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Units and Measurements

The document provides an overview of units and measurements, detailing various systems of units including CGS, MKS, FPS, and SI. It explains fundamental and derived quantities, their corresponding units, and the conventions for using SI units. Additionally, it covers concepts such as accuracy, precision, significant figures, and errors in measurements.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views21 pages

Units and Measurements

The document provides an overview of units and measurements, detailing various systems of units including CGS, MKS, FPS, and SI. It explains fundamental and derived quantities, their corresponding units, and the conventions for using SI units. Additionally, it covers concepts such as accuracy, precision, significant figures, and errors in measurements.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Units and Measurements

f Conteots and Concepts

l. I
Introduction t.6 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
1.2 System of Units t.'l Accuracy, Precision and Uncenainty irl
1.3 Measurementof Length Measurements
1.4 Measurement of Mass 1.8 Errors in Measuremcnls

ro
1.5 Measurement of Time I.9 Significant Figures

Q.l. What lt r meaauremert? How b me.surad


ffit
Q3. DelcrlD€ brlelly dlltere$ typ$ of sFtems
quudty crpraatad? of rnlrr-
Ant: A16: System ofunits arc classified mainly into four
i. A measurement is a compadson with types:
intematioorlly rccrpred strndard maasuring l. C,G.S. ilstcm:
unit. It stnds for Cenrimehe-Gram-S€cond system.
ii. Thc mcrsu.Ed qu.ntity (M) is exprcssed in ln this system. lenglh. mass and time are
trros of a number (n) follorrcd by s measured in centimetre, gmm and second
conBponding unit (u) i.c., M : nu.
r€spectively.
EnEple:
ll. M,ICS. system:
It stands for Metre-Kilogram-S€cond system.
Length of a wirc when expressed as 2 m, it ln lhis system. length. mass and time are
means value of lengtb is 2 in tbe unit of m measured in metsE, kilogram and second
(metre),
respectively.
Diflerent quantities are measured in dilfercnt lll. F.P.S.3ystem:
units. It stends for Foot-Pound-Second rystem. ln this
sysleq length, mass and time are measured in
Q.2. Catr you recrll? / l'(.ttbooA page no I)
foot pound and second rcspectively.
i. Whst li r unit? lv. Sl, rystcm:
ii. Whlch units h.ve you us€d in the It stonds for System International. This sysrem
hborrtory for mersu ng has replaced all other systems mentioned
3. length b.
mrss above. It has been intemstionslly accepted and
c. time d.
temperature? is being used all over world. As the SI units
iii. Which system ofunits hrve you used? use decimfll syslem, conversion wiihin the
Ans: system is veiry simple and convenient.
i. The stahdard nea! re ofanr quadin is callcd Q.4. Wh.t lre frrnd.mertrl qur lfl6?
the unit ofthat qu.tntitJ. SLte two errmple6 of fund.ment.l
ii. qu.ntlti6. Wrltc thelr S.I. rtrd C,c.S. nnlts.
Atr.r Fund.Dctrtll qu.rdtlta:
The physical quan.ities which do not depend
Mlss TimG
on any other physical quantity for their
measunetnents i.e., lhey can be direclb
meosured are called fundanental quantities.
ccntitncne. krlog- mrn tes cel\rus
Errmpl6: mass, length etc.
nrelre dc8rc.
lahr.nherr
MKS or SI systcm is used mostly. At rinres. Mass kilogmm (kg) gram (g)
even CCS system is used. Le!,€!tl mcrre(m) Cenlimerrc(cm)

I
std. Xl Sci.: Pre.ise Phyii.s

Q.5, whet rre fundrmentrl unitr? Sarte the S.l' .. solid angle subtended by entirc sphere at
units of 3even fundametrtal qoantitiB.
Ans: Fundsmentd [nits:
its centre is O = {t- =4n".
The unib used b measure funtlamental
qua tities lre called fundanental u its- Q.7. Dedve the rehdon between r.diro rnd
S.I. Units of fundamental quantities: degree. Alm find out l" rnd l' in term! of
th€lr respectlve vrlues in rrdlsn'
l'undamenlol Sl tlnits
\anre Slmhol (Trke ,t = 3.1416)
qoanait\
Lengrh metrc
:
Mass kilogra'n kg 2 ,1" 360'
TiniL' sccoDd n'= 180'
hlcctric.urrLnt lmperc
'Ihcrmodynrmic kelrin K ',. = lgr = _]!L
3.1416
= 57 2e6.

Anrounl ol suh\unce mole Similarly, l'= ,r =3.1416180 l8O


Lunrinousinlensit) candcl.r
= 1.745 x l0 r rad
Q.6. Stste ,nd d€scrihe the two supplemontarl As, 1":60'
units.
Ans: The two supplementsry units are: 1'= l'?45 ' tor =2.908^ lo{rad.
i. Plrne angle (de):
a. The ratio ol lcnsth ol urc ds) ol d As, l'= 60"
cith: b the ftdius lr) ol lrc tir.lc is 2'908 ' lo'
cdll&l ds PluN nnsle (d0) t"= = 4.847
r lo* rad.
tro
ds
d0=
lNote: Students ca scan the adjocent
i.e..
-
QR.ode 1o get conceptualclatit-v about
.legrce an.l rudian with thc akl oJ a

b. Thus, de is sn8le subtended by the arc


at the cent e ofthe circle. Q.8. What rrc derived qusntltles rnd derived
Unitr radian (rad) unib? Stste few eumples. Sirte the
d. Denoted as 0" corresponding S-I. rnd C,G.S. units of the
Length oferc ofcircle = Circumference exrmplcs.
ofcircle = 2nr'
plane angle subterded by entire circle at i. Derived qu.otities:
2at Physical quantities other than fundamental
itscentreis0=
I
=2[' qua lilies which depend on one or nore
- fundamental quantities lor their neasuremenls
Solid rngle (dO):
a. solid angle is l-dimensional analogue of are colled furived quontilies.
planc angle. ii. Derlved unitu:
b. Soli.l anE:le is delined as area of a The units of deri'red quantities which are
etpressed in terns of fundomental units for
poflkn of surkce o1 u sphere b the thei neasuremenrs ate called derived units.
squore of radius of the $phere.
iii. Exrmples and unlts:
dA
i.e.. dO = .
t_ Dcrived s.I. c.c.s.
Formula
quanti6.. unit
Ye,,erti Unitofdisplacemcnt m/s cn/s

'm/sl '.^/"1
Unitoftime
Unit: Steradian (sr) t-
d. Ixnoted as (O) Momentum Unit of mass kg rn/s g cm's

Surface area of sphere =


1: Units and Measurements
Q.9. List the conventions followed whil€ using SI
utrits. From f;ormula,
Art8: Follorvillg conventiori ihould be followed
dd2.
whil€ wrltlng S.I. units of physicrt
qurntltie.: r: ..l . cross-seclional area ofdrs.

i. Unit of every physical quantity should be ofmoon = nRr)


rcpresented by its sFbol. (r.?37,10,)'
ii. Full name ofa unit always starts with smaller
dO_ ',
(r.al, ro')'
letter even if it is narned afier a tErson,
eg.: I neMon, I joule, etc. But symbol for unil 3.412 x (1.717)r x l0,o
named afler a petson should b€ in capital
-
(3.84): r0'"
letter, eg.: N €flrr scieotist Newlon, J after '
= antilog { log(3. I42) + 2log( | .73 7)
scientist Joule. etc.
iii. Symbols for unia do not rake plural form. - 2los(3.84)] x l0{
iv. Symbols for units do not contain any full stops. = antilogt,.4g12 + 210.2397)
at the end of recommended letter. - 2(0.5843)l x loi
v. The units of physical quantities in numemtor = antilog{0.4972 + 0.4794 - 1.1686} x l0{
6
and denominator should be written as on€ = antilog{ I .8080} x I0
mrio. .For example the SI unit of accelemljon =6.428x10'xl0{
is lrvs' or m s ' but nor rvs/s. x l0-ssr
= 5.43
vi. Use of combination of unils and symtlols for Atrs: Solid angle subterdei by moon at Earth is
units is avoided when physical quantity is 6.43 x 10 5
sr.
expressed by combination of
two. For INot : Above answer is obtdined substituting yalue
example, The unil JAg K is correct'while ol ras 3.142.1
jouleAg K is not correct.
vii. A prelix symbol is used before the symbol of Q.ll, Pluto hac mern Uirmeter of 2300 km .nd
the unit. v€ry eccentric orbit (ov.l shaped) sround
a. Pr€fix symbol and symbol of unit the Sun, rrlth s perihelion (nearest) distsnce
a new symhl for the unit
constitute of 4.4 x lot km rnd rn rphelion (frrthest)
which can tle r.ised to a positive or dfutrnce of 73 x loe km. Whrt are the
negative power of I 0. resp€ctive solid angles subtend€d by Phto
For example, froltr Errth's penpective?
I ms = I millisecond = lO rs Aslome that f,.rth's dlstrtrce from the Sutl
I ys= I microsecond = lO{s crr be treglected.
lns= I nanosecond = lO_es Sofurion:
b. Use of double prefixes is avoided when
single prefix is available Civn. RadiusofPluto, n= kn
lojs = | lrs and nor I mms
f
os
l0 = I ns and not I mts
50km =
Pcrihelion distance rp = 4.4 x loe kln
viii. Space or hyphen must b€ introduced while
Aphelion distance r. = 7.3 x lO'q km
indicating mukiplicalion of tu o units e.g.. nr/s
should b€ wrirten as m t' or m-s-'. roJind: Solid angles (dQ, and dQ)

