt h systematlc error? Chssify errors obsenations and calculatinB lheir mean.
Q.,14,
into dilteretrt c.tegories. Q.49, St t€ getrelrl methods to minimise effect of
Ans: systemadc errors.
i. Systemalic errors ore errors thal arc nol Ans: Methods to mlnimise efTect of syst€mrtlc
deternined by chonce but ore intuduced hv erront:
an inaccTtracy (involving either the i. By using correct instrumenl.
obsenation or measuremenl process) inherent ii. Following proper experimental procedure.
iii. Removing personal error.
Q.50, DefiDe the lermi: tNot : Consideting conceptual conrpntio$ question
i. Arithmetlc maan is nodilied ro tufne percentoge error and not mean
r . Absolute efior
rlll. M€rn rholut€ €rror
rlv. Relrtive error Q.51, Whrt does r = r--.
r*.n signify?
+A
*v. PerceDtage error An3: a= aftd6a,l* signifies that the actual value
+
lgnoring term
AA x IB I am.r. = --
A B,
AZ=+ AA + _AB ii. Aa": , ,
ZAB - Aa.+Aa- + Aa^ + Aa-
iii. Aa-."": -1 r -r
LZ
This ei\es rbur oossible \dlue. of
, AB\I AA aB f AA \B\
r!. Percentage error = ar4 ' 100
l^^a "ll ; ull " Calaiation: From formula (i),
f AA AB\ 3.ll+3.13+3.14+3.14
L--+-l
A Bl 4
A7 AA AI]
.'. Marrmum relali\ e error ol - = 3.13 cm
ZAB From formula (ii),
ii. Thus, uhen nlo quantiries are divided. the Aar = 13.13 - 3.11 =0.02 cm
ma\imum relative error in the result is the sum Aa, = 3.13 - 3.13 =0
ofrelative erors in each quantity.
Aar = 3.13 - 3.14 = 0.01 cm
Q,57. Explain erroft due to power (index) of = 3.14 = 0.01 cm
mersur€d quentity.
Aar 3.13 -
From formula (iii),
Ansl Errors due to the power (inder) of
measured quintity: 0.02+0+0.01+ 0.01
i. Suppo.se
Z=Ar=A xAxA = 0.01 cm
1: Unita and Measurements
To/ind: i.
ii.
Absolute error (4a.",")
Relative enor
iv. Relarive error = qrE
iii. Percentage error v. Percentage error = relali\c error
Forn lt i.
x 10002
1
ii. Aa" = a-.,. ra From formula (i).
j6r'r\J (1'l ' 4rr, t r(
dar+6a:+Aar+&.
4 = !;!
5
= s.tiz ri
iv. Relative eror = From lbrmula (ii).
Absolute crrors:
Percentage enor = 434ss! x loo% dar= a,n""n - a, = 5.472 5.63 =0.158
Aar= a.*. - a, = 5.472 5.54 =0.068
Aar= a..." - ar - 5.412 5.44 = 0.032
From fomula (i), Aa.: a*, tu = 5.472 - 5.401 = 0.072
6.12+6.6 +6.22+6.15 _24.58 Aa5 = a.*" a5 - 5.112 - 5.35 =0.122
4 From formula (ii).
= 6.l45cm 0. 158 + 0.068 + 0.032 +0.072 +0.122
Fmm formula (ii),
Aar = 16.145 - 6.12 =0.025 0.452
Aar=i6.145 -6.09 -0.055 = 5 = 0.0904 m
Aar = 16.145 - 6.221 = 0.075
iii. From formula (;ii).
0 (alt
= 16.145 6.151 = 0.005
^aa
From formul. (iii), Relative enor : :::- : 1.652 x l0 r
5 472
0.(ll5 + 0.055 + 0.075 + 0.005 0.160
(after rounding ol] to correct significant
.1 l disits)
0.0.1 o = 1.66 x l0r=0.0t66
Frorn formula (iv), .. Percentage error = 1.66r l0:x 100=1.6670
OM Ans: i. The mean valuc is 5.4?2 m.
Relative eiror =
6.145
= 0.0055 n ii. The mean absolutc c.ror is 0.0904 m.
From formula (v), - iii. The relati\e error is 0.0I66.
