Differential Equation
Differential Equation:
An equation involving independent variables(s) , dependent variable and derivative(s) of
dependent variable with respect to independent variable(s), is called a differential
equation.
Ordinary Differential Equation:
A differential equation involving derivative or derivatives of the dependent variable with
respect to only one independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation.
Order of a Differential Equation:
The order of the highest order derivative of dependent variable occurring in the
differential equation, is called the order of differential equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation:
The highest power(positive integral index) of the highest order derivative involved in a
differential equation , when it is written as a polynomial in derivatives, is called degree of
a differential equation.
Solution of a differential equation:
A function of the form 𝑦 = ∅(𝑥) + 𝐶, which satisfies given differential equation, is called
the solution of the differential equation.
General Solution of a Differential Equation:
A solution of a differential equation which contains as many arbitrary constants as the
order of the differential equation, is called the general solution or primitive solution of the
differential equation.
Particular Solution of a Differential Equation:
The solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in general
solution, is called a particular solution of the differential equation.
Differential Equation in Variable Separable form:
Suppose a first order and a first degree differential equation,
!"
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), is such that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) can be written as 𝑔(𝑥). ℎ(𝑦).
!#
!"
Then, expressed the given differential equation as !# = 𝑔(𝑥). ℎ(𝑦)
$
If ℎ(𝑦) ≠ 0 , then separating the variables, the equation can be written as %(") 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. On integrating both sides we get the required solution.
Homogeneous Differential Equation:
A function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogeneous function of degree n, if
" #
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ( 𝑔 3# 4 𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 ( ℎ 3" 4.
!"
A differential equation of the form !#
= 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is called a homogeneous differential
equation, if 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous function of degree zero.
Solution of Homogeneous Differential Equation:
" !" !)
If 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔 3# 4, then firstly put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and !#
=𝑣+𝑥 !#
in given differential equation
and then use variable separable method to get the required solution.
# !# !)
Similarly, if 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = ℎ 3"4, then put 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and !" = 𝑣 + 𝑦 !"
in the given differential
equation.
Linear Differential Equation:
A first order differential equation in which the degree of dependent variable and its
derivative is one and they do not get multiplied together, is called a linear differential
equation.
!"
Type I: A differential equation of the form !# + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are constants or
functions of x only, is called linear differential equation, whose solution is given by
𝑦. (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄. (𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶, where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ + !#
!#
Type II: A differential equation of the form !" + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where P and Q are constants or
functions of y only, is called linear differential equation, whose solution is given by
𝑥. (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄. (𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶, where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ + !"
Solve the following differential equation:
1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
2. !"
cosec 𝑥 log 𝑦 !#
+ 𝑥-𝑦- = 0
3. !#
!"
+ 𝑥 cot 𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 𝑦 -
4. !" $
(1 + 𝑥 - ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = $.# !
!#
"
5. 𝑥𝑦 / − 𝑦 + 𝑥 sin # = 0
6. "
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 M𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛- 3#4 − 𝑦Q 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0
, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 1
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1.
7. !" "
!#
= # + log 𝑥
8. !"
!#
+ 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥
9. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
!" #"
!#
= # ! ." !
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
0
10. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 - 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 - )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0, given that 𝑦 = , 𝑥 = 1.
1
11. (1 + 𝑦 - )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 - )𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that y = 0 when x = 1.
12. !" #(- 234 #.$) 0
!#
= 56( "." 735 " , 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = -
, 𝑥=1
13. (1 + 𝑥 - )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ≠ 0
14. !"
sin8$ 3!# 4 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
15. !" 9:; !" .; #" <
!#
= ; " .; $"
16. (tan8$ 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 - )𝑑𝑥
17. ; $!√" " !#
Y − Z = 1(𝑥 ≠ 0)
√# √# !"
" "
18.
𝑦 𝑒 & 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 𝑒 & + 𝑦 - \ 𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 ≠ 0)
1. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equations:
!" - !"
(i) 3!# 4 + sin 3!#4 = 0
!!" !" - !"
(ii) 𝑥𝑦 !# ! + 𝑥 3!#4 − 𝑦 !# = 0
2. Verify that the function y = a cos x + b sin x, where, a, b ∈ R is a solution of the
!!"
differential equation !# ! + 𝑦 = 0.
3. Find the general solution of the differential equation:
!"
!#
= ^1 + 𝑥 - + 𝑦 - + 𝑥 - 𝑦 -
4. Find the general solution of the differential equation:
!"
!#
= ^9 − 𝑦 -
5. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (–2, 3), given that the
-#
slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is " ! .
"'
Answer: 9
= 𝑥 - + 𝐶.
6. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. In how
many years Rs 1000 double itself?
Answer: 20 log ; 2
7. Find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
!"
(𝑥 9 + 𝑥 - + 𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 - + 𝑥; 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
!#
8. find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
!"
cos 3!# 4 = 𝑎; 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
9. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, –2) given that at any
point (x, y) on the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y coordinate of
the point is equal to the x coordinate of the point.
10. At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line
segment joining the point of contact to the point (– 4, –3). Find the equation of the
curve given that it passes through (–2, 1).
11. The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If
initially its radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of
balloon after t seconds.
12. " !" "
Show that the differential equation 𝑥 cos 3# 4 !# = 𝑦 cos 3# 4 + 𝑥 is homogeneous
and solve it.
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛8$ (log 𝐶𝑥)
" "
13.
Show that the differential equation 2 𝑦 𝑒 & 𝑑𝑥 + [𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑒 & \ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
homogeneous and find its particular solution, given that, x = 0 when y = 1.
"
Answer: 2 𝑒 & + log|𝑦| = 2
14. Show that the family of curves for which the slope of the tangent at any point (x,
#! . "!
y) on it is -#"
, is given 𝑥 - − 𝑦 - = 𝑐𝑥 .
15. " 0
M𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛- 3# 4 − 𝑦Q 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
16. !"
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 - − 2𝑥 - !# = 0; 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1.
17. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
!" 0
!#
+ 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 - cot 𝑥 , given that y = 0 when 𝑥 = - .
0!
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑥 - − 1 >?@ # 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 sin 𝑥 ≠ 0.
18. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 1). If the slope of the
tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the x coordinate
(abscissa) and the product of the x coordinate and y coordinate (ordinate) of that
"!
point. Answer: 𝑦 = −1 + 2𝑒 ! .
19. Find the general solution:
!"
!#
+ 2𝑦 = sin 𝑥
20. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ^𝑥 - + 𝑦 - 𝑑𝑥