Solved Eramples ---------a do= , = j


+Q.10. Whrt Is the solid rngle 3ubtcnded by the From lbrmula.
moon rt rny poitrt of the E.rth, given the
dirmeter of the moor ls 3474 kD rnd itr ,' .-
dll'' =
rlll5ul' I r42^lrr50r
-- +
dhtrnce fiom the Erth 3.t4 x lot m? (4.4. ro')- (aa, to')
Soluriorr: rr
= 2.146 x l0 sr
Given: Diarneter (D) = 3474 krn -:
.. Radius ofmoon (R) = l737km and dtl":
I l4t ^ lt l50i:
+
= x 106 m
1.737 (7.r, ro')-
Distance ftom Eanh r = 3.84 x l03 m x l0 rr sr
= ?.798
ToJind: Solid angle (dO) Atrs; Solid angle ar perihelion distance ts
dA 2.146 x l0-rr sr and at aphelion distance
Fornula: dO=
-r
is
7.?98 x l0 rr sr

t
Std. Xlsci.: Pre.ise

l.J Measuredent of Length


iv. Er and E2 s{e sEparetrd bY
dislame 'b' as sbown itr
figure.
Q.I2. Deline 3 metre.
Ans: Thc etre is the length ofthe path tra|elled b| ''' ElE? = b
light in vocuun during a tine interval ol v. The angle bctween the two
I /299,792,458 of a second. directions slong which the
plan€t is viewed, can be
Q.13. Whst is parallsr?
mssurEd. lt is Parallax
t. Porullar I Jctincd,rs th, dppartnt.h Ye in angle, which in this cas€ is
posttot tt un obtc.t J t lo t chdng n Z ErSEz = 0
position ol an ohser\?r.
ii. fxplrnation: When a pencil is held in lronl oI
vi. The planet is far awaY from the (Earth)
obs€rvers, hence
our eycs and wc look al it once with our left eye
closed and lhcn with our riShl eye closed.
b<<D
p€ncil appearj to movc against the backBround. ' < < I a.d '8'
-D- is also verv small.
This ef-iect is called parallax efTecl.
Hence, Er Et can be considered as arc ofleugth b
Q.14. What is parallax Nngle? ofcircle with S as centrE and D as mdil$.
t Anqle betr,en the 'o .. E'S = E S=D
s h
di?ctn'n\ dlung nhich n ltar l ' I=: -..t6 is rrlen in radian)
t 'nldnct 6 tPn'eJ.tt thc tt\o A D
po;n^ ot ubnnati'n 0 cd /n\ b
^
p,,rulh\ dnxle tparallo t. ' fr= -
/ \ e
dnylc). / \ Thus, the distancc 'D' ofa fat away planet 'S'
i, lr is sircn b1. Dl \o can be determincd using lhi psr.llax rnelhod.
H- bi\ /
L- \ Q.17, f,tpldn how prrrlhx mcthod ls med to
D merlura dlttrllce of..t r frcm Earth.
where. .-h+
Anri
b = Separation between two points of i. Tte parallax rpasured from two fqrthest
observation. distance points on Esrth for sta6 will be too
D = Distance of source from any point of small and hence csnrDt te mcasured.
observalion. ii. Instcrd, p&r.tlax betwecn two farrhest points
*Q.15. Stsr A is ferther thrn stsr B. Whlch stlr (i.e., 2 AU apdt) along the orbit of Earth
will have s lrrge prr.lhx engle? arou.d thc Sun (s) is measurEd.

i. 'b' is constant for the two stars


I
D
ii. As star A is farther i.e.,
D.r > Da
>0a<0e.
Hence, star B will have larger
parallax angle fian star A.
b
arour Sun
Ofuit ofEsrth
Q.16. Erpl.ln the method to d.terElne the Q.fE. f,lpl.h how llze of i pLnet or strr is
dbtnrce of r pl.Eet frod the Earth. meItured.
Ans;
i. Parallsx method is used to determine distance i. To determine the diam€ter (d) of a planet or
of different planeb from the Eanh. star, two diametsically opposite points of th€
ii- To measure the distance 'D' of a far distant planet are viewed ftom the same observatory.
planet S, select two differcn! observatories ii. If d is diam€ter of planet or slar, angle
(E, and Er). subtended by it at any single point on the
iii. The planet should be visiblE from Er and E2 Eanh is called angular diam€ter of planet.
obseflatones simultaneously i.e. at the same iii. Let angle c. be angle belween these two
time. directions.

4
1: Units and Measurements

iv. If distance bclween the E3rth and planet or = 5.?5 x lO{ rad
d = 5.75 x lla x 5'7.291 x 60 x 60 arcsec
slar (D) is known. a = -D ....(converting mdian into ircsecond)
v. This relation gives, d = a D = l.lt6 rrclec
Thus, diameter (d) of planet or star can b€ Ani: Parallax is l.lt6.rcaec
determined. +Q.22.The mooll b rt a dbtrnce of 3.84 x 103 m
frcm the Errth, If viewed from two
Q.19, Llst .nd expl.in iome unl& ured by di.mctrically opposite pofuts on the Eerth,
rstronomeru for melsurlng lrrge dbtrnc€s.
the .ngle subteoded rt the moon is 1"54'.
Ans: For masuring large distances, astronomers Whrt ls the dlrmeter of the E.nh?
use the following units. Soluion:
i. The astronomical unit (AU) is the mean Given: Distance (D) = 3-84 x lO3 m
distance betwcen the cenEe of the Eanh and Subtend€d angle (cr)
the centre of lhe Sun. l'
= 54' = (60' + 54') = I 14'
I astronomical unit, (AU) = 1.496 x l0'r m ,
= I 14 , 2.91 l0r rad
ii. A light year is the distsnce Eavelled by light in i
=3.317 l0 rad
:
one year. I light year = 9.46 , l0r5 m ToJind: Diameter ofEanh (d)
iii. A parsec (pc) is the distance from where Fornula: d = aD
I AU subtends an angle of I s€cond ofarc. Calculation: Fromformula.
r= IAU _ l.496xl0rr =3.08x 10'6m d = 3.317 x l0rx3.84x 103
(l')' a.8a7 i l0 6 = 1.274 x l0l m
I p6,sec (pc) = 3.08 x I 0'6 m = 3.26 lighr year-; An3: Diameier ofEanh is 1.27{ x l0? m.
iQ.23. Wh€n thc phnet Jupiter is rt a distrnce of
Q.20. Nrne the devices used to nersure very
smrll diltrnces such Is rtomlc size. 824.7 milion kilometres from the ErrtlL it
Ans: Devices used arc: El€ctson micmscope, rngrLr dirDeter is me,Bured to b€ 35.72" of
tunnelling elecron microscop€. rrc. Crlcuhie th€ dirmeter ofthe Jupiter.

Solved Eramples ---------a Giren: Angllar diameter (o) = 35.72"


+Q.2l.A st8r is 5.5 light years r*ry from the = 35.12" ,< 4.841 \ rO4 tud
Errth. How much parallax in ercsec will it
i 1.73 x l0rrad
subtend when viewed from two opposite Dislsnce &om Earth (D)
points along the orbit ofthe Errth? = 824.? million km
Star = 824.? x 106 km = 824.7 x 1Oe m
Tolind: Diameter ofJupiter (d)
Fornula: d=oD
Calculation: Fromfo.mula.
d=l.7lxl0rx824.7xtO'
= 1.428 x 103 m
= t.42s x ld km
ADu Diameter ofrupiter is 1.428 x ld km.

1.4 Measurementofllrss
Two opposite points A and I along the orbil
Q.24.Erpl.in the merhod lo measure masr.
of the Esrth arc 2 AU apa( The angle Ans: Method for mersurement of mass:
subtended by AB at the position ofthe star is i. Mass, until recently. was measured *ith a
AB standard mass of the inlemational prototlpe of
distaice ofthe star tom dr Eadl the kiloSram (a platinum-iridium alloy cylinder)
_ 2AU 2'1.4%,10" - 2.9p2xl0tl kept at intemational Burcau of Weighb and
MessurEs, at Serles, nefi Paris, France.
5.5ty 5.5x9.45x ldr 5.5x9.46x ld!
ii. As platinum - iridium piece was seen to pick
= antilog{lo8(2.992) - los(5.5) - los(9.46)}
up micropanicles and fbund to be affected by
x l0l atrnospherc, its mass could no longer be
= antilog{0.4761 0.74M 0.9759} x l0r treat€d as co.stant,
= sntilos{r.759E} x l0r iii. Hence. a new definition ofrnass was introduced
= 5.?51 x t0-2 x l0r in tem)s ofelecric current on 2Ou May 2019.

