JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

Mathematics
NURTURE COURSE

STUDY MATERIAL

Statistics
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 Statistics

STATISTICS

1.0 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY :

SL AL

An average value or a central value of a distribution is the value of variable which is representative of the
entire distribution, this representative value are called the measures of central tendency.
Generally the following five measures of central tendency.
(a) Mathematical average
(i) Arithmetic mean (ii) Geometric mean (iii) Harmonic mean
(b) Positional average
(i) Median (ii) Mode

1.1 ARITHMETIC MEAN :

(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ...... xn are n values of variate xi then their A.M. x is defined as
n

x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n
∑x
i =1
i
x = =
n n
⇒ Σxi = n x

(ii) For ungrouped and grouped freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are values of variate with corresponding
frequencies f1, f2, ... fn then their A.M. is given by
n

f x + f x + .... + fn x n
∑f x i i n
x = 1 1 2 2
f1 + f2 + .... + fn
= i =1
N
, where N = ∑f
i =1
i

Illustration 1. Find the A.M. of the following freq. dist.

xi 5 8 11 14 17
fi 4 5 6 10 20
Solution Here N = Σfi = 4 + 5 + 6 + 10 + 20 = 45
Σfixi = (5 × 4) + (8 × 5) + (11 × 6) + (14 × 10) + (17 × 20) = 606
Σfi x i 606
∴ x = = = 13.47
N 45

(iii) By short method : If the value of xi are large, then the calculation of A.M. by using previous
formula is quite tedious and time consuming. In such case we take deviation of variate from an
arbitrary point a.
Let di = xi – a
Σfi d i
∴ x = a+ , where a is assumed mean
N

(iv) By step deviation method : Sometime during the application of short method of finding the A.M.
If each deviation di are divisible by a common number h(let)
di x −a
Let ui = = i
h h
 Σf u 
∴ x = a +  i i h
 N 

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Illustration 2. Find the mean of the following freq. dist.

xi 5 15 25 35 45 55
fi 12 18 27 20 17 6
Solution Let assumed mean a = 35, h = 10
(x i − 35)
here N = Σfi = 100, ui =
10
∴ Σfiui = (12 × –3) + (18 × –2) + (27 × –1) + (20 × 0) + (17 × 1) + (6 × 2) = – 70
 Σfi ui  (−70)
∴ x =a+   h = 35 + 100 × 10 = 28
 N 

(v) Weighted mean : If w1, w2, ...... wn are the weights assigned to the values x1, x2, ..... xn
respectively then their weighted mean is defined as
n

w x + w 2 x 2 + ..... + w n x n
∑w x
i =1
i i
Weighted mean = 1 1 = n
w1 + ..... + w n
∑w
i =1
i

Illustration 3. Find the weighted mean of first n natural numbers when their weights are equal to their
squares respectively
1.12 + 2.22 + .... + n.n 2 13 + 23 + ..... + n 3
Solution Weighted Mean = =
12 + 22 + .... + n 2 12 + 22 + .... + n 2
[n(n + 1) / 2]2 3n(n + 1)
= =
[n(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 6] 2(2n + 1)

(vi) Combined mean : If x1 and x 2 be the means of two groups having n1 and n2 terms respectively
then the mean (combined mean) of their composite group is given by
n x + n2 x 2
combined mean = 1 1
n1 + n 2
n1 x1 + n1 x 2 + n 3 x 3 + ....
If there are more than two groups then, combined mean =
n1 + n 2 + n 3 + ....

Illustration 4. The mean income of a group of persons is Rs. 400 and another group of persons is Rs. 480.
If the mean income of all the persons of these two groups is Rs. 430 then find the ratio of the
number of persons in the groups.
Solution Here x1 = 400, x 2 = 480, x = 430
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 400n1 + 480n 2
∵ x = ⇒ 430 =
n1 + n 2 n1 + n 2
n1 5
⇒ =
n2 3

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(vii) Properties of Arithmetic mean :

 Sum of deviations of variate from their A.M. is always zero i.e. Σ(xi – x ) = 0, Σfi(xi – x ) = 0
 Sum of square of deviations of variate from their A.M. is minimum i.e. Σ(xi – x )2 is minimum
 If x is the mean of variate xi then A.M. of (xi + λ) = x + λ
A.M. of (λxi) = λ x
A.M. of (axi + b) = a x + b (where λ, a, b are constant)
 A.M. is independent of change of assumed mean i.e. it is not effected by any change in assumed mean.