Perc€ntage error = 0.0065 x 100 0.65% : iv. The pcrcentage error is 1.6670
Alr3: i. Th€ mean absolute error is 0.04 tr). [Note: Answer b relative error is tounded olFusins
ii. The relative error is 0,m65 (L rules ofsisniJicant lisurcs and ol tomrii g qfi:l
I
Std, Xl Sci.: Precise
*Q.61, The mrsses of two bodies &re me&sured lo Now, Percentage grror in X
be 15.7 + 0.2 kg and 27.3 + 0,3 kg. What is 1d" .li!.' o' . I4!1. roo",
the total mass ofthe two rnd the error in it? a b I c 2 Jl
Civen: A+AA=15.7+0.2kgand l(a.2t-lr'JJ l't;-l'2'l I roo""
F
2r/a. 3oh, 39/o aod 1Yo- !olume is 77..
1: Units and Meairrements
-.v.m.
*Q.66. u
lf Itrc
the length
rctrgln of a
or cyliEder rl
. cylEoer i! , - C d/crlarrbl,. From formula (i).
(4.00 + 0.00f) cm, ndlut r = (0.0250 +
T2 = 4nrltg.
0,001) crir .Dd E.rs m = (6.25 + 0.01) g.
Crlculrte the p$centate error ln the ....(Squaring borh sides)
determlnrdon of deNity.
Solation: -'l-
Giyen: / = (4.00+ 0.001) cm,
In ords to have same prEcision. we 'vlr &d2AT
use, (4.000 + 0.00t),
r= (0.0250 + 0.001) cm, .. .{Usrng resulL from enor rn dr\rsionr
In order to have same prccision, we From formula (ii).
use, (0.025 + 0.001)
m= (6.25 + 0.01) s Percenraqe error
- = l{t * l4Il^
Tl ,r,
To lind: percentage ermr in dcnsity
= /0.t +_
2^u(,tl
^loo
AV 2Ar 6/ !002)
, Relatrve eftor in v6t'me'V '- I
-=- t = (0 001 + 0.01) x I00
....('. Volume of cylinder, V =,!10 = t.t yr
x. Relatrve erlor
AD Am
r=-+_ AV Percentage error in measurement ofg is l.l7o.
pmv
1.9 Sigoilicrntfigures
i""'(il,
''''["' DensitYlPl=votum.(v, f
Q.6E.iDcscribe what is mernt by signiffccna figures.
iii. Percentage error = Relative enor x 100% State th€ rules for determining signilicrnt
Calculalion: figures.
From formuloe (i) snd (ii), Ans: Signilicrntfigures:
.. Ap
=49*&*d i. Signilicant trgures ih the measurcd vdlue oj u
pmtl physical ttuantit) is the sum of reliahte digits
0.01 . 2(0.mr) a d the li$t unce ain digit.
. 0.001
6.25 0.025 4.000 OR
= 0.0016 + 0.O8 + 0.00025 The nlnber of digits in a neasurement obout
= 0.08185 which u'e are cerlein, plus ore additional
From formula (iii), digit, the Jirst one about u,hich yte are not
certain is *ravn a signficant figures or
% enor in densilY = 49 ' 166 signiftcant digi.s.
p
ii. Larger the number ofsignificant figures obtaiDed
= 0.08185 x 100 in a measurcment, grcater is the accuracy ofthe
= t.lt5ol. measuemen! The rcvefse is also tsue.
Ans: Percentage error in density is t.lts./., iii Ifone uses lhe inststmen! of srnaller leasl counl
+Q.67. The rccelentlon due to grryity ts the number ofsignificani digits increases.
determltred by uslng a Blmple pendulum Rul€s for determining slg[ificant llgures:
of lenSth , = (t00 1 0.1) cm. If iti tlme All the non-zero digits are significant, for
perlod is T = (2 + 0.01) s, fiDd the example if the volume of an objecl is
mrllmum percaoiage arror ir the l7E.4l cmr, there are fi\e simificant dig,ls
ocl!uremetrt ofg. which are 1,7,8,4 and 3.
Solaion: All the zeros between two nonz€ro digits are
Given: A.r - 0.1 cm, a = 100 cnl" AT:0.01 s. siSnificant, eg., m = 165.02 g has 5 significa
T=2s digits.
fofind: Perceniageerror iii. lf the number is less than l. the zeaalzerc€s on
Formulae: i. T=2^ the right of the decimal point aid to the left of
dle 6-rst non"Ero digir arE nol significrnl e.g. in
&\lm
_ 0.@1405, fre underlined zems arc not
ll, Percenhge ermr= sigDificant. Thus the above nuntrr has four
c
sigaificant digiis.
