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Tissues CBSE Class 9 Science Revision Notes Chapter 6

askIITians brings you free Science revision notes for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues. These notes are
created by our Science teachers and are based on the latest CBSE syllabus for Class 9 Science. Once
you read these detailed notes, you do not need to read the NCERT chapter again and again. These
notes contain sufficient information for every topic of the chapter. They can help in exam
preparation, revision and concept solidification. Our online CBSE Science revision notes for Tissues
can be accessed easily from our website and referred to whenever you need them.

Class 9 revision notes for Chapter 6 Tissues include the following topics:
Formation of tissues

Tissues of plants and animals

Class 9 revision notes for Chapter 6 Tissues include the following topics:

Formation of tissues

Tissues of plants and animals

Meristematic tissues

Permanent tissues

Epidermis

Stomata

Transpiration

Complex permanent tissues

Xylem and Phloem

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissues

Blood

Lymph

Bones

Haversian Canals

Cartilage

Ligaments

Tendons

Areolar tissues

Neuron anatomy

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Quick Review of Chapter 6 Tissues
Living organisms in this world comprise cells.

There are unicellular as well as multicellular organisms present in this world.

In unicellular organisms, the single cell is capable of performing several functions such as respiration,
digestion and clearing of the cell.

In multicellular organisms, there is a division of labour. There are di erent types as well as groups of
cells that perform di erent functions in a multicellular organism.

For Example, In animals muscle cells are responsible for causing movement, nerve cells are responsible
for carrying messages and signals from one part of the body to another and blood is responsible for the
transportation of food and oxygen to di erent parts of the body.

In plants, there are vascular tissues that are responsible for carrying food and water to two di erent
parts of a plant.
Free Revision Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues
The Formation of Tissues

The cells form groups of cells to perform a single task.

This grouping of cells together to perform a function e ciently is called a Tissue.

For Example, Muscles and Blood.

The tissue cells have the same structure and they perform the same function.
Tissues of Plants and Animals

Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

Plants do not move so their tissues are Animals need more energy as compared to
predominantly the ones that provide support to plants because they are not stationary. Their
them so that they can stand erect. tissues are the ones that can support the
movement.

These tissues are made up of dead cells because The tissues in the case of animals are made
dead cells can also provide mechanical strength up of living cells so that they can move and
to the plants and do not require much perform several functions.
maintenance.

Only certain parts of the plant can grow. The Cells in animals grow uniform early and not
tissues present in such regions divide only in certain regions of the body.
themselves and form new tissues.

The structure of plant tissues is not very The organs and organ systems in animals are
specialised as compared to animals highly developed.

Plant Tissues

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 Figure 1: Types of Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissue
Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such parts are called meristematic
tissues.

They can divide themselves and form new tissues.

They have a thin cell wall made of cellulose.

They have a dense nucleus and cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.

They can further be classi ed di erently based on the areas of the plants where they are located -
Apical

Lateral

Intercalary

Figure 2: Location of meristematic tissue

Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem Intercalary Meristem

They are responsible They are responsible for increasing These tissues are present at
for the growth of the circumference of the middle part internodes of stem regions
stems and roots in of the stem and hence are found between the places at which
the plants there. leaves attach.

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 They are found on the
tips of the roots and
stems.

Why are there no vacuoles in the intercalary meristem?

Vacuoles are responsible for the storage of food in the water. The intercalary tissues do not store them.
They are rather responsible for manufacturing them.

Moreover, vacuoles contain sap which provides rigidity to a cell. This property of vacuoles may not allow
the intercalary tissues to divide and manufacture new cells. Hence vacuoles are not present in them.
Permanent Tissue
The cells that are formed by the meristematic tissues often have to take a certain role in the plant and
thus, they lose their ability to divide and form more cells. They then become the permanent tissues of
the plants.

Di erentiation - The process by which cells of the meristematic tissues convert themselves into
permanent tissue by taking a xed shape, size and function is called di erentiation.

Types of Permanent Tissues:

Simple Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissues

Simple Permanent Tissues are of ve types:

Parenchyma

Chlorenchyma

Aerenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Figure 3: Simple Permanent Tissue

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 Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

These tissues are responsible for These tissues are responsible These tissues are
photosynthesis, storage of food, for providing flexibility to the responsible for making
gaseous exchange and floating of plants so that they can bend plants hard and rigid.
plants. easily.

They are a group of living cells with They are a group of living cells They are made up of
a cell wall made of cellulose. with a cell wall made of dead cells having a cell
cellulose and pectin. wall made of lignin.