ARITHMETIC MEAN, WEIGHTED MEAN, COMBINED MEAN

1. Mean of the first n terms of the A.P. a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ........ is-
nd (n − 1)d
(A) a + (B) a + (C) a + (n – 1) d (D) a + nd
2 2
2. The A.M. of first n even natural number is -
n +1 n
(A) n(n + 1) (B) (C) (D) n + 1
2 2
3. If the mean of n observations x1, x2, .......xn is x , then the sum of deviations of observations from mean is -
x
(A) 0 (B) nx (C) (D) None of these
n
n+7
4. If the mean of first n natural numbers is equal to , then n is equal to-
3
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) none of these

5. If the mean of five observations x, x + 2 , x + 4, x+ 6 and x + 8 is 11, then the mean of last three
observations is-
(A) 11 (B) 13 (C) 15 (D) 17

6. The mean of a set of numbers is x . If each number is decreased by λ, the mean of the new set is-
(A) x (B) x + λ (C) λ − x (D) x − λ

1 1 1
7. The mean of values 1, , ,...... which have frequencies 1, 2, 3, ........ n resp., is :
2 3 n
2n + 1 2 n +1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 n 2 n +1

8. If the mean of following feq. dist. is 2.6, then the value of f is :-

xi 1 2 3 4 5
fi 5 4 f 2 3
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 8 (D) None of these

9. The weighted mean of first n natural numbers when their weights are equal to corresponding natural
number, is :-
n +1 2n + 1 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 3 6
10. In a group of students, the mean weight of boys is 65 kg. and mean weight of girls is 55 kg. If the mean
weight of all students of group is 61 kg, then the ratio of the number of boys and girls in the group is :-
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 4 : 3

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1.2 GEOMETRIC MEAN :

(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ..... xn are n positive values of variate then their geometric mean G

is given by
G = (x1 × x2 × ..... × xn)1/n

1 n 
⇒ G = antilog 
 n
∑ log x 
i =1
i

(ii) For freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are n positive values with corresponding frequencies f1, f2, .... fn

resp. then their G.M.

G = (x if1 × x f22 × ..... × x fnn )1/ N

1 n 
⇒ G = antilog 
 N
∑ f log x 
i =1
i i

Note :- If G1 and G2 are geometric means of two series which containing n1 and n2 positive values

resp. and G is geometric mean of their combined series then

1

G = (G1n1 × Gn22 )n1 + n2

 n log G1 + n 2 log G2 
⇒ G = antilog  1 
 n1 + n 2 

Illustration 5. Find the G.M. of 1, 2, 22, ....., 2n

1
Solution G.M. = (1.2.22......2n )n +1
1
 n(n +1)  n +1
= 2 2  = 2n/2
 

1.3 HARMONIC MEAN

(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ..... xn are n non-zero values of variate then their harmonic mean
H is defined as
n n
H= =
1 1 1 n
1
+
x1 x 2
+ .... +
xn ∑x
i =1 i

(ii) For freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are n non-zero values of variate with corresponding frequencies
f1, f2, ..... fn respectively the their H.M.
N N
H= =
f1 f2 f n
fi
+
x1 x 2
+ .... + n
xn ∑x
i =1 i

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1 1 1 1
Illustration 6. Find the H.M. of , , ,....., .
2 3 4 17
n 16 2
Solution H.M. = = =
1 1 1 2 + 3 + .... + 17 19
+ + ..... +
x1 x 2 xn
Note :- If A, G, H are A.M. G.M. H.M. of a series respectively then
A≥G≥H

GEOMETRIC MEAN, HARMONIC MEAN

1. The G.M. of n positive terms x1, x2, ..... xn is :-

1
(A) (x1 × x2 × ..... × xn)n (B) (x × x2 × ... × xn)
n 1
(C) (x1 × x2 × ... × xn)1/n (D) None of these

2. The G.M. of numbers 4, 5, 10, 20, 25 is :-

(A) 12.8 (B) 10 (C) 7.8 (D) None of these

3. If G1 and G2 are geometric mean of two series of sizes n1 and n2 resp. and G is geometric mean of their
combined series, then log G is equal to :-
log11 + log G2 n1log11 + n 2 log G2
(A) log G1 + log G2 (B) n1 log G1 + n2log G2 (C) (D)
n1 + n 2 n1 + n 2

4. The Harmonic mean of 3, 7, 8, 10, 14 is-

3 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 14 5
(A) (B)
5 3 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 14
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
5
(C) 3 7 8 10 14 (D)
5 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
3 7 8 10 14

5. The H.M. of the numbers 2, 3, 4 is :-

36 13
(A) 3 (B) 2(3)1/3 (C) (D)
13 36

6. The H.M. of following freq. dist. is :

xi 3 6 9 12
fi 1 2 3 4
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 7.5 (D) None of these

7. A boy goes to school from his home at a speed of x km/hr. and comes back at a speed of y km/hr. then the
average speed of the boy is :-
x+y 2xy x+y
(A) km / hr (B) xy km / hr (C) km / hr (D) km / hr
2 x+y 2xy

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1.4 MEDIAN
The median of a series is the value of middle term of the series when the values are written in ascending
order. Therefore median, divided an arranged series into two equal parts.
Formulae of median :
(i) For ungrouped distribution : Let n be the number of variate in a series then
 n + 1  th
  term, (when n is odd)
 2 
Median = 
th th
Mean of  n  and  n + 1  terms, (when n is even)
  2 2 
   
(ii) For ungrouped freq. dist. : First we prepare the cumulative frequency (c.f.) column and Find
value of N then
 N + 1  th
  term, (when N is odd)
 2 
Median = 
th th
Mean of  N  and  N + 1  terms, (when N is even)
 2 2 
   
(iii) For grouped freq. dist : Prepare c.f. column and find value of then find the class which contain
value of c.f. is equal or just greater to N/2, this is median class
N 
 2 −F
∴ Median =  +   × h
f
where  — lower limit of median class
f — freq. of median class
F — c.f. of the class preceeding median class
h — Class interval of median class

Illustration 7. Find the median of following freq. dist.

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
fi 8 30 40 12 10
Solution
Class fi c.f.
0-10 8 8
10-20 30 38
20-30 40 78
30-40 12 90
40-50 10 100

N 100
Here = = 50 which lies in the value 78 of c.f. hence corresponding class of this c.f.
2 2
is 20-30 is the median class, so
 = 20, f = 40, F = 38, h = 10
N 
 2 −F
∴ Median =  +   × h = 20 + (50 − 38) × 10 = 23
f 40

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1.5 MODE :
In a frequency distribution the mode is the value of that variate which have the maximum frequency
Method for determining mode :
(i) For ungrouped dist. : The value of that variate which is repeated maximum number of times
(ii) For ungrouped freq. dist. : The value of that variate which have maximum frequency.
(iii) For grouped freq. dist. : First we find the class which have maximum frequency, this is model calss
f0 − f1
∴ Mode =  + × h
2f0 − f1 − f2
where  — lower limit of model class
f0 — freq. of the model class
f1 — freq. of the class preceeding model class
f2 — freq. of the class succeeding model class
h — class interval of model class

Illustration 8. Find the mode of the following frequency dist

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
fi 2 18 30 45 35 20 6 3
Solution Here the class 30–40 has maximum freq. so this is the model class
 = 30, f0 = 45, f1 = 30, f2 = 35, h = 10
f0 − f1
∴ Mode =  + ×h
2f0 − f1 − f2
45 − 30
= 30 + × 10 = 36
2 × 45 − 30 − 35

1.6 RELATION BETWEEN MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE :

In a moderately asymmetric distribution following relation between mean, median and mode of a
distribution. It is known as empirical formula.
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
Note (i) Median always lies between mean and mode
(ii) For a symmetric distribution the mean, median and mode are coincide.