I
Std. xlS.i.: Precise
iv. The zercs on the ;ght hand side of the last Exrmples:
nonzero number are significant (but for this, i. Speed oflight in air = 3 ' l0r nvs
the number must be written with a decimal .'- order ofqagnitude: 8
poino, e.g. 1.500 or 001500 both have 4 rlkg
signifi cant fi gures each.
ii. Mass ofan electron = 9.1 " I0
ro
On the contrary, if a measuremenl
yields = 0.91 x l0 ks
length L given as L = 125 m = 12500 cm = .. Ordcr of masnitude = 30
125000 mm, it has only three significant
digits.
Solved Examples ---------a
*Q.69. writ€ down the number of 3ignlficrnt
fisurer in tbe fo[o*lng: 0.003 n', 0.12$ g Q.?2. Add 7.21, l2.l4l .nd 0.0026 rnd express the
c; r,6.4 x 10' E, 1.6 x 10 " c,9.r , l0i' kg. result to rn sPpropriste number of
Ans: signllicrnt figures.
Solution:
7.21
+ l2 l4l
+ 0.0028
0.1250 g cm '? l9.l5lE
Sufr =
6.4 x 106 m Rule no. i. lrl rhe given problem, minimum number o!'
t.6x10pC 2 digits after decimal is 2.
9.1 ,10
rr
kg 2 Rule no. i. ." Result will be rounded off upto l\ o Places of
decimal.
roundlrg olfnumbers.
Q.?0. State thc rlrIe3 for Ans: Corrected rounded offsum is 19.35
An3: Rule! for rou[ding-off the ouEber3:
Wtile rounding-off numbe$ in mssurement,
*Q.73.The dirmeter of s sphere is 2.14 cm.
following rules are applied. Cslculste the volume of the sphere to the
correct number of significrnt figures.
i. If lhe digil to be dropped is smaller than 5,
then the preceding digit should be lefi 4.
Ans: Volume ofsphere =
unchanged. eg. 7.34 is round€d-offto 7.3. Irr
ii. Ifthe digit to be dmpped is greater dlan 5, then _ o^r,or. i''
the preceding digit should be raised by l. 1 l)l
eg. 17.26 is rounded-offto 17.3
iii. lf the digit to be dropped is 5 follow€d by i. '= !l
:l
digils other than zero, then the preceding digit I
should be mised by L
eg. 7.351, on being rounded-off to first - 4- . 1.142 .r1.0'r'
' decimal becomes 7.4.
= 1.333 x 1.142 x (1.07)r
iv. Ifthe digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by
zero, then the preceding digit is not changed if = lanlilog uog (l.3ll)
it is even, + log(3.142) + 3 log(1.07)l)
eg. 3.45, on being rounded-off becornes 3.4. = lantilog [0.1249 + 0.4972
v. Ifthe digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by + 3 (0.0294)lI
zeros; then the preceding digit is raised by I if = {antilog [0.6221
it is odd. e9.3.35, on being rounded-off
+ 0.08821)
becomes 3.4.
= lamilo8 [0.7103]]
Q.71.
rDesarib€ whrt fu mernt by order of = 5.ll3cmr
magnltude.
In multiplication or division. the linal result
Erpl.ln wlth sult ble errmpl$.
relarn ai mdny srgn,licant igures as
Aor: Order of m.gnltude: 'hould
thcre are in rhe original number with $e least
The magnitude of any physical quantity can be significant ligures.
express€d as A x 10tr wherc 'A' is a number
such that 0.5 S A < 5 tben. n' is an integer
.. Volume in coffecl significanl figures
called the ordcr of mrgnitudc.
:5.13 crnr
l=I
l: Unlts and Measurcments
*Q.14.The length, bre.dth snd thlckDess iQ.75. NrcLar rrdiui R hrs N dependeNe on lhe
of s
rectangrhr 3hcet of meid are 4.234 m, m.tr trumber (A) ss R =1.3 x 10-!6A18 m.
1.005 m rnd 2.01 cm respectlv€ly. Give th€ For r nucleus of mrss number A = l2S.
arer and volum€ of the she€t to correct obtrh lte order of mrgnitude of R
signlficrnt ligures. erpre3sd ln metre.