The parenchyma cells have large They have a little intercellular The cells do not have any
intercellular spaces between them. space in between them. intercellular spaces.

There are thin walls that surround The cells present in these The cells have a long
each cell. tissues are broad and structure with thick
irregularly thick at corners. walls.

They are found in leaves and newly They are present in the leaves They are found in stems,
formed branches. and stems of a plant. veins of the leaves and
coverings of nuts and
seeds.

Chlorenchyma

These tissues are similar to that of parenchyma but they also contain chlorophyll in them.

Due to the presence of chlorophyll, they are capable of performing the process of photosynthesis in
plants.

Aerenchyma

They are found in aquatic plants.

They are also similar in structure to that of the parenchyma but they have large air cavities in them.

These cavities allow the aquatic plants to oat in water.

What is Lignin?

The cell walls of dead cells have a substance called lignin in them which provides rigidity to the cells.
Lignin acts as the cement for the cells.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.

It covers the entire plant.

It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the epidermis of the plants can become thick
in order to avoid frequent water loss.

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 The cells are at and they have no intercellular spaces between them.

The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are thin.

The epidermal cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which facilitate the absorption of water.

The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi, water loss and any injuries by
secreting a wax-like water-resistant substance called a Cuticle on the surface of the plants which
protects the plants.

Figure 4: Epidermis

Stomata
Stomata are pore-like structures that are present in the epidermis of the leaves.

These pores are enclosed by two cells that have a similar shape as a kidney. These are called Guard Cells
of Stomata. Guard cells are modi ed epidermal cells.

Guard cells are responsible for the exchange of gases and transpiration.
Transpiration (OLYMPIAD)

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 Figure 5: Transpiration

The plant cells sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of water that evaporates through
stomata. This process is called Transpiration.

Role of Transpiration in Plants – (OLYMPIAD)

Exchange of Gases - Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through transpiration.

Prevent the Plants from Overheating - The leaves absorb sunlight during the process of photosynthesis.
Some of it is used in the photosynthesis process while the rest is radiated as Heat Energy. We know that
absorption of water causes cooling of the surrounding area. Therefore transpiration keeps the leaves
cool.

Transportation of Food and Water in Plants - The roots of the plants absorb minerals and water present
in the soil through transpiration and they are then distributed in the plant through the transpiration
stream.

Movement of Water in Plants – As plants lose water in the form of water vapours, the density of water in
leaves becomes low. So the water from the higher density areas such as the roots move up to lower
density areas through a force called Transpirational Pull.

Which gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis. Plants use carbon dioxide along
with water and sunlight to produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon
dioxide and release oxygen as a byproduct of the photosynthesis process.

Why do plants in desert areas have a waxy coating of cutting over them? (OLYMPIAD)

The epidermis cells of plants that are found in deserts have a waxy coating of cutting over them
because it prevents water loss from the surface of plants since water is already scarce in such
areas.

Why are the branches of old trees different from the stems of a new plant?

As a plant grows older the meristematic cells start covering the upper layer of the plants instead of the
epidermis.

These are the dead cells that have no special function in the plants but to provide rigidity. They make the
branches of the plants thick.

This is often called the Bark or the thick cork of the tree.

The bark of the trees contains a substance called Suberin which makes it waterproof and does not allow
gaseous exchanges. (OLYMPIAD)
Complex Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissues comprise different kinds of cells. These different types of cells
coordinate with each other and perform a common function in these tissues. Two Complex
Permanent Tissues are - Xylem and Phloem.

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 Figure 6: Xylem and Phloem

Similarities between Xylem and Phloem

Their main function is to carry food and water in the plant.

Both have a vascular bundle which is a conductive tissue in plants that helps them survive in di erent
environmental conditions.
Xylem
Xylem is made up of dead cells having a thick cell lining. It consists of the following elements-

Tracheids and Vessels – They have a broad tubular structure so that we can allow transportation of food
and water in the plants vertically.

Xylem Parenchyma – It stores food and helps in the transportation of water horizontally in the plants.

Xylem Fibres – They support transportation

Phloem
Phloem is made up of living cells and it allows the movement of food from leaves to other parts of
the plant. It has the following elements –

Sieve Tubes – Broad shaped cells with porous walls

Companion Cells – They facilitate the functions of the sieve tubes

Phloem Fibres – Provide exibility to the phloem

Phloem Parenchyma – Stores starch and proteins

Characteristic Xylem Phloem

Made of Dead Cells Living Cells

Cell wall thickness Thick Thin

Cell wall material Lignin (rigid) Celluloses

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 Permeability Impermeable Permeable

Cytoplasm None Cytoplasm lining

Transports… Water & minerals Food

Carried to…. Leaves Growing parts & storage organs

Direction of flow Upwards Up & down

Tissue also has … Fibres Companion cells

Animal Tissue

Figure 7: Types of Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue

They are the protective tissues of the human body. They cover many organs and cavities that are
present inside the body.