1.7 MEASURES OF DISPERSION :

The dispersion of a statistical distribution is the measure of deviation of its values about the their average
(central) value.
It gives an idea of scatteredness of different values from the average value.
Generally the following measures of dispersion are commonly used.
(i) Range
(ii) Mean deviation
(iii) Variance and standard deviation
(i) Range : The difference between the greatest and least values of variate of a distribution, are called
the range of that distribution.
If the distribution is grouped distribution, then its range is the difference between upper limit of the
maximum class and lower limit of the minimum class.
difference of extreme values
Also, coefficient of range =
sum of extreme values

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JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 9. Find the range of following numbers 10, 8, 12, 11, 14, 9, 6
Solution Here greatest value and least value of the distribution are 14 and 6 resp. therefore
Range = 14 – 6 = 8

(ii) Mean deviation (M.D.) : The mean deviation of a distribution is, the mean of absolute value of
deviations of variate from their statistical average (Mean, Median, Mode).
If A is any statistical average of a distribution then mean deviation about A is defined as
n

∑| x
i =1
i − A|
Mean deviation = (for ungrouped dist.)
n
n

∑f |x
i =1
i i − A|
Mean deviation = (for freq. dist.)
N
Note : Mean deviation is minimum when it taken about the median

Illustration 10. Find the mean deviation of number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 about the mean.
Solution Here n = 5, x = 5
Σ | xi − x |
∴ Mean deviation =
n
1
= [|3 – 5| + |4 – 5| + |5 – 5| + |6 – 5| + |7 – 5|]
5
1 6
= [2 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 2] = = 1.2
5 5

Illustration 11. Find the mean deviation about mean from the following data
Xi 3 9 17 23 27
fi 8 10 12 9 5

Solution
xi fi fi xi |xi – x | Xi | xi – x |
3 8 24 12 96
9 10 90 6 60
17 12 204 2 24
23 9 207 8 72
27 5 135 12 60
N = 44 Σfixi = 660 Σfi |xi – x | = 312

Σfi x i 660
Mean ( x ) = = = 15
N 44
Σfi | x i − x | 312
Mean deviation = = = 7.09
N 44

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MEDIAN, MODE, SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION, RANGE, MEAN DEVIATION

1. The median of an arranged series of n even observations, will be :

 n +1 n
(A)   th term (B)   th term
 2   2
 n +1 n  n +1
(C)   th term (D) Mean of   th and   th terms
 2   2  2 

2. Median of the following freq. dist.

Xi 3 6 10 12 7 15
fi 3 4 2 8 13 10
(A) 7 (B) 10 (C) 8.5 (D) None of these

3. The mode of the following freq. dist is :-

Class 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50
fi 5 7 8 6 4
(A) 24 (B) 23.83 (C) 27.16 (D) None of these

4. For a normal dist :-

(A) mean = median (B) median = mode
(C) mean = mode (D) mean = median = mode

5. The relationship between mean, median and mode for a moderately skewed distribution is-
(A) mode = median – 2 mean (B) mode = 2 median – mean
(C) mode = 2 median – 3 mean (D) mode = 3 median – 2 mean

6. The range of observations 2, 3, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 7, 4, 3 is :-

(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 5.5 (D) 11

7. The mean deviation of a frequency dist. is equal to :-

Σd i Σ di Σfi d i Σfi d i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Σfi Σfi Σfi Σfi

8. Mean deviation of the observations 70, 42, 63, 34, 44, 54, 55, 46, 38, 48 from median is :-
(A) 7.8 (B) 8.6 (C) 7.6 (D) 8.8