I
Std. Xl s.i.: P.ecise Physi.s

iv. Now, one kilogram mass is described in tems 1.6 Dimenslons snd Dimensional {nrlysis
of amount of current which has to be passed
thrcugh electromagnet to pull one side of Q.26. Delioe dlmeNioDr rnd dlmensloral formuh
extremely sensitive balance !o balance lhe of phyllc.l qurntltler. Give few etamples of
other side which holds one slandard kg mass. diDerNlon.l forEula.
To measue mass of small entities such as atoms
and nucleus, alomic mass unit (amu) is us€d. l. I)imenslotr!:
The dirnensiotlt of o physical guantily ale lhe
lr i. de6nert ac [ .r J mass ofan unexcited arom powers lo which the lundamental units must be
\12/
ofcarton l2 (Clr). I amu- 1.66 x l0 rr
kg
ruised fi onl to obtoin the unit of a Siven
physicalq antity.
1.5 Measurement of 'I ime
ii. Dimerslondformul.:
When arry de wd quantily is represenled v)ith
Q.25, Defioe mean iohr dry. ExDlair the method aPPropriote pov)en ol synbols of the
for mearuremetrt of time. Iundanental quontities, such an erpression ie
Ans: cal led dine N ional lornula.
i. A mean solar day is the average tine intenal It is expressed by square bmcket with no
from one noon to the next noon. comma in between the symbols.
Method for measureDart of tlm€: Iti. f,r.mple. of diDeNlontl formul.i
ii. The unit of time. the s€cond, was considered DsIrE
____-
I
a. Soeed:
'
iobe:86400 of the mean solar dav. where
tlrYE

a rn€an solar day = 24 hours


. Dinrnsions of specd = ,19, = tr-' r'f r'l
trl
=24x60x60 lNorc: As Nwer of M is zeb, it can be onitted fron
= 86400 s
dne^ionallorrn la. Therclorc. dineEions of sp?"d
iii. However, this definition pmved to be can be *nrren as [Lt f]l
uNatisfactory to define the unit of time precisely
b. Force = Mass x acc€lcmtion = Mass x qglg
becaus€ solar day vari€s gradually due to Sradual
slowing do*n of the Eanh's rotation. Hence, the
{ri*)'
definition of second was r€placed by one based Dimensions offorce =
tll = tLIMIdl
[M ] x
on atomic standard oftirne. Ir']
iv. Atomic standard of time is now used for the .. I I rootant"r'
r =:.1
measuement oftine. In atomic slandard oftime, c. tunclr( energy : ;.t
p€riodic vibrations ofciesium alom is us€d.
Tr* ]
v. One second is tim€ rcquired for Dimcnsion of knetic enerry
9,192,631.770 vibratioos of the radialion tr'l :tL:MIT1
corresponding to transition between two
={M'r,
h)?erfine energy states of caesium-lJ3
Fi
(Cs - 133) atom. d. Temperaturegradient
vi. The caesium alomic clocks arc very accurate. D51aa*_
vii. The national sondard oftime interval 'second' Dimensioo of temper.turc gmdient

ff] = r'u"rr't
as well as the frequency is maintained through
=
four caesium stomic clocks.

Some derired quantities with their Sl units and dimensions:

lformuln S.l. urit5


Speed D$allre
.linE
TrLEErl
Change in velociry
Time
M|:. i""**i* N (newton) tl-r M'T rl
Pressure Force ksm-sr iL
rMir rl
Density kglmr tL 'M'Tt
v"l,r"r,
work t orce x distance J 0oule) tlr r rl tr rl - alr\t r:l
M'
I:nerg) Force x dislance
lti*'u tlrru'r :l tr- I ILrr\t r 'l
Po"er - wo*
,
llrN{L r
rl

Tlfl*
Momenrum Mass . VelNir) I kg-ml.
tlrM 'r rl
Impulse force, rime lL \1 T l
lcnuerlrure ( I
( hrrgr
)
:f tt ly,.lr l rLl4I{I
_( rrent ! i re
1 I c (coulomb) If" M'T'A'l
Resisrance : potefltial difi€rqE cl (ohm) IL'M' r\ '1

Frequency : I
Cunent
t, I

i
I rme
L

Planck's constant Enetgyof Photon I r-" tL']Mrr!

fv r""r,l rA rl
tL: t\4 T

lNote: Students c.rn write 0 lot ternperature instead ofK and I /ot currcnt insteod oJ A in dinensional fornula.l
*Q.27. What are the dimensions of thc quantity
Q.29. Strte the uses ofdimenslonrl anrlysis.
AIls: Uses ofdim€dsionrl rnrlysisr
4//g, I 5,s1ag th€ tengrh rnd g the
i. To check the correctness of a physical
acccleratioo due to gravity? equation.
Aos: Quanrity =/x
I ..(i) ii. To derive the relationship between related
E physical quantities.

gravitational acceleration, iii. To find the conversion factor between the


units of lhe same physrcal quanrrty in ruo
velocity different systems of units.
c=-G-
Q30. Erphin tbe usc of diDeltriolrrl rnrlysis to
g = -:----------- check the correctness of a physlcsl
equrtion.
Subsrituting in equation (i), Ans: Correctn6s of r physicrl equrtion by
dlmensionrl .nllysis:
Quantity = 1
' A physical equation is conect only if the
ditl-* dimensions of all the terms on both sides of
Dimensional tbrmula of quantity that equations are ihe same.

:r-r, tr 'r:Erxrrr =rl,rl ii. For example, consider the equation ofmotion.
....( l )
rlfi Writing the dimemional fomula of every
lNote: When power of synbol expressing tenq we get
.fundanenral quanrity appearing in dimensio al Dimensions of L.H.S. [v] = tL'M"11l,
lbrnula is not siwn, it is taken as l.l Dimensions of R.H.S. = [ul + [a1]

Q.2E. St.te prlnclple of hooogenelty of = tL'Mort + tL' Mo l-']1 tL' rWr'l


dimenliolls. = tl'Mor'l + tL'Mor'l
Ans: Principle of homoSeneity of dimemlons: [L.H.S.] = [R.H.s.]
Ihe dinensio^e of a the terns on the two
=
iv. As dimensions of both side of equation is
sides of a physkal equation rclaring diferent same, physical equation is dimensionally
phtsical quantities nus, be sone. colt€ct.
Std. xl sci.: Preclse

Q3t. Stste the limitrtions of dlmensionrl


ii
I{.ss
en.lvsis.
Densitv
'=
VohnIE
Ans: Llmltrtions of dimeNion.l rndyak: Dimensional equation of density
i. The value of dimensionless constant can be -
obtained with the help ofexperiments only.
of m.ss rL t
Dimensions I

ii. Dimensiooal analysis cannot be us€d to derive Dimcnsiors of volume LL']


relations involving ttigonometric (sin 0, cos 0. =F'Lt1
elc.). e\ponenlial le\. c' etc.). and Anr: i. The dimensional equation of mass is
logarithmrc funclioos (log x. Iog x'. elc) a\
IFrLrt'l.
rhes€ quantilies are dimensionless. ii. The dimeDsional equation of density is
This method is not usetul if constalt of
tFrLfl.
proportionality is not a dimensionless
quantity. *QJ3,Atr ehctroo iith cb.rge e eoters . urlform
iY. If lhe correcl equation contains some more
terms ofthe same dimension, it is not possible mrgretlc lleld B wlth , velocity v. The
to know about their Presence using veloclty li perpendlcuhr to the mrgnedc
dimensional equation. field, Th€ force o[ the chrrge c is given by

lFl=Bev.obt ln lh€ dimeirrlons of B.


I Reoding between the llnes
Given:lFl=Bev
Luplawtion lot poin (iii): Considering only magnitude, given
Gravitational Jor(e be?^'ecn tflo point nasses equalion is simplified lo,
is direct\ ptoportionol to Ptoduct oJ the iro F=Bev
,dsses and in|ersel,- proportional k' squarc
oJ tha distance beb^een lrc ho
s-l
distaice
r_ but.F=ma=mx_
, IIIIE.

rFr=M'l .l.1l
ll
The col'tant ol proportionality'C'is NOT
dinensionless. Thus, nerhod of dinensional
= tL'M'r I
Electaic charge. e = current x time
anal$is nill not
'ork. tel : tl'r'l
Explana,ion lor poirrt (iv): distaft:e
I
wfi nandatd ttnbol\, the cquation \ -al
is dinensionully correct. Howerer, the
1.
- r,r=[i]=rL'r'r
n'mDletc cdudti,,n 6. s= ti + -al'
Now,tBl=[rl=
Le"l
Solvcd Eramplcs ---------a ... tBl = ILoM'r' rI
lNole: The ansu/er giwn abore is calctlote.l in
Q32. lf length forc€ 'F' rnd time 'T' rre
'L', accordance with textual n ethod considering the
t.ken rs fundamentrl qurDtities, wh.a
would be the dimensionrl equrtlon of mrss
.nd d€nsity? *Q.34. Derive the formul. of kloctlc eDergy of .
Solurion: prrtlcle h.virg m..s 'm' ltrd veloclty 'vi
i. Force = Mass x Accelemlion using dlmemioDrl aDrlysi!,
Solation:
Mass: Kinetic €ner$/ of a body depends upon mass
Dimensional equation of mass
(m) and velocity (v) of rhe My.
LaK.E. < m'vY
Di"*sonsor rorcetFl K.E. = km*vY ....(l )
D'mensions of accel€ntion
LLT 'l

w = tFrl,{t'| k - difirensionless constant of proponionality.