Where are the epithelial tissues found in the human body?

The lining of the blood vessels

The lining of the mouth

Kidney tubules

Skin

Lung alveoli

Structure and functions of the epithelial tissues -

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 The main function of the epithelial tissues is to act as a barrier and separate di erent organs and
systems from each other.

There is no space between the cells of epithelial tissues

The cells are permeable. This makes it possible for them to exchange materials between di erent
parts of the body and also between the body and the external environment.

The epithelial tissues remain separated from the tissues beneath them because of a thin membrane
over them.

Figure 8: Types of Epithelium

Differe Simple Stratified Column Ciliated Cuboidal Glandular

nt Squamous Squamous ar Columnar
types
of
epithel
ium
tissues

Struct They have The They Columnar They are cube- These are
ure delicate cell epithelium are the epithelial shaped cells special
lining and Squamous column tissues which which are gland cells
possess a cells are -like have Cilia involved in that can
flat thin arranged in shape present on absorption and secrete
structure several tissues them secretion. substances
layers

Found Alveoli and Skin Intestin Respiratory Kidney tubules Sweat

in bowman’s e system glands in
capsule- the skin
nephron in
the kidney

2. Connective Tissues

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 Structure and function of connective tissues

They are loosely bound cells present in an intercellular Matrix.

This matrix can be of di erent types – Dense, Rigid, Fluid or Jelly-like.

Depending upon the functionality of the connective tissue, the nature of the matrix varies.

Examples of Connective Tissues

Figure 9: Connective Tissues

Blood
The main function of blood is to transport gases, food, waste materials and hormones in the
body.

Therefore, blood has a fluid Matrix present in it which is called Plasma.

The plasma contains red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.

The RBC has haemoglobin pigment which carries oxygen to tissues.

White blood cells fight diseases and platelets are involved in the clotting of blood when injured.

The plasma also contains proteins and hormones in it.

Lymph (OLYMPIAD)

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Lymph is a colourless fluid that carries white blood cells throughout the human body in lymphatic
vessels. There are lymphoid organs present in the body that produce lymph and together form the
lymphatic system. Some of them are lymph nodes and tonsils.

Figure 10: Lymph Capillaries

Lymph is similar to blood except for a few differences:

It contains only white blood cells.

It contains less amount of blood proteins, calcium and phosphorus but more glucose.
It ows in one direction only.

Lymph moves in the body through its normal function, unlike blood which is pumped by the heart.
Constituents of Lymph:
Lymph Plasma – Lymph Plasma carries infection-fighting proteins along with other substances such
as water, calcium and phosphorus.

Lymph Corpuscles – Lymph Corpuscles comprises white blood cells. Red blood cells and platelets
are not present in lymph.

Functions of Lymph:
It carries oxygen and minerals to the cells in the body and carries back carbon dioxide and waste
materials back into the blood.
It keeps the body cells moist.

It maintains the volume of the blood.

It helps in eliminating harmful bacteria and viruses from the body and hence is responsible for the
immunity of human beings.
It absorbs fats from the intestine and transports them throughout the body.
Bones
Bones form a framework of the body over which the muscles are wrapped together.
The bone tissue is strong and in exible.

Therefore, the bone cells are present in a rigid matrix that is formed from calcium and phosphorus.
Haversian Canals (OLYMPIAD)

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 Figure 11 Haversian Canal

The bones comprise microscopic tubes called Haversian Canals.

They are contained in osteons, rough cylindrical structures present along the axis of the bone.
They allow the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve bres to travel through them.

These canals have concentric channels called Lamellae around them.

The Haversian canals communicate with bone cells through connections called Canaliculi.
Cartilage
Cartilage is present over the joints of the bones and provides them with a smooth structure.
For Example in the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx.

They contain a solid matrix made of protein and sugar. They have a homogenous matrix.
It provides support and exibility to various parts of our body.
Ligaments
A ligament connects two bones together.
It has an elasticity that facilitates the connection.

The cells of ligaments have a little matrix.

Tendons
The tendon tissues are responsible for connecting bones and muscles together.

They have limited exibility but very great strength.

Areolar
This tissue acts as a lter in between the spaces present inside the organs of the body.

It helps in repairing other tissues as well.