Solution: Am: R= 1.3 x lO 16 x AIlr m
Gi'cn: i:4.234 m, b: 1.005 m. For A = 125
16
R = l.3 x l0 x (125)r'r
l=2.01 cm=2.01 x l0 2m=0-0201 m
ToJind: i. Area of
sheet lo correcr
=l.3xl0'6x5
significant figures (A)
=6.5x10'6
=0.65xl015m
ii. Volume of sheet to corEct .. = 15
Order ofmagnitude
significsrt figues (V) Taking the standard wlue of nucleat
[No,.:
A=2(/b+bt+t/) ra.lius R = 1.3 x t0|s n, he order oJ
ii. nagniude cones n be t 0 )a n.J
iQ.76,A lrrge bau 2 m in r.diu3 is trrrde up of a
From fomula (i), ropc of lqlr.re cross sectiotr with dga
A = 2(4.234 x 1.005 + 1.005 length 4 mm. Neglecting th€ elr grD3 in thc
bru wh.t lr Oe tot l lergth of the rope ao
x 0.020t + 0.0201 x 4.234)
the llerre,t order of m.gnltude?
= 2([antilog(log 4.234 + logl.005) Atrs: Volume oftrall = Volume enclosed by rope.
+ antilog(lo8 1.005 + log0.020t) 4
,t (radius)'- Are3 ofcross-secliotr ofrope
+
anrilog(log 0.0201 + log 4.23411 t
= 2{[anrilos(0.6267 + 0.0021) x length ofrope.
+ antiloS(0.0021 + ,.3010) 4,
+ antitog ( r.3ol0 + 0.6267)ll
.. lenglh ofrorr / = L
A
=2 {[antilog(0.6288) + sntilog Given:r=2mand
(t.3o3 t) + anrilos(, .9277)l)
tuEa=A=4x4=16mm2
= t6 x 10-6 m'?
= 2 [4.254 + 0.02(09 + 0.0a467)
= 214.358761
. , 4(1.142.2' 1.142\2
3x l6x I0' 3
= a.7fi52m'z r2x106m.
ln c.nect signific&t figurc, .. Tolsl length of rope rc fie nsresl order of
A = t.?2 m2 magnitude=10'm=l0rkm
From fonnula (ii),
V = 4.234 x 1.005 x 0.0201
= sntilog log (4.234) + log ( 1.005)
+ loc (0.020t)l
= antilog [0.6269 + O.OO2| + i .30321
= aDrilog [0.6288 + ,.3032]
= antilog [, .9320]
= 8.551 x l0 '?
= 0.OE55lml
In correct significant figure (rourding ofi),
V = 0.l)66 m3
Ana: i. Area of sheet to conEct significrnt
figures is t.?2 m'1.
ii- Volum€ of shcet to con€ct significant
figurcs is 0.0t6 m3.
tNoE: The gi\en solution is aftiyed to by
considering a rectangular $heet.l
17
l ! rxlanrc. ral qortntrrr.\
pos\*s Denled
..:f --. - --*'j:-
tundamenBl l'merre(Lengrhr
i \la* I
liI'!rdn (vassl
krklgram
Dimelsrol:, Signrficanr figures & '
. sccond (t,!ne)
. _ order of macn iludc
i
, l!{i to l#;-e.,j=r
tezai:2--;,iii.--:)t I t. dnrFr<
4rFrE r\{( ur
un.nuU
ffi
ffi --^, i lsmulauaoo" l'
telvin tTemperaruret I
kl:*'"llr:x'"".,:::'nfl,i
fE.;"f
ideall) should
f .l a,*"",;J+-{E*,*ii
Syslemaric
l]"**0*
- @ I in experimental
I
]
I
I eb*t*.,*, ll uean atsolua enor Relative enor I r"roote...t Combinarion
I &- ' roou"
I I
Aa,.
I
L ot errors
l
l
I ^" -
".r ll --"'" ^4, n I
L '-l l"-l I
IL =-!io" I
"=',_l
1. Dirmeter of pl.net/strr: d = cr D.
Average vrlu€ or lttean vrlue:
**= "
8.
6. Psrrlhx angl€: 0=
b 13. lf Z= AtB. then maximum eror:
F
D 62=t(dA+AB)
1: Units and Measurements
A 10. Find lhe conversion factor between S.l. and
14. l[Z=ABorZ=] lhen,
CCS unirs o, lbrce usin! drmensronalanaly\i..
Conversion factor= l0' r e - I N = t0' dlne
rlA AB I
^Z
Z \ B) ll. Find the dimensionut ut
^ kinematical equations: "oo""tr"..
15. IfZ A'n r 8". then error in measLrrcmcnl:
LZ TTLAA n B Reler Q.J0.
ZAB
12. the ralue of C in C.U.S ivsrcm i\
l": V..ious prelkes to erprers r physic.l
qurntity:
6.67 6
x I0 :.
dyne cm: g Calculare rrs,atur
in S.l. system.
I'
6.6?
" to N mrAgl
of l0 1.7 Accuracy, Precision end Uncerteinty in
ll) ' Measur€m€nts
to-, 13. What are the reasons thar may introduce
ycg lo-i' possible uncertainties io an observation?
Kilo io'r' A,Irt Refer Q.42.
t0 i5
l.t Erron iD Meraurements
14. Explain:
i. absolurc error
l.t Inlrodrction ii. relative enor
iii. percentage enor
l. Defioe unit ofphysical quaatity. Ans: RekrQ.50 /ii), lir). (\'/.
Anst Refer Q.2. (i).
15. Error in the measuremcnt ofradius ofa sphere
1.2 System of Unlt! is l%. Then error in the measuremenl of
volume *ill be?
2. D€Iine F.P.S sFtem.
A$t Refer Q.3.(iii).
16. The lcngth of a rod as mcasured in ao
3. Define C.C.S system. erperiment was found ro be 2.48 m, 2.4f, m,
L.tst Reler 8.3.(i). 2.49 m, 2.50 m and 2.48 m. Find the mean
4. Comparc plane angle and solid arlgle. absolute error. relative error and percentage
An', Refet Q.6.
Ans: (i) 0.01m (ii) 0.004 m (iii) 0.4%
13 Me$urcmert of l-ango
17. The lenglh of a meral plate *as measured
5. Explain the method to determiDe the distance of using a Vemier callipers of least count
a planet from the Earth. 0.01 cm. Th€ measurement made were
An!: Reler O. I 6. 4.1I cm,4.ll cm, 4.21 cm and 4.09 cm. Find
the mean length, the mean absolute error,
1.4 M€rsuremert of Mrsr
relative error and the percentagc error in the
6. What is atomic m6ss unit (amu)? measurement oflengrh.
An , Refer Q.24 (v) Ans: (i) 4.lls cm, (ii) 0.0375 cm, (iii) 9.068110 r.
(iv) 0.e06 %
1.5 Me$urelDent of tiDe
1.9 Sieoili""nt lis*
7- Why was solar day rejected as a unit oftime? 18. Define significant figures.
A$t Relet Q.25 A\rt Reler Q.68. bnb defnilion)
1.6 19. Whal are the rules for dclcrmining signilicant
figuresl
8. What are the dimensions ofpower?
Ar3l Refer Q.68. (onl) rulest
Ans: [LrMrT r]
20. What is order of magnitudc l Explain with rwo
9. Whal are the dimcnsions 01'licquency? examples-
r]
Ans: ILoM1'T Refet Q.7t.
Std. Xl Sci.l Preclse
21. Add 3.8 x l0{ snd 4.2 x l0-5 with due 5. The distance ol the planet from the earth is
rrglrds lo sigtrificart fi8ui€s measured bY
E
17. The diameter of the paper pin is measurcd
accurately by using _.
(A) Vemier callipers
(B) micromeler screw gauge
(C) metre scale
(D) a measuring tap€
.t8. The error in the measurement ofthe sides of a
rectangle is l%. The eftor in the measurement
(A) l%
\B\ t2%
tc) 2%
(D) None ofthe above.
19. The number of signifilanr figures in
I l.l l8 x l0j is
(A) 3 (B) 4
(c) 5 (D) 6
20. 0.00849 contains significant figures.
(A) 6 (B) 5
(c) 3 (D) 2
21. 3.3,0 x 10']has significant figures.
(A) 6 (B) 4
(c) 2 (D) I
The Earth's radius is 6371 km. The order of
magnitud€ ofthe Eanh's radius is
(A) l0r m tB) lov m
(C) I0rm (D) l0'?m
23. _ is the smallest measurcmenl that
can be made using the given insfument
(A) Significant number
(B) l,east count
(C) Order ofmagnitude
(D) Relative error
18.
A
=7*' = lyo+ t%=2yo
[_