Taldng dirnensioos m boih sid€s of€quarion ( l), +Q37.A calorie b . uDit of herl .rd lt equ.ls
tL'}M'11 = tLoMrTol' tLrMt-'P 4.2 J. where I J = ks mr s', A distant
= tl-ol,l'T+l tlvMhvl civllltraior eDploy3 r iyttem of unib ln
=Eo,yMx,of_yl whlch the roll! of m.ss, langth .nd tlme ara
tL:M11-1 = tLlM'r
Yl ...(2) o k8, P D rnd I s. Also J' b thelr urlt of
Equating dimensions ofl, M, T on bolh sides etr.lEr. Wh.t wlll be the m.grLude of
ofequation (2), crlorlc itr thalr onlt'?
x= I andy=2 Soluior:
Substituting x, y in equalion (1), we have I cal = 4.2 kg mrs l
K.E. = kmv!
*QJ5.An object is fslling frecly under the
t--I
_q: . | Lr _ptn l
grrvitrtion.l force. Its v€locity .fter M,=tke - !4r:gff! l
tr.vellirg a dlstrnce h li v. If v depends LI,: !!C"!!d . L-lsqsna l
upon gravltatlonrl acc€leration g and
New unit ofcnergy i6 J'
dlstrnce, prov€ wlth dlmension.l .n.lysis
thrt l = k!G; where k ls r conrllnl. Dimensional formula of energy is 1L2Mrr2l
According to the question,
Sorr.nirr.' Civen = v = k.,r[h
a.z [q u; r;] = r , [q vlr;l
Orarltiti Formu,a
Velocity (v) Hence, Dagnitude of calorie ih the n.w system
ILl = rr'r'r
trl is given by conversion factor, 'J".

H.t'ht (h) TD."r-* tL'l y=4.2 tr tiM llTl


Gnvitttionel I Di$.@ LclL_,,lLrl
acceleration (g) | (TinE)'l

k b"t"S
--[i]=n''"
is essumed to be
t r - l'[ r r, l'I r.l''
=n,Le.lLGlL;l
dimensionless. ""**,
Dimensions of L.H.S. = [v] = [Lrr'] .. !'=4.2 g'-'l=
#
nirnension of n.n.S. =
[.,6] Ao!: The magritude of a calorie in terms of the new
= tl.r1,,, , tlt,, 1!L
u,'is y i" .
= lL'l-'l'" dt'
=E'r'l
As, [L.H.s.] = [R.H.s.], Q3& The vdrc of C in C.GS ryrtem 13
+ v = k !6h is dimensionally conect equation. 5.67 x l0{ dyne cmr g-'. C.lcul.te tts vrlue
ln S.l. ryitem.
iQJ6, v - rt + -L. ".i. . dlme$lon.lly v.tid Sohlio/,':
Dimensional formula of giavitational constant
eqlr.tiotr- Obt ln thc dlnamlon.l formulr =1trr'r!
for & b rnd c where v lr ycloclty, t i! dme
rnd v. k lnlthl valocity. Dimension-
L
:l
Dimension-
5r1raXrr.' 6;r"n u= -L * ,^ ; lLlM, 'r, lL!M,'r,'l
"1* t+c Lr=lcm I L2= I m= l00cm
As only dimensionally identical quantiti4 can Mr=18 Mr = I kg= 1000 g
be added tog€ther or subt acted from each Tr=!!- T:= I s
other, each term olr R.H.S. has dimensions of 3
L.H.S. i.e., dimensions of velociry. 6.67 x 10 d)'ne cmz g-'?
.. tl.H.s.t tvl = tLrT 'l
= = Conversion factor (n) x Nmz kg-2 ....( | )
This means, [at] = [v] = [Lrrr] :. 6.61\ ro" Fl Miri]=
", [qM,
r]]
Given, t = time h5s dimension [T'l
n:6.67 x l0 s IL,l'fu,l'fr,l
., I"r= qF=Hi=[ur]=u.'ru"r1 l'.lL",l Lal
Similarly, Icl = ttl = tTl - tl,hrtrl n=667xt03 rrm I !8 L!
cml I rooo B]
lr no

S=t't tr-'r'l n=6.67x l0-3x l0"x l0r


tL'r 'l , tr'l = tL'l - lL'M"fl n=6.67x10-'l
tbl = -
)/
Std. Xl Sci.: Precise

From equation ( I). Cla!sification of error!:


3 : Errors ar€ classified into lbllowing two goups:
6.67 x l0 dyne cm: g
: I'
6.67 ,( l0 N-m: kg' Systematic errors:
Ans: Valueofc in S.l. systom is6.57 x l0 N-mrkg-r 1. lnstrumental error (constanl error),
2. Ero. due to imperfection in
Accumcy, Prccislon rnd Uncertalnty experimental technique,
in met3ure ent! 3. Personal ermr (huma[ error).
b. Random eftor (accidental error)
Q.39. Whrt is
&cur.cy? Wh.t li lnstrument.l (constart) eror?
Q.45.
A\st Ataracy is how close a measurement is to the
Ans: Insttutnentderror:
actual eolue of thot quantin'.
i. It arises due to defective calibration of an
Q.40. Whrt is precisior? instrument.
A,,s| Precisioh is a measurc o/'how consislentl! o ii. Example: lf a thermometer is not gmduated
device record\ nearlt identrcal valuer i.e. properly, i.e., one degree on the thermomeler
reprodutible results. acnrally corr€sponds to 0.99', the temperature
/I"r measured by such a thermometer will difler
Q.41. Can you tell? tbook pdg? no.8)
from its value by a constant amount.
If ten students lre rsked to me$ure the
length ofr ofclolh upto r mm. using r
piece Q.46. Wh.i b error due to imperfection in
metre scrlc, do you think their {nswers will erpadDental technique?
be identicrl? Give reasoDs. Ans: f,rror due to lmperfectlon fu experimental
Ans: Answerc of the students are likely to be technlque:
different. Len$h of cloth needs to be i. The ermrs which occur due lo defectile
measured up to a millimetre (mm) length. seiting of an instrument is called error due to
Henc€, to obtain accumte and precise reading imperfection in experimenial iechnique.
one musl use measuring instrument having ii. For example the measurcd volume ofa liquid
least count smallerthan I mm. in a graduated tube will be inaccurate if the
But least count of metre scale is I mm. As a tube is not held venical.
result, even smallesl uncertainry in reading
Q.4?. Wh.t ls pcrsond elIor?
would vary reading significantly. Also. skill of
Ans: Personrl error (Humrn error):
students doing measurement nvry also i. The enors introduced due to fault of an
introduce uncenainty in observation.
observer takin8 readings are called personal
Hence. their answers are Iikely to be diferent.

Q.42. Lfut rersons thrt m.y intrcduce porsiblc ii. For example, while measuring the length ofan
utrcertalndcs in an obs€rvrtlon. object with a ruler, it is necessary to look at
Possible uncertainties in an observation may the ruler fiom dircctly above- lf the observer
a lo following reasons:
se due looks at it from an angle, the measured length
i. Quality of instrument used, uill be wrong due lo paralla\.
ii. Skill oflhe person doing the experiment, Q.4t. Whrl k nndom erlor (.ccidentrl)?
iii. The method used for measurement, AIls:
iv. Extemal or intemal factors atT€cting rhe resuh i- Rrtrdom error (.ccidetrtrl):
of the experiment, fhe errors whrch are caused due to minutc
change in experimental conditions like
l.E Error! in Measuremenls temperalure! pressure change in gas or
flucnlation in voltage, while the experiment is
Q.43. Whst is rn error? b€ing performed are called mndom enors.
Ans: The difference between measured value and ii. They can be positive or negative.
lrue value of a physical quantity is callcd iii. Random ermr cannot be eliminated completely
bui can be minimized by taking multiple
Whrt h systematlc error? Chssify errors obsenations and calculatinB lheir mean.
Q.,14,
into dilteretrt c.tegories. Q.49, St t€ getrelrl methods to minimise effect of
Ans: systemadc errors.
i. Systemalic errors ore errors thal arc nol Ans: Methods to mlnimise efTect of syst€mrtlc
deternined by chonce but ore intuduced hv erront:
an inaccTtracy (involving either the i. By using correct instrumenl.
obsenation or measuremenl process) inherent ii. Following proper experimental procedure.
iii. Removing personal error.
Q.50, DefiDe the lermi: tNot : Consideting conceptual conrpntio$ question
i. Arithmetlc maan is nodilied ro tufne percentoge error and not mean
r . Absolute efior
rlll. M€rn rholut€ €rror
rlv. Relrtive error Q.51, Whrt does r = r--.
r*.n signify?
+A
*v. PerceDtage error An3: a= aftd6a,l* signifies that the actual value
+

