Task: Purple Pen your answers to correct the worksheet

•EF0
• Wind Speeds: 65-85 mph (105-137 km/h)
• Damage: Light. Some damage to chimneys, tree branches broken, shallow-rooted trees uprooted, sign boards
damaged.
•EF1
• Wind Speeds: 86-110 mph (138-177 km/h)
• Damage: Moderate. Roofs severely stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, loss of exterior doors,
windows and other glass broken.
•EF2
• Wind Speeds: 111-135 mph (178-217 km/h)
• Damage: Considerable. Roofs torn off well-constructed houses, foundations of frame homes shifted, mobile homes
completely destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, light-object missiles generated.
•EF3
• Wind Speeds: 136-165 mph (218-266 km/h)
• Damage: Severe. Entire stories of well-constructed houses destroyed, severe damage to large buildings such as
shopping malls, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown.
•EF4
• Wind Speeds: 166-200 mph (267-322 km/h)
• Damage: Devastating. Well-constructed houses and whole frame houses completely levelled, cars thrown and
small missiles generated.
•EF5
• Wind Speeds: Over 200 mph (over 322 km/h)
• Damage: Incredible. Strong frame houses levelled off foundations and swept away, automobile-sized missiles fly
through the air in excess of 100 meters, trees debarked, steel reinforced concrete structures badly damaged.
Types of Tectonic Crust

The Earth's surface is made up of large pieces called tectonic

plates, which float on the molten layer beneath. These plates
consist of two types of crust: continental crust and oceanic crust.
Understanding the differences between these two types of crust is
important in Geography, as it explains many of the Earth’s
geological processes.

Firstly, the continental crust forms the landmasses where we live.

It is much thicker than oceanic crust, with a typical depth ranging
from 30 to 50 kilometres. Despite its thickness, it is less dense
and therefore lighter. This lower density is because continental crust
is made mostly of a rock called granite, which is light-coloured and
has a coarse texture.

The continents and large islands that make up Earth's landmasses

are formed from this type of crust. As a result, continental crust
tends to sit higher on the Earth's surface compared to oceanic
crust.

In contrast, the oceanic crust lies beneath the oceans. It is

significantly thinner, usually only about 5 to 10 kilometres deep,
but it is denser and heavier than continental crust. Oceanic crust is
mainly composed of basalt, a dark-coloured rock with a fine
texture. Because of its density, the oceanic crust sits lower, forming
the ocean basins where seawater collects.

While both types of crust are part of the Earth’s outer layer, they
behave differently due to their properties. Continental crust is
thicker and less dense, making it lighter and sitting higher, while
oceanic crust, though thinner, is denser and sits lower. These
differences are crucial for understanding tectonic activity, such as
earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountain ranges,
which often occur where these two types of crust interact.

In summary, continental crust is thicker and made of granite, while

oceanic crust is thinner but denser, made of basalt. The interactions
between these two types of crust play a key role in shaping the
Earth's surface and driving the movement of tectonic plates.
 Acid rain
Acid rain is created when sulphur
dioxide (from an eruption), oxygen and
water vapour combine together in the
atmosphere. This lowers the pH to as
low as 5.5!
Though the effects of acid rain on skin
are uncertain, the substance can cause
rusting to metal objects such as cars,
industrial and farm equipment and
building components, particularly if they
are made from limestone (alkali).
Additionally, it can damage plants and
cause severe chemical burns in less
than one day. Farmers on the island of
Hawaii have lost crops in greenhouses
in the past because vog can enter the
structures through air vents.
Task
Challenge 1. How does acid rain form?
Suggest why acid rain can cause long term
economic impacts for people affected. 2. What are three challenges created by acid rain?
 Ash fallout
Ash fall from a volcano is common, as rock is
pulverised and released during an eruption.
When ash falls, it can lead to crop failure,
animal death and deformity, and
human illness. Ash’s abrasive particles can
scratch the surface of the skin and eyes,
causing discomfort and inflammation.
If inhaled, volcanic ash can cause breathing
problems and damage the lungs. Inhaling
large amounts of ash and volcanic gases can
cause a person to suffocate. Suffocation is
the most common cause of death from
a volcano. The second most common cause
of death is roof collapse, as ash
accumulates to significant weight.

Challenge
Suggest how people could protect themselves
Task
from the effects of ash fallout. 1. What are three impacts of ash fall?
2. What is the most common cause of death?
 Ash cloud
The ash cloud created by the volcano
has its own unique effects. The ash can
block out the sun, resulting in decreasing
temperatures (3C cooler) and poorer
crop growth. This ash can take weeks to
disperse in larger eruptions.
The ash cloud can also prevent air
travel, as if ash enters jet engines, the
silica within it is turned into glass. As one
can imagine, 3 tonnes of ash in a jet
engine increases the risk of failure, fire
and airplane crashes.
An example of this is Eyjafjallajokull,
were flights from North America and
Europe were stopped an entire week,
costing airlines millions of pounds.

Task
Challenge 1. What two challenges are created by ash clouds?
Explain why air travel stops when ash clouds are
released.
2. What could be a positive created by the ash cloud?
 Lahar
Lahars form when volcanic ash is
released from a volcano. When this
settles on slopes, it is loosely
packed. The ash becomes a lahar
after a period of significant rainfall,
when it flows like liequid cement,
making it impossible to people to
wade through it. Lahars can also
form when snow and ice are melted
by falling ash, forming meltwater
flows of ash, rock and debris.
In many poor countries lahars are
considered the most dangerous
impact of volcanic activity, as they
are unpredictable and can travel as
far as 200 miles away from the site
of the eruption.
Challenge
Task
Suggest why lahