Blowfish Algorithm
The Blowfish algorithm is a symmetric-key block cipher designed for secure
data encryption and decryption. It was developed by Bruce Schneier in 1993 as
an alternative to existing encryption algorithms, providing a strong level of
security and efficiency. Blowfish operates on fixed-size blocks of data and uses
a variable-length key to perform encryption and decryption operations.
Features of the Blowfish Algorithm
Here are some of the features of the Blowfish Algorithm.
1. Symmetric-Key Algorithm: Blowfish uses the same key for both encryption
and decryption processes, making it a symmetric-key algorithm. This means
that the party encrypting the data and the party decrypting it must possess the
same secret key.
2. Block Cipher: Blowfish operates on fixed-size blocks of data. The standard
block size is 64 bits, but it can work with smaller blocks as well. If the input
data is not a multiple of the block size, padding is typically applied to the data
before encryption.
3. Variable-Length Key: One of the unique features of Blowfish is its ability to
accept variable-length encryption keys, making it adaptable to different security
requirements. The key length can range from 32 to 448 bits, and it’s expanded
during encryption to generate a series of subkeys.
4. Feistel Network Structure: Blowfish employs a Feistel network structure in
which data is divided into two halves, subjected to a series of rounds of
operations, and then recombined. This structure allows for efficient encryption
and decryption processes.
5. F-Function: The F-function is a core component of the Blowfish algorithm.
It involves a combination of XOR (exclusive OR), substitution, and permutation
operations, which contribute to the algorithm’s strength and security.
6. Key Expansion: Before the actual encryption process, Blowfish generates a
series of subkeys based on the provided key. These subkeys are used during the
encryption and decryption rounds to introduce complexity and security.
7. Complexity and Security: Blowfish is designed to be highly secure against
various cryptographic attacks. The complex F-function and key expansion
process make it resistant to brute force and differential cryptanalysis.
How does The Blowfish Algorithm work?
The Blowfish algorithm is renowned for its robust encryption and relatively
simple structure. To truly understand its inner workings, let’s dive into the
encryption process step by step, shedding light on each intricate operation that
contributes to its security.
1. Key Generation and Subkey Creation
The algorithm begins with a secret encryption key, which is used to generate a
series of subkeys. Blowfish’s subkey generation involves a complex process
that enhances security. Here’s how it works
Initialization of the P array and S boxes:
Blowfish uses a combination of pi (hexadecimal digits of π) and a series of S
boxes (substitution boxes) to initialize its internal data structures.
Key Expansion:
The secret key is expanded using a key expansion routine. During this process,
the key is used to modify the P array and S boxes. The subkeys derived from the
key ensure that the encryption process remains secure and resistant to known
attacks.
2. Data Encryption
Once the subkeys are generated, the algorithm proceeds with the encryption of
the data block. The data block is divided into two 32 bit halves, L (left) and R
(right). A series of rounds (typically 16) are performed on these halves to ensure
strong encryption.
Feistel Network Rounds:
The algorithm employs a Feistel network structure, which involves applying a
series of operations to the L and R halves in each round. These operations
include XOR (exclusive OR) with the current subkey, applying the F function to
R, and swapping L and R.
F function Operation
The F function takes the 32 bit R half and applies several steps
Subkey XOR The current subkey is XORed with R.
Substitution R is divided into four 8 bit quarters. Each quarter is used to index a
specific S box, and the resulting values are combined.
Permutation The results from the S boxes are combined and transformed using
the P array.
This step introduces confusion and diffusion, crucial components of
cryptographic security.
Final Round After all rounds are executed, the resulting L and R halves are
swapped one last time.
3. Data Decryption
The decryption process is essentially the reverse of encryption. The encrypted
data block is divided into L and R halves, and the algorithm performs rounds in
reverse order using the same subkeys
Feistel Network Rounds (Decryption)
Similar to encryption, rounds involve applying operations to L and R, but this
time in reverse order using the corresponding subkey.
1. F function Operation (Decryption) The F function is applied in reverse,
with the subkey XOR and S box steps inverted. This reverse operation
successfully decrypts the data block.
2. Final Round (Decryption) After all decryption rounds, the decrypted L
and R halves are combined to obtain the original data block.