Ans: of a lies between (a*" - A a"@) and


i, Ailthmctlc ecrn: (anld + A adtr).
z. The nost prcbable value of a large Q.52. Whrl is mernt by th€ term combinrtion of
number of readings of o quantity is errofs?
called the atithnetic nean value of the Ans: Derived quantities may get errors due to
quantity. Tibvalue can tle coDsidercd individual enors ol fundamenr.sl quantittes.
to be true value ofthe quantity- such type of errors are called as combined
b. lf at, a2. ar........:...4o are 'n' numb€r
of rcadings taken for measurcment of a
quantrty. then their mean value is given Q,53. Erpl.in errors in sum rnd in diflerence of
. a, + a. +.,.,.._. + a me ured quentity.
bY' aft-- ' ' " Ans: Errors in sum rnd in dilTerence:
n
i. A and B have
Suppose two physical quantities
,,, a*," = -l.\)a measurcd values A + AA and B +
AB.
n:i resp€crively. where AA and AB are ther mean
ll. Absolote erfor.' absolute eriors.
a. For a Eiven set of measure ents of o ii. Then, the absolute error AZ in their sum.
quantity, the nagnitude of the diference Z=A+B
' between meon talue (Most yobable z+dz=(A+M)+(B+AB)
value) and each individual volue is = (A+B) + AA + AB
called absolute enor (h) in the +M=r:A +AB,
neasurenent of thal quonlily. t. Fordifference, i.e., if Z = A - B,
b. absolute error : lmean value - measued z+M=(A+1,{)_(B+AB)
vatuel - B) + AA +AB
= (A
+AZ=}AA+AB.
Similaily, &r= | a-, - arl, There are four possible values for M, namely
(+AA - AB), (+aA + AB), (-AA AB),
(-AA+AB). Hcnce, maximum value of
absolute eEor is AZ = (AA+AB) in both the

Aa. = a*- - a" Thus, when two quantities are added or


subtracted, the absolute enor in the fmal result
lll, Mear ab3olute error:
is the sum of the absolute erros in the
Fot a given ser of measuremenrs ol a same
quanaity, the orithrrreric mean ofall rhe absolute individual quaDrities.
errors is called mean absolute enor in the 'Q.54. Ifthe me.sured vrlues oftwo q[rntities .re
measlrement of that plrysical quanl ity - A + AA rod B + AB, AA and AB being the
mern rbrolute erroH. Whst is th€
o,..""- Aa. +&, +........ r Aa-
, -;Io" mirlmum possible error ln A a B?
Ans: Manimum possible error in (A + B) is
lv. Rehtive ermr:
(aA + aB).
me ratio of the DEon absolute error in
fie.Eufenent or a physical quanlity to Q.55. Erphln errors in produci of mersured
arithmetic nean valueis calle.l relatiw error. qurntlty.
Relative enor = 9ryr Ans: 0rro,3 ln product:
i. Suppose Z = AB and measured values of A
v. Percentrge error: and B are (A + AA) and (B + AB) then,
The relati,e error rcprcsented bt percentoge z+az=(A+aA)(BaAB)
(i.e., nultiplied b! 100) ts called the = AB + AAB + BAA } AA B
petcentage errot. Dividing L.H.S by Z altd R.H.S. by An
/n+-M] T a-1-+
B AA /AA\/t-!B]
Pe.centase eror = 4: . 1669. ( z,L= B A lAl\Bl
-
Std. Xl Sci.r Preclse

Since AA,/A and ABD are very small, produc! +-


then,7
^ZA{AAAA
is neglecled. Hence. marimum relati\e enor -=-+ A A A
-MMAB ii. Hence the relative error in z =Ar is three times
ZAts the relative error in A.
ii. Thus, when t$o quantilies are multiplied, the This means ifz = A^
maximum relative error in lhe result is the sum MM
ofrelative errors in each quantity- ZA.
A
drQ.56. Show that if Z = ; iv. ln general, ifz =
C'
M AA+AB M, AA AB AC
ZA.B Z ,A ,B
Ans: Erron in divisions: -=D-+O-+r C

A This implies, the quantity in the formula


i S ,,
ooose. Z :ll ^nd
measureJ \alues ol A which has large power is responsible for
maximum error.
and B are (A + AA) and (B + AB) then,

Z+ M= Solved Examples ---------a


B+AB *Q.58.In a workshop s worker messures the
A[l+(^A/A)'l l€ngth of r steel plste with a Vernier
'\' ' ^,,
z BLI+(^B B)] callip€rs having a least count 0.01 cm. Four
such measurements of the letrgth yielded
A x l+(a A / A)
the following vslues: 3.11 cm,3.l3 cm,
B l+(^B/B) 3.14 cm, 3.14 cm. Find th€ meatr length, the
mern absolute error and the percentage
A- ;AB l. erpanding u\ing Binomidl
error in the mersured value ofthe length.
Solution:
Given: ar = 3.1I cm, a2 = 3-13 cm,
t, lLl=2.
zlt. lr.41l . L=491
z) \ Al \ Bl ar = 3.14 cm, aa = J.l4 cm
/A Least count L.C. = 0.01 cm.
l' ;=''r rofud: i. Mean lensth (a...")
ii.
,'7AZ '. AA AB AA AB Mean absolute enor(Aa-"aJ

A B-A B iii. Percentage error.

lgnoring term
AA x IB I am.r. = --
A B,
AZ=+ AA + _AB ii. Aa": , ,
ZAB - Aa.+Aa- + Aa^ + Aa-
iii. Aa-."": -1 r -r
LZ
This ei\es rbur oossible \dlue. of
, AB\I AA aB f AA \B\
r!. Percentage error = ar4 ' 100
l^^a "ll ; ull " Calaiation: From formula (i),
f AA AB\ 3.ll+3.13+3.14+3.14
L--+-l
A Bl 4
A7 AA AI]
.'. Marrmum relali\ e error ol - = 3.13 cm
ZAB From formula (ii),
ii. Thus, uhen nlo quantiries are divided. the Aar = 13.13 - 3.11 =0.02 cm
ma\imum relative error in the result is the sum Aa, = 3.13 - 3.13 =0
ofrelative erors in each quantity.
Aar = 3.13 - 3.14 = 0.01 cm
Q,57. Explain erroft due to power (index) of = 3.14 = 0.01 cm
mersur€d quentity.
Aar 3.13 -
From formula (iii),
Ansl Errors due to the power (inder) of
measured quintity: 0.02+0+0.01+ 0.01

i. Suppo.se
Z=Ar=A xAxA = 0.01 cm
1: Unita and Measurements

From formula (iii), iii. The percentage enor is 0.6570.


0l
ooeror:_. 0
_t INoE: Franing ofnunerical is no.lifie.l to reach the
t00=
3.13 l.l l ans||et given to the nunetical.l
= 0.t 196 +Q.60.The radius of e sphere mersured repe.tedly
.. .(using reciprocal table) yields values 5.63 m, 5.54 m!
= 0.32yo 5.44 m, 5.40 m and 5.35 m. Determine the
Ans: i. Mean length is l.l3 cm. most probrble value ofrrdius rnd thc mesn
ii. Mean absolute error is 0.01 cm. rbsolute, relative rnd percentage errors.
iii. Percentage effor is 0.32 7o. Solalion:
lNote: A\ per giren ddta oJ nunerical, percentage Ciwn: ar = 5.61 m, ar = 5.54 m. ar = 5.44 m
error calculotiot upon ro ndi g ell ields ar = 5.40 m, as = 5.15 m.
percenlag? effor at 0.32a,1'.l h find: i. Most probable value (Mean value)
*Q.59. In Ohm's experiments, the values of the
ii. Mean absolu(c enor
ii i. Relativeerror
unknown resistatrces were found to be
i!. Percentage error
6.12 Cr, 6.09 ff. cI Crlculrte the
6.22 Cr, 5.15
(mean) sbsolute error, relative error and Fornulac. i. a-" =- +]
percentage error in these measurements. )
ii. Aa.: a..,. r
Gien ar :6.12 O, ar = 6 09 Cl. ai = 6.21O.
iii. Aa-.,": \a ' \ir'.ra + ra + r''
a. = 6.15 c) 5