9. Mean deviation of 5 observations from their mean 3 is 1.2, then coefficient of mean deviation is :-
(A) 0.24 (B) 0.4 (C) 2.5 (D) None of these

10. The mean deviation from median is

(A) greater than the mean deviation from any other central value
(B) less than the mean deviation from any other central value
(C) equal to the mean deviation from any other central value
(D) maximum if all values are positive

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(iii) Variance and standard deviation : The variance of a distribution is, the mean of squares of
deviation of variate from their mean. It is denoted by σ2 or var(x).
The positive square root of the variance are called the standard deviation. It is denoted by σ or S.D.
Hence standard deviation = + variance

Formulae for variance :

(i) for ungrouped dist. :
Σ(x i − x)2
σx2 =
n
2
Σx i2 Σx i2  Σx i 
σx2 = − x2 = − 
n n  n 
2
Σd i2  Σd i 
σd2 = −  , where di = xi – a
n  n 

(ii) For freq. dist. :

Σfi (x i − x)2
σx2 =
N
2
Σfi x i2 Σf x 2  Σf x 
σx2 = − (x)2 = i i −  i i 
N N  N 
2
Σfi d i2  Σfi d i 
σd2 = − 
N  N 
 Σf u 2  Σf u  2  d
σu2 = h 2  i i −  i i   where ui = i
 N  N   h

σ
(iii) Coefficient of S.D. =
x
σ
Coefficient of variation = × 100 (in percentage)
x
Note :- σ2 = σx2 = σd2 = h2 σu2

Illustration 12. Find the variance of first n natural numbers

2 2
Σx i2  Σx i 
2 Σn 2  Σn 
Solution σ = −  = − 
n  n  n  n 

{ }
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) n2 − 1
= − =
6n 2n 12

18 18
Illustration 13. If ∑
i =1
(x i − 8) =
9 and ∑ (x
i =1
i − 8)2 =
45 , then find the standard deviation of x1, x2, .... x18

Solution Let (xi – 8) = di

2 2
Σd i2  Σd  45  9  5 1 3
∴ σx = σd = − i  = − = − =
n  n  18  18  2 4 2

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Illustration 14. Find the coefficient of variation of first n natural numbers

Solution For first n natural numbers.
n +1 n2 − 1
Mean ( x ) = , S.D.(σ) =
2 12
σ
∴ coefficient of variance = × 100
x
n2 − 1 1 (n − 1)
= × × 100 = × 100
12  n +1  3(n + 1)
 
 2 

1.8. MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION :

The mean square deviation of a distribution is the mean of the square of deviations of variate from
assumed mean. It is denoted by S2
Σ(x i − a)2 Σd i2
Hence S2 = = (for ungrouped dist.)
n n
Σfi (x i − a)2 Σf d 2
S2 = = i i (for freq. dist.), where di = (xi – a)
N N

1.9. RELATION BETWEEN VARIANCE AND MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION :

2
Σfi d i2  Σfi d i 
∵ σ2 = − 
N  N 
Σfi d i
⇒ σ2 = s2 – d2 , where d = x – a =
N
⇒ s2 = σ2 + d2 ⇒ s2 ≥ σ2
Hence the variance is the minimum value of mean square deviation of a distribution

Illustration 15. Determine the variance of the following frequency dist.

Class 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12

fi 2 7 12 19 9 1

Solution Let a = 7, h = 2

xi – a
Class xi fi ui = fiui fi u2i
h
0-2 1 2 –3 –6 18
2-4 3 7 –2 –14 28
4-6 5 12 –1 –12 12
6-8 7 19 0 0 0
8-10 9 9 1 9 9
10-12 11 1 2 2 4
N = 50 Σfi ui = –21 Σfi u2i = 71

 Σf u 2  Σf u  
2  71  −21  2 
∴ σ2 = h 2  i i − i i   = 4  −    = 4[1.42 – 0.1764] = 4.97
 N  N    50  50  

