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Week 2 Notes Evolution

Variation is essential for evolution and is observed universally across species, influencing traits such as hair color and height. Genetic variation is measured through concepts like nucleotide diversity (pi) and heterozygosity, which assess the genetic differences within populations. Mutations, including point mutations and structural changes, play a crucial role in genetic diversity and can impact both coding and non-coding DNA.

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14 views3 pages

Week 2 Notes Evolution

Variation is essential for evolution and is observed universally across species, influencing traits such as hair color and height. Genetic variation is measured through concepts like nucleotide diversity (pi) and heterozygosity, which assess the genetic differences within populations. Mutations, including point mutations and structural changes, play a crucial role in genetic diversity and can impact both coding and non-coding DNA.

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aiesha.usmani1104
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Variation:

-​ Variation amongst individuals is universal in all species (Hair color, ear shape, height)
-​ Evolution depends on variation (no variation means no life). Life won’t be possible
without variation

Examples: two beagles (one has blue eye one has brown, one is bigger one is smaller)

DNA:
Synonymous mutation—> one base pair changes
Nonsynonymous mutation—> change in one codon that changes the entire protein

The Genetic Component:


There is variation in DNA sequences in ALL populations
-​ Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

Nucleotide Diversity:
-​ measures geneitc variation
-​ Symbolized by pi
-​ At a given site, the chance two chromosomes from the same population will have
different bases.

Heterozygosity:
-​ looking for frequency of heterozygotes in a population (proportion aka frequency of loci
in which two random individuals are heterozygous).
-​ Also symbolizes by pi

Pi:
-​ Used as the average value across many sites or the whole genome

●​ Genetic Variation:
Small populations: smaller amount of genetic variation
Phenotypes
-​ variations we can see
-​ Morphological, behavioral, physiological, and biochemical properties

●​ Genotypes:
-​ the set of genes possessed by an organism

●​ Recombination: aka crossing over (counteracts linkage disequilibrium)


-​ happens between loci on same chromosome crossing over
-​ Recombination rate: no chance of recombination (0) vs very high chance (0.5)
●​ Linkage Disequilibrium: greater amount of allele than expected at one locus than another
(professor horn will look that up

-​ can also be a result of natural selection (aka called epistasis: allele at 1 locus depend on
an allele at another locus). Generated by selection if allele combos have high fitness
(aka one allele depends on another for expression)
-​ Mixing populations with different allele frequencies
-​ Affects how genes evolve
-​ Helps geneticists find traits they want to study

●​ Measuring Linkage Disequilibrium: figure 4.4


D= PAB-(Pa)(Pb)
When D=0, population at linkage equilibrium
If A2 ad B2 occur frequently than expected, D= +
If A2 and B2 occur less frequently, D= -

Measures a property of a population

●​ Gene mixing
-​ sexually (changes proportions of genotypes in a population)
-​ Asexually (Horizontal gene transfer)
-​ hybridization: low fitness, evolutionary dead end, introgression.

●​ Types of Mutations (figure 4.15): note, can also affect non-coding DNA which affects
translation of protein
-​ point mutations (synonymous, nonsynonymous)
-​ Structural mutations (several to many bases changed)
I.​ Deletions
II.​ Insertions (transpons)
III.​ Duplications
IV.​ Inversions
V.​ Fusions
VI.​ Genome duplication

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