To/ind: i.
ii.
Absolute error (4a.",")
Relative enor
iv. Relarive error = qrE
iii. Percentage error v. Percentage error = relali\c error
Forn lt i.
x 10002
1
ii. Aa" = a-.,. ra From formula (i).
j6r'r\J (1'l ' 4rr, t r(
dar+6a:+Aar+&.
4 = !;!
5
= s.tiz ri
iv. Relative eror = From lbrmula (ii).
Absolute crrors:
Percentage enor = 434ss! x loo% dar= a,n""n - a, = 5.472 5.63 =0.158
Aar= a.*. - a, = 5.472 5.54 =0.068
Aar= a..." - ar - 5.412 5.44 = 0.032
From fomula (i), Aa.: a*, tu = 5.472 - 5.401 = 0.072
6.12+6.6 +6.22+6.15 _24.58 Aa5 = a.*" a5 - 5.112 - 5.35 =0.122
4 From formula (ii).
= 6.l45cm 0. 158 + 0.068 + 0.032 +0.072 +0.122
Fmm formula (ii),
Aar = 16.145 - 6.12 =0.025 0.452
Aar=i6.145 -6.09 -0.055 = 5 = 0.0904 m
Aar = 16.145 - 6.221 = 0.075
iii. From formula (;ii).
0 (alt
= 16.145 6.151 = 0.005
^aa
From formul. (iii), Relative enor : :::- : 1.652 x l0 r
5 472
0.(ll5 + 0.055 + 0.075 + 0.005 0.160
(after rounding ol] to correct significant
.1 l disits)
0.0.1 o = 1.66 x l0r=0.0t66
Frorn formula (iv), .. Percentage error = 1.66r l0:x 100=1.6670
OM Ans: i. The mean valuc is 5.4?2 m.
Relative eiror =
6.145
= 0.0055 n ii. The mean absolutc c.ror is 0.0904 m.
From formula (v), - iii. The relati\e error is 0.0I66.
Perc€ntage error = 0.0065 x 100 0.65% : iv. The pcrcentage error is 1.6670
Alr3: i. Th€ mean absolute error is 0.04 tr). [Note: Answer b relative error is tounded olFusins
ii. The relative error is 0,m65 (L rules ofsisniJicant lisurcs and ol tomrii g qfi:l

I
Std, Xl Sci.: Precise
*Q.61, The mrsses of two bodies &re me&sured lo Now, Percentage grror in X
be 15.7 + 0.2 kg and 27.3 + 0,3 kg. What is 1d" .li!.' o' . I4!1. roo",
the total mass ofthe two rnd the error in it? a b I c 2 Jl
Civen: A+AA=15.7+0.2kgand l(a.2t-lr'JJ l't;-l'2'l I roo""

Bj AB = 27.3 + 0.3 kg.


= [8 + I+ I +2] x l00o/d = 20yo
ToJin.l: Total mass (Z). and totalerror (AZ)
Formulae: i. Z=A'B *Q.6.1. Find the percetrtrgc error in kinetic energv
ii iM=raA+aB of r body hrving mssi 60.0 + 0.3 g moving
Cdl.ltlution. From lbrmula (i). wilh r velocity 25.010.1 cm/s.
z:15.7 +27.3=43ke Solution:
From formula (ii), Giren: m = 60.0 g, v = 25.0 cn/s,
+ M= (+ 0.2) I (10.3) Am = 0.3 g,
=+(0.2+0.3) Av = 0-1 crn/s
=+0.Skg folnd: Percentage error in E
Ans: Total mass is 43 kg and lolal error is + 0.5 k8. Formulo: Percentage error in E
*Q.62. The distrnce lrrvelled by rn objecl in time = l!l*,411^
tl rooy.
(100 + l) s is (5.2 + 0,1) m. What i. lhe lm
speed rnd its maximum rehtive error? Catculatkrn: From formula.
Solution: Percentage error in E
Gir?n: Distance (D l AD)= (5.2 r,0.1)m. : f !1*:^llJ . roo","
time (t t
At) = (1001 l) s. Lho0 ,sl)l
tu lind: Speed (v), maximum relati\e error = itn
I At \ Ans: The percentage error in energy is 1.39lo.
\\ ] +Q.65. ln rn experim€nt to determine the volume
I) of sn object, mass and denslty rre recorded
Formulae: i. v: - rs m = (a +0.15) kg rnd p = (5+ 0.2) kg m
l
t
.. r\ IAD Arl respe(tively. Calcuhte percenlsge error in
the melsurement of volume.
r lD rl
(ollllotion: From formula (i).
M 5ftg.lV 0.I5ks.p-5kgm.
52 -,rct,:
!=_=0.052ns
loo
dp = 0.2 k9mr
To lintl Percentage enor in volume (V)
From lbrmula (ii).
A! rol r I
f'ornulae: i. V=Yp
v l5r rolrl AV
I I lc ii V
x 100%
-
\5: tooI 650 Colculation. Us;nE data.
= + 0.029 m/s :tAM= 015 :0 0]
Ans: The \peed 0.052 rvs and irs maj\imurn M5 -
'.
relative error is + 0.029 m/s. 02
lNote: Fruning ol numerical is hlodilied to mak! it :nd :.4 : =004
spu ilic and nea inslut.I
p5
from formula (i),
rQ.63. If the formul, for r physicrl qurntity is
.. ov , otut * !q
X = :1I "ra
if the Dcrc€nt.ae error in VMp
...-(Using result from effor i. division)
thc measurements of !, b, c and d 8re 27".
3o/", 36/o z,Id 47o respectively. Calculate . =001+004=007
Percentagc error in X. -V
From formula (ii),
a,b, , 100"0
urr.tr t0.07 ' l00t'o 1n/o
^-.t!| V
Percentage error in a. b. c. d is rcspcctrrely Ansr The percenBge e{ror in lhe determination ol-

F
2r/a. 3oh, 39/o aod 1Yo- !olume is 77..
1: Units and Meairrements
-.v.m.
*Q.66. u
lf Itrc
the length
rctrgln of a
or cyliEder rl
. cylEoer i! , - C d/crlarrbl,. From formula (i).
(4.00 + 0.00f) cm, ndlut r = (0.0250 +
T2 = 4nrltg.
0,001) crir .Dd E.rs m = (6.25 + 0.01) g.
Crlculrte the p$centate error ln the ....(Squaring borh sides)
determlnrdon of deNity.
Solation: -'l-
Giyen: / = (4.00+ 0.001) cm,
In ords to have same prEcision. we 'vlr &d2AT
use, (4.000 + 0.00t),
r= (0.0250 + 0.001) cm, .. .{Usrng resulL from enor rn dr\rsionr
In order to have same prccision, we From formula (ii).
use, (0.025 + 0.001)
m= (6.25 + 0.01) s Percenraqe error
- = l{t * l4Il^
Tl ,r,
To lind: percentage ermr in dcnsity
= /0.t +_
2^u(,tl
^loo
AV 2Ar 6/ !002)
, Relatrve eftor in v6t'me'V '- I
-=- t = (0 001 + 0.01) x I00
....('. Volume of cylinder, V =,!10 = t.t yr
x. Relatrve erlor
AD Am
r=-+_ AV Percentage error in measurement ofg is l.l7o.
pmv
1.9 Sigoilicrntfigures
i""'(il,
''''["' DensitYlPl=votum.(v, f
Q.6E.iDcscribe what is mernt by signiffccna figures.
iii. Percentage error = Relative enor x 100% State th€ rules for determining signilicrnt
Calculalion: figures.
From formuloe (i) snd (ii), Ans: Signilicrntfigures:
.. Ap
=49*&*d i. Signilicant trgures ih the measurcd vdlue oj u
pmtl physical ttuantit) is the sum of reliahte digits
0.01 . 2(0.mr) a d the li$t unce ain digit.
. 0.001
6.25 0.025 4.000 OR
= 0.0016 + 0.O8 + 0.00025 The nlnber of digits in a neasurement obout
= 0.08185 which u'e are cerlein, plus ore additional
From formula (iii), digit, the Jirst one about u,hich yte are not
certain is *ravn a signficant figures or
% enor in densilY = 49 ' 166 signiftcant digi.s.
p
ii. Larger the number ofsignificant figures obtaiDed
= 0.08185 x 100 in a measurcment, grcater is the accuracy ofthe
= t.lt5ol. measuemen! The rcvefse is also tsue.
Ans: Percentage error in density is t.lts./., iii Ifone uses lhe inststmen! of srnaller leasl counl
+Q.67. The rccelentlon due to grryity ts the number ofsignificani digits increases.
determltred by uslng a Blmple pendulum Rul€s for determining slg[ificant llgures:
of lenSth , = (t00 1 0.1) cm. If iti tlme All the non-zero digits are significant, for
perlod is T = (2 + 0.01) s, fiDd the example if the volume of an objecl is
mrllmum percaoiage arror ir the l7E.4l cmr, there are fi\e simificant dig,ls
ocl!uremetrt ofg. which are 1,7,8,4 and 3.
Solaion: All the zeros between two nonz€ro digits are
Given: A.r - 0.1 cm, a = 100 cnl" AT:0.01 s. siSnificant, eg., m = 165.02 g has 5 significa
T=2s digits.
fofind: Perceniageerror iii. lf the number is less than l. the zeaalzerc€s on
Formulae: i. T=2^ the right of the decimal point aid to the left of
dle 6-rst non"Ero digir arE nol significrnl e.g. in
&\lm
_ 0.@1405, fre underlined zems arc not
ll, Percenhge ermr= sigDificant. Thus the above nuntrr has four
c
sigaificant digiis.