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1.10 MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIANCE :

 Var.(xi + λ) = Var.(xi)
Var.(λxi) = λ2.Var(xi)
Var(axi + b) = a2.Var(xi)
where λ, a, b, are constant
 If means of two series containing n1, n2 terms are x1 , x 2 and their variance's are σ12 , σ 22 respectively
and their combined mean is x then the variance σ2 of their combined series is given by following
formula
n1 (σ12 + d12 ) + n 2 (σ 22 + d 22 )
σ2 = where di = x1 − x , d2 = x 2 − x
(n1 + n 2 )
n1σ12 + n 2 σ 22 n1n 2
i.e. σ2 = + (x1 − x 2 )2
n1 + n 2 (n1 + n 2 )2

VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

x−a
1. The variate x and u are related by u = then correct relation between σx and σu is :-
h
(A) σx = hσu (B) σx = h + σu (C) σu = hσx (D) σu = h + σx

2. The S.D. of the first n natural numbers is-

n2 − 1 n2 − 1 n2 − 1 n2 − 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 12

3. The variance of observations 112, 116, 120, 125, 132 is :-

(A) 58.8 (B) 48.8 (C) 61.8 (D) None of these

10 10
4. If ∑
i =1
(x i − 15) =
12 and ∑ (x
i =1
i − 15)2 =
18 then the S.D. of observations x1, x2 ............ x10 is :-

2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
5 5 5

5. The variance of series a, a + d, a + 2d, ....., a + 2nd is :-

n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1) 2
(A) d (B) d (C) d (D) d
2 3 6 12

6. Variance is independent of change of-

(A) only origin (B) only scale (C) origin and scale both (D) none of these

7. If each observation of a dist. whose S.D. is σ, is increased by λ, then the variance of the new observations
is -
(A) σ (B) σ + λ (C) σ2 (D) σ2 + λ

8. If each observation of a dist., whose variance is σ2, is multiplied by λ, then the S.D. of the new new
observations is-
(A) σ (B) λσ (C) |λ|σ (D) λ2 σ

14 E
 Statistics

SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1. If in an examination different weights are assigned to different subjects Physics (2), Chemistry
(1), English (1), Mathematics (2) A student scores 60 in Physics, 70 in Chemistry, 70 in
English and 80 in Mathematics, then weighted mean is :
(A) 60 (B) 70 (C) 80 (D) 85
n

∑w x
i =1
i i
Solution Weighted mean = n

∑w
i =1
i

2 × 60 + 1 × 70 + 1 × 70 + 2 × 80
= = 70
6

Illustration 2. The mean of two groups of sizes 200 and 300 are 25 and 10 respectively. Their standard
deviation are 3 and 4 respectively. The variance of combined sample of size 500 is :
(A) 64 (B) 65.2 (C) 67.2 (D) 64.2

n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 200 × 25 + 300 × 10
Solution =
Combined mean x = = 16
n1 + n 2 500

Here d1 = x1 − x = 25 − 16 = 9 and d 2 =x 2 − x =10 − 16 =−6

n (σ 2 + d12 ) + n 2 (σ 22 + d 22 )
We know that σ 2 = 1 1
n1 + n 2

200(9 + 81) + 300(16 + 36) 33600

= = = 67.2
500 500

Illustration 3. If the mean of the series x1, x2, ......, xn is x , then the mean of the series xi + 2i, i = 1, 2,

........, n will be :

(A) x + n (B) x + n + 1 (C) x + 2 (D) x + 2n

x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n
Solution As given x = ....(1)
n
If the mean of the series xi + 2i, i = 1, 2, ....., n be x , then

(x1 + 2) + (x 2 + 2.2) + (x 3 + 2.3) + ..... + (x n + 2.n)

x=
n
x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n 2(1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n)
= +
n n

2n(n + 1)
= x+ from (1)
2n
= x + n +1

E 15
JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 4. The variance of first 20-natural numbers is :