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 It is found in the skin and bone marrow.
Components of the Areolar Connective Tissue

Figure 12 Components of the areolar connective tissue

1. Cells (OLYMPIAD)
Fat Cells (Adipocytes) – They are responsible for the secretion of lipids.

Fibroblasts – They are present in the highest amount in areolar tissues. They are responsible for the
secretion of bres.
Mast Cells – They release histamine that plays a role in allergic reactions

Macrophages – They eat any germs or infectious cells in the body

Plasma Cells – They produce antibodies
2. Fibres
Collagen Fibres – They provide tensile strength to the tissue

Elastin Fibres – They provide elasticity to the tissue

Ground Substance – It is a uid matrix that holds cells and bres of the tissue

Adipose

Fats are stored in our body in the adipose tissues.

They are found below the skin and between the organs of the body.
Provides cushioning to the organs.
3. Muscular Tissue
It is made up of muscle bres which are long cells.

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 It allows movements in our bodies.
How can muscles cause movement?

They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins. These proteins cause contraction and
relaxation of the muscles.

There are two kinds of muscles found in our body - Voluntary Muscles and Involuntary Muscles.

Figure 13: Muscular Tissue

Striated/ Skeletal/ Voluntary muscles Smooth/ Unstriated/Involuntary muscles

We can move them according to our own will We cannot start or stop the movement of
involuntary muscles.

They are also called Skeletal Muscles as they are They are also called Smooth Muscles.
attached to the bones.

They are also called Striated Muscles because of the They are also called Unstriated
presence of dark and light bands over them Muscles because they do not have any
light or dark bands on them.

The cells of voluntary muscles have more than one The cells of the involuntary muscles are
nucleus, do not have any branches, and have a long long and have pointed ends.
cylindrical structure.

For Example, Muscles of our hands and legs. For Example, The muscles in the
alimentary canal and the Iris of our eyes.

Cardiac Muscles

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 These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.

The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac Muscles. They perform rhythmic contraction and
relaxation throughout our life.

They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and there is a single nucleus.
Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected by intercalated discs to work as a
single functional organ
4. The Nervous Tissue
How do we react to stimuli?
This is because of the nervous tissues present in our body. They are capable of transmitting
information quickly from the brain to di erent parts of the body and vice-versa.

Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.

Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.

These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.

Structure of a Neuron
It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-like structure called Dendrites.

There is a Nucleus present in the centre of the cell body.

The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via Axon.

A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.

Figure 14: Structure of Neuron

The Structure of Neuron

1. Dendrites

They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a neuron.

They increase the surface area of the neuron.

They receive chemical signals from di erent neurons of the body.

They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and pass them to the neuron cell body.

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 A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites

2. Cell Body

Also called Soma.

The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to maintain the functionality of the cell.
It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.

It produces proteins that are required by di erent parts of the neuron to work properly.
It contains di erent cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc that perform various
functions of the cell.

3. Axon

Neurons have one axon in general.

It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it also connects with other neurons,
cells and organs of the body through nerve terminals.

It allows for the fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of the axon the faster it will
transmit signals.

It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps in the rapid transmission of
signals.

4. Schwann Cells (OLYMPIAD)

The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact.
Online Revision Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues FAQs

1. Can you give me some study tips for preparing Chapter 6 Tissues?

Read the NCERT chapter rst and underline all the important points.

Use our revision notes to make the notes for the chapter and solidify your conceptual understanding.
Make sure you understand all the diagrams of the chapter.

Solve the NCERT textbook questions given in the chapter.

Consult your teachers in case you have any doubts and resolve them as soon as possible.

2. How can askIITians help me in preparing Chapter 6 Tissues for my exams?

askIITians provides live online coaching sessions for CBSE Class 9 Science where you can understand all
the concepts of this chapter.

We provide many study materials for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues like NCERT Solutions, revision
notes, mind maps, ashcards, mnemonics, practise papers, important questions, NCERT Exemplar
solutions and more.

3. Why should I refer to CBSE Science revision notes online for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues?

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 The revision notes created by askIITians experts are easy to understand.
These notes include all the topics of the chapter.

They are organised pointwise for easy understanding of the concept and important points.
They include diagrams and tables to help you memorise the concepts better.

They are based on the latest CBSE Class 9 Science syllabus and exam pattern.
The notes are available for free for all the students.

4. What is Chapter 6 Tissues of Class 9 Science?

Tissue is an important chapter in CBSE Class 9 Science. This chapter deals with the definition and
types of tissues found in plants and animals. This chapter helps you understand why tissues are
important in plants and animals, what are their functions and structures.

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