I
Std. xlS.i.: Precise

iv. The zercs on the ;ght hand side of the last Exrmples:
nonzero number are significant (but for this, i. Speed oflight in air = 3 ' l0r nvs
the number must be written with a decimal .'- order ofqagnitude: 8
poino, e.g. 1.500 or 001500 both have 4 rlkg
signifi cant fi gures each.
ii. Mass ofan electron = 9.1 " I0
ro
On the contrary, if a measuremenl
yields = 0.91 x l0 ks
length L given as L = 125 m = 12500 cm = .. Ordcr of masnitude = 30
125000 mm, it has only three significant
digits.
Solved Examples ---------a
*Q.69. writ€ down the number of 3ignlficrnt
fisurer in tbe fo[o*lng: 0.003 n', 0.12$ g Q.?2. Add 7.21, l2.l4l .nd 0.0026 rnd express the
c; r,6.4 x 10' E, 1.6 x 10 " c,9.r , l0i' kg. result to rn sPpropriste number of
Ans: signllicrnt figures.
Solution:
7.21
+ l2 l4l
+ 0.0028
0.1250 g cm '? l9.l5lE
Sufr =
6.4 x 106 m Rule no. i. lrl rhe given problem, minimum number o!'
t.6x10pC 2 digits after decimal is 2.

9.1 ,10
rr
kg 2 Rule no. i. ." Result will be rounded off upto l\ o Places of
decimal.
roundlrg olfnumbers.
Q.?0. State thc rlrIe3 for Ans: Corrected rounded offsum is 19.35
An3: Rule! for rou[ding-off the ouEber3:
Wtile rounding-off numbe$ in mssurement,
*Q.73.The dirmeter of s sphere is 2.14 cm.
following rules are applied. Cslculste the volume of the sphere to the
correct number of significrnt figures.
i. If lhe digil to be dropped is smaller than 5,
then the preceding digit should be lefi 4.
Ans: Volume ofsphere =
unchanged. eg. 7.34 is round€d-offto 7.3. Irr
ii. Ifthe digit to be dmpped is greater dlan 5, then _ o^r,or. i''
the preceding digit should be raised by l. 1 l)l
eg. 17.26 is rounded-offto 17.3
iii. lf the digit to be dropped is 5 follow€d by i. '= !l
:l
digils other than zero, then the preceding digit I
should be mised by L
eg. 7.351, on being rounded-off to first - 4- . 1.142 .r1.0'r'
' decimal becomes 7.4.
= 1.333 x 1.142 x (1.07)r
iv. Ifthe digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by
zero, then the preceding digit is not changed if = lanlilog uog (l.3ll)
it is even, + log(3.142) + 3 log(1.07)l)
eg. 3.45, on being rounded-off becornes 3.4. = lantilog [0.1249 + 0.4972
v. Ifthe digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by + 3 (0.0294)lI
zeros; then the preceding digit is raised by I if = {antilog [0.6221
it is odd. e9.3.35, on being rounded-off
+ 0.08821)
becomes 3.4.
= lamilo8 [0.7103]]
Q.71.
rDesarib€ whrt fu mernt by order of = 5.ll3cmr
magnltude.
In multiplication or division. the linal result
Erpl.ln wlth sult ble errmpl$.
relarn ai mdny srgn,licant igures as
Aor: Order of m.gnltude: 'hould
thcre are in rhe original number with $e least
The magnitude of any physical quantity can be significant ligures.
express€d as A x 10tr wherc 'A' is a number
such that 0.5 S A < 5 tben. n' is an integer
.. Volume in coffecl significanl figures
called the ordcr of mrgnitudc.
:5.13 crnr

l=I
l: Unlts and Measurcments
*Q.14.The length, bre.dth snd thlckDess iQ.75. NrcLar rrdiui R hrs N dependeNe on lhe
of s
rectangrhr 3hcet of meid are 4.234 m, m.tr trumber (A) ss R =1.3 x 10-!6A18 m.
1.005 m rnd 2.01 cm respectlv€ly. Give th€ For r nucleus of mrss number A = l2S.
arer and volum€ of the she€t to correct obtrh lte order of mrgnitude of R
signlficrnt ligures. erpre3sd ln metre.
Solution: Am: R= 1.3 x lO 16 x AIlr m
Gi'cn: i:4.234 m, b: 1.005 m. For A = 125
16
R = l.3 x l0 x (125)r'r
l=2.01 cm=2.01 x l0 2m=0-0201 m
ToJind: i. Area of
sheet lo correcr
=l.3xl0'6x5
significant figures (A)
=6.5x10'6
=0.65xl015m
ii. Volume of sheet to corEct .. = 15
Order ofmagnitude
significsrt figues (V) Taking the standard wlue of nucleat
[No,.:
A=2(/b+bt+t/) ra.lius R = 1.3 x t0|s n, he order oJ
ii. nagniude cones n be t 0 )a n.J
iQ.76,A lrrge bau 2 m in r.diu3 is trrrde up of a
From fomula (i), ropc of lqlr.re cross sectiotr with dga
A = 2(4.234 x 1.005 + 1.005 length 4 mm. Neglecting th€ elr grD3 in thc
bru wh.t lr Oe tot l lergth of the rope ao
x 0.020t + 0.0201 x 4.234)
the llerre,t order of m.gnltude?
= 2([antilog(log 4.234 + logl.005) Atrs: Volume oftrall = Volume enclosed by rope.
+ antilog(lo8 1.005 + log0.020t) 4
,t (radius)'- Are3 ofcross-secliotr ofrope
+
anrilog(log 0.0201 + log 4.23411 t
= 2{[anrilos(0.6267 + 0.0021) x length ofrope.
+ antiloS(0.0021 + ,.3010) 4,
+ antitog ( r.3ol0 + 0.6267)ll
.. lenglh ofrorr / = L
A
=2 {[antilog(0.6288) + sntilog Given:r=2mand
(t.3o3 t) + anrilos(, .9277)l)
tuEa=A=4x4=16mm2
= t6 x 10-6 m'?
= 2 [4.254 + 0.02(09 + 0.0a467)
= 214.358761
. , 4(1.142.2' 1.142\2
3x l6x I0' 3
= a.7fi52m'z r2x106m.
ln c.nect signific&t figurc, .. Tolsl length of rope rc fie nsresl order of
A = t.?2 m2 magnitude=10'm=l0rkm
From fonnula (ii),
V = 4.234 x 1.005 x 0.0201
= sntilog log (4.234) + log ( 1.005)
+ loc (0.020t)l
= antilog [0.6269 + O.OO2| + i .30321
= aDrilog [0.6288 + ,.3032]
= antilog [, .9320]
= 8.551 x l0 '?

= 0.OE55lml
In correct significant figure (rourding ofi),
V = 0.l)66 m3
Ana: i. Area of sheet to conEct significrnt
figures is t.?2 m'1.
ii- Volum€ of shcet to con€ct significant
figurcs is 0.0t6 m3.
tNoE: The gi\en solution is aftiyed to by
considering a rectangular $heet.l

17
l ! rxlanrc. ral qortntrrr.\

. Leneh . Mass . Time ]


. Tempersture I
. cunenl rlsn[El.!u!ll:
. Luminous inrensitv I I !
-llpsl
ID.rt*d I l. nmount of subetance LICA-I
-.|-_-_--T__-_--l-
r-n)s,.r' v!.'r'ilr\
. st

pos\*s Denled
..:f --. - --*'j:-
tundamenBl l'merre(Lengrhr
i \la* I
liI'!rdn (vassl
krklgram
Dimelsrol:, Signrficanr figures & '
. sccond (t,!ne)
. _ order of macn iludc
i
, l!{i to l#;-e.,j=r
tezai:2--;,iii.--:)t I t. dnrFr<
4rFrE r\{( ur
un.nuU

ffi
ffi --^, i lsmulauaoo" l'
telvin tTemperaruret I

kl:*'"llr:x'"".,:::'nfl,i
fE.;"f
ideall) should

f .l a,*"",;J+-{E*,*ii
Syslemaric

Enols Enols due to imperleclionl

l]"**0*
- @ I in experimental

I
]

I
I eb*t*.,*, ll uean atsolua enor Relative enor I r"roote...t Combinarion
I &- ' roou"
I I

o* - r""-. - l l -aa, " +&r"


I

Aa,.
I

L ot errors
l
l
I ^" -
".r ll --"'" ^4, n I
L '-l l"-l I

IL =-!io" I

"=',_l
1. Dirmeter of pl.net/strr: d = cr D.
Average vrlu€ or lttean vrlue:

**= "
8.

Me$ure of physic.l qu.ntity: a, +a, +ar +..+ a"=;l+


M=du +",
wher€. n = numerical value, u = unit g. Abtohte aror:
2. Relatiotr betw€€n numerlcrl vdue tnd size = lAverage value - Measured value
ofulit: nrur = n2u2 Aa.l=la.*-a.
l. Co[v€rslon faator of r unit in two 3ystem of 10. Meao lbaohte error:

*,",.=lqT[rl'lrl' ^^ _ dq+la"+...+&. _ l+^-


L14l LL,l Lr,l " n !*'
J. Plrne.ngle: d0 =
ds ll. Relrdv€ (frrctloD.l) errcr, = 4*
-
g:.,lm%
5. Solid engle: dO = 12. Percentage error: =

6. Psrrlhx angl€: 0=
b 13. lf Z= AtB. then maximum eror:

F
D 62=t(dA+AB)
1: Units and Measurements
A 10. Find lhe conversion factor between S.l. and
14. l[Z=ABorZ=] lhen,
CCS unirs o, lbrce usin! drmensronalanaly\i..
Conversion factor= l0' r e - I N = t0' dlne
rlA AB I
^Z
Z \ B) ll. Find the dimensionut ut
^ kinematical equations: "oo""tr"..
15. IfZ A'n r 8". then error in measLrrcmcnl:
LZ TTLAA n B Reler Q.J0.
ZAB
12. the ralue of C in C.U.S ivsrcm i\
l": V..ious prelkes to erprers r physic.l
qurntity:
6.67 6
x I0 :.
dyne cm: g Calculare rrs,atur
in S.l. system.
I'
6.6?
" to N mrAgl
of l0 1.7 Accuracy, Precision end Uncerteinty in
ll) ' Measur€m€nts
to-, 13. What are the reasons thar may introduce
ycg lo-i' possible uncertainties io an observation?
Kilo io'r' A,Irt Refer Q.42.
t0 i5
l.t Erron iD Meraurements

14. Explain:
i. absolurc error
l.t Inlrodrction ii. relative enor
iii. percentage enor
l. Defioe unit ofphysical quaatity. Ans: RekrQ.50 /ii), lir). (\'/.
Anst Refer Q.2. (i).
15. Error in the measuremcnt ofradius ofa sphere
1.2 System of Unlt! is l%. Then error in the measuremenl of
volume *ill be?
2. D€Iine F.P.S sFtem.
A$t Refer Q.3.(iii).
16. The lcngth of a rod as mcasured in ao
3. Define C.C.S system. erperiment was found ro be 2.48 m, 2.4f, m,
L.tst Reler 8.3.(i). 2.49 m, 2.50 m and 2.48 m. Find the mean
4. Comparc plane angle and solid arlgle. absolute error. relative error and percentage
An', Refet Q.6.
Ans: (i) 0.01m (ii) 0.004 m (iii) 0.4%
13 Me$urcmert of l-ango
17. The lenglh of a meral plate *as measured
5. Explain the method to determiDe the distance of using a Vemier callipers of least count
a planet from the Earth. 0.01 cm. Th€ measurement made were
An!: Reler O. I 6. 4.1I cm,4.ll cm, 4.21 cm and 4.09 cm. Find
the mean length, the mean absolute error,
1.4 M€rsuremert of Mrsr
relative error and the percentagc error in the
6. What is atomic m6ss unit (amu)? measurement oflengrh.
An , Refer Q.24 (v) Ans: (i) 4.lls cm, (ii) 0.0375 cm, (iii) 9.068110 r.
(iv) 0.e06 %
1.5 Me$urelDent of tiDe
1.9 Sieoili""nt lis*
7- Why was solar day rejected as a unit oftime? 18. Define significant figures.
A$t Relet Q.25 A\rt Reler Q.68. bnb defnilion)
1.6 19. Whal are the rules for dclcrmining signilicant
figuresl
8. What are the dimensions ofpower?
Ar3l Refer Q.68. (onl) rulest
Ans: [LrMrT r]
20. What is order of magnitudc l Explain with rwo
9. Whal are the dimcnsions 01'licquency? examples-
r]
Ans: ILoM1'T Refet Q.7t.
Std. Xl Sci.l Preclse

21. Add 3.8 x l0{ snd 4.2 x l0-5 with due 5. The distance ol the planet from the earth is
rrglrds lo sigtrificart fi8ui€s measured bY

Atra: 4.6 x l0-3


(A) direcl method
(B) directly by metre scale
22. Two diffcllnl mlsses ane dctermined as (C) -- meihod
spherometer
(23.710.5) g arld (17.6 i 0.3) g. what is the (D) parallax method
sum oftheir tna&ses?
6. The two starc Sr and S2 are located at
A!r:41.3+0.89 distances dr and d2 respectively. Also ifdr > dr
23. Th. leDglh, brcsdlh snd thickrcss of a then following slatement is true
rcct&gular sheet of rnctal atE 4.658 m, (A) The parallax ofSr and Sr are same
1.356 m and 2.04 cm rcopectiv€ly. Give the (B) The parallax of Sr is twice as that ofS,
fi€r &d volume of the sheet to correct (C) The parallax Sr is greater lhan
of
significant figures. panllax ofS,
An.: (i) 6.316 m', (ii) 0.3 | m' (D) The parallax of Sr is greater than
parallax ofSr
24, Tte eccelcration due lo graviry al a place is
7. which ofthe following is NOT a unit oftime'l
9.8 ms-2. Find its value in km h'2 and ils order
ofmagnitude for thal value.
(A) Hour (B) Nano second

Am: l27OO8 kn /trr. 5


(C) Microsecond (D) Pars€c
*8. Lighl year is a unil of
25. Find lhe order ofmagnirude offollowing data. (A) time (B) mass
i. H€i8ht ofa tower 4325 m (( ) distance lD) luminosiL)
ii. weiSht ofa car 789 kg
iii. Charge on electron 1.6 , lo-te C An alomic clock makcs use of
(iii) (A) cesium-133 !!om
(D 3, (iD 3, -le (B) ccsium-I32 atom
26- what will be lhe kinetic energy of body if its (C) cesium-l23 atom
rnsss is 2 kg and moving with a velocity of (D) cesium-l3l atom
2 rn/s? Wrire its ordcr of magnitude and
10. S.l. unitofenergy isjoule and it is equivalent to
siSnificant figues. (B) 10 erg
Ani: (i) 4 J, (ii) 0, (iii) I
(A) 106 erg 7

(C) lo'erg (D) lfr erg


I l. [LrMrrr] is an expression for
(A) force (B) energy
(C) pressure (D) momentum
A physical quantity may be defined as
12. Dimensions ofsin 0 is
-.
(A) the one having dinrension.
(A) tL1 (B) tMl
(B) that which is imrbersursble. (c) [ML] (D) tMrrlt'rol
(C) ftat which has w€ight.
(D) that which has mass. [L'M'T '?] is the dimensional formula for
'13. (A) (B) acceleration
velocity
1. Which ofthc following is the fundamental unit? (C) force (D) work
(A) Lerulh, force, time *14 Dim€nsions of kinetic energy are the same as
(B) Length, nuss, tim€
that of
(C) Msss, volume, heiSht (A) force (B) acceleration
(D) Mr$, velocity, prcssure (C) work (D) pressure
3. Which of dle following is NOT a firndamenial 15. Accuracy ofmeasurement is determined by
quantitY? (A) absolute error
(A) Temperature (B) percentage error
(B) El.ctric charge (C) human error
(C) Msss (D) personal€rror
(D) El€ctric cwrent
16. Zero errorofan rnsrumenl inlroduces _
Which of the following is not a flrdamental (A) systematic error
unif (B) random enor
(A) cm (B) ks (C) personal error
(C) c€ntigade (D) voh (D) decimalenor

E
17. The diameter of the paper pin is measurcd
accurately by using _.
(A) Vemier callipers
(B) micromeler screw gauge
(C) metre scale
(D) a measuring tap€
.t8. The error in the measurement ofthe sides of a
rectangle is l%. The eftor in the measurement

(A) l%
\B\ t2%
tc) 2%
(D) None ofthe above.
19. The number of signifilanr figures in
I l.l l8 x l0j is
(A) 3 (B) 4
(c) 5 (D) 6
20. 0.00849 contains significant figures.
(A) 6 (B) 5
(c) 3 (D) 2
21. 3.3,0 x 10']has significant figures.
(A) 6 (B) 4
(c) 2 (D) I
The Earth's radius is 6371 km. The order of
magnitud€ ofthe Eanh's radius is
(A) l0r m tB) lov m
(C) I0rm (D) l0'?m
23. _ is the smallest measurcmenl that
can be made using the given insfument
(A) Significant number
(B) l,east count
(C) Order ofmagnitude
(D) Relative error

Alswers to Multiple Choice Questions

L (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D)


5. (D) 6. (D) 7. (D) 8. (c)
9. (A) 10. (c) I l. (D) 12. (D)
13. (c) 14. (c) t5. (B) 16. (A)
17. (B) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (B) 22. (c) 23. (B)

Hints to ltultiple Choice Questiols

18.

A
=7*' = lyo+ t%=2yo

[_

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