133 379 133 399
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 2 4
2
Σx i2  Σx i 
Solution ∵ σ2 = − 
n  n 
2
1 2 1 
= [1 + 22 + ...... + 20 2 ] −  (1 + 2 + .... + 20)
20  20 
2
1 20 × 21(2 × 20 + 1)  1 20 × 21 
= −
20 6  20 2 
7 × 41 441 133
= − = .
2 4 4
n2 − 1
In fact, the variance of first n-natural numbers is
12

Illustration 5. The mean of the following freq. table is 50 and Σf = 120

Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

fi 17 F1 32 F2 19

the missing frequencies are :

(A) 28, 24 (B) 24, 36 (C) 36, 28 (D) None of these

Solution Σf = 120 = 17 + f1 + 32 + f2 + 19
⇒ f1 + f2 = 52 ...... (1)
and Σfx = (10 × 17) + (30 × f1) + (50 × 32) + (70 × f2) + (90 × 19)
= 30f1 + 70f2 + 3480
Σ fx 30f1 + 70f2 + 3480
∴ x = ⇒ 50 =
Σf 120
⇒ 30f1 + 70f2 = 2520 ⇒ 3f1 + 7f2 = 252 ..... (2)
by (1) and (2) we get f1 = 28, f2 = 24

Illustration 6. A student obtained 75%, 80%, 85% marks in three subjects. If the marks of another subject
are added then his average marks can not be less than :
(A) 60% (B) 65% (C) 80% (D) 90%
Solution Total marks obtained from three subjects out of 300 = 75 + 80 + 85 = 240
if the marks of another subject is added then total marks obtained out of 400 is greater than 240
if marks obtained in fourth subject is 0 then
240
minimum average marks = × 100 = 60%
400

Illustration 7. The mean and variance of a series containing 5 terms are 8 and 24 respectively. The mean
and variance of another series containing 3 terms are also 8 and 24 respectively. The
variance of their combined series will be :
(A) 20 (B) 24 (C) 25 (D) 42
n1σ12 + n 2 σ 22 n1n 2
Solution =
Using σ2 + (x1 − x 2 )2
n1 + n 2 (n1 + n 2 )2
5(24) + 3(24) 5(3)
⇒
= σ2 + (8 − 8)2 = 24
5+3 (5 + 3)2

16 E
 Statistics

Illustration 8. The mean deviation about median from the following data 340, 150, 210, 240, 300, 310,
320, is-
(A) 52.4 (B) 52.5 (C) 52.8 (D) None of these
Solution Arranging the observations in ascending order of magnitude, we have 150, 210, 240, 300,
310, 320, 340. Clearly, the middle observation is 300. So, median = 300
Calculation of Mean deviation
xi |xi – 300|

340 40

150 150

210 90

240 60

300 0

310 10

320 20

Total Σ|xi – 300| = 370

1 370
Mean deviation from median = ∑ | x i − 300|= = 52.8
7 7

Illustration 9. Variance of the data given below is

Size of item 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5

Frequency 3 7 22 60 85 32 8

(A) 1.29 (B) 2.19 (C) 1.32 (D) none of these

Solution Let the assumed mean be a = 6.5

Calculation of variance
xi fi di = xi – 6.5 fidi fidi2

3.5 3 –3 –9 27
4.5 7 –2 –14 28
5.5 22 –1 –22 22
6.5 60 0 0 0
7.5 85 1 85 85
8.5 32 2 64 128
9.5 8 3 24 72
N = ∑fi = 217 ∑fidi = 128 ∑fidi2 = 362

Here N = 217, ∑ fidi = 128 and ∑ fidi2 = 362

2 2
1  1  362  128 
∴ Var (X) =  ∑ fi d i2  −  ∑ fi d i  = −  = 1.668 0.347 = 1.321
 N   N  217  217 

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JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 10. If a variable takes the value 0, 1, 2......n with frequencies proportional to the binomial
coefficients nC0, nC1,.....,nCn then the mean of the distribution is-

n(n + 1) n n(n − 1) n(n + 1)

(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 2 2
Solution N = ∑fi = k [nC0 + nC1 + .... + nCn] = k2n
n n
∑ fi xi = k [1.nC1 + 2. nC2 + .... =
+ n nCn] k= ∑ n −1
r.n C r kn =
=r 1=r 1
∑
C r −1 kn2n −1

1 n
=
Thus x = n
(n 2n −1 ) .
2 2

Illustration 11. The mean and variance of 5 observations of an experiment are 4 and 5.2 respectively. If from
these observations three are 1, 2 and 6, then the remaining will be-
(A) 2, 9 (B) 5, 6 (C) 4, 7 (D) 3, 8
2
Solution As given x = 4 , n = 5 and σ = 5.2. If the remaining observations are x1, x2 then

∑(x i − x)2
σ2 = = 5.2
n

(x1 − 4)2 + (x 2 − 4)2 + (1 − 4)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (6 − 4)2

⇒ = 5.2
5
⇒ (x1 – 4)2 + (x2 – 4)2 = 9 ....(1)

x1 + x 2 + 1 + 2 + 6
Also x=4 ⇒ = 4 ⇒ x1 + x2 = 11 ....(2)
5
from eq.(1), (2) x1, x2 = 4, 7

Illustration 12. The mean deviation of the series a, a + d, a + 2d, ......, a + 2nd from its mean is-
n +1 n(n + 1) n(n − 1)
(A) |d | (B) |d | (C) |d | (D) none of these
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
Solution Number of terms in the series = 2n + 1
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ..... + (a + 2nd)
∴ mean x =
2n + 1
1  2n + 1 
= (a + a + 2nd) = a + nd
2n + 1  2 
Also ∑|xi – x | =|–nd| + |(1–n)d|+.......+|–d|+0 + |d| + ........+ |nd|

n(n + 1)
= 2|d|[n+(n–1) + .......+ 1] = 2|d| = n(n + 1)|d |
2
∑ | x i − x | n(n + 1)
∴ mean deviation from mean = = |d |
N 2n + 1

18 E
 Statistics

Illustration 13. Let x1, x2 ....., xn be values taken by a variable X and y1, y2, ..., yn be the values taken by a

variable Y such that yi = axi + b, i = 1, 2, ..., n. Then :

(A) Var (Y) = a2Var(X) (B) Var(Y) = a2Var(X) + b

(C) Var(Y) = Var(X) + b (D) None of these
Solution We have,
n
1
Var(Y) = ∑
n i =1
(y i − y)2

[∵ yi = axi + b; i = 1, 2, ....., n ⇒ Y = a X + b]
n
1
⇒ Var(Y) = ∑
n i =1
a 2 (x i − X)2

 1 n 
2
⇒ Var(Y) = a2 
 n
∑ (x − X)  = a
i =1
i
2
Var(X)

Illustration 14. The mean square deviation of a set of n observations x1, x2, ....., xn about a point c is defined
n
1
as
n ∑ (x − c)
i =1
i
2
. The mean square deviation about –2 and 2 are 18 and 10 respectively,

then standard deviation of this set of observations is :

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) None of these
1 1
Solution ∵ Σ(xi + 2)2 = 18 and Σ(xi – 2)2 = 10
n n
⇒ Σ(xi + 2)2 = 18n and Σ(xi – 2)2 = 10n

⇒ Σ(xi + 2)2 + Σ(xi – 2)2 = 28 n and Σ (xi + 2)2 – Σ(xi – 2)2 = 8 n

⇒ 2Σ x i2 + 8n = 28 n and 8Σxi = 8n

⇒ Σ x i2 = 10 n and Σxi = n

Σx i2 Σx i
⇒ = 10 and =1
n n
2
Σx i2  Σx 
∴ σ= − i  = 10 − (1)2 = 3
n  n 

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JEE-Mathematics

ANSWER KEY

BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (D)

7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (C)

BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (C)

7. (C)

BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (B)

7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (B)

BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A)

7. (C) 8. (C)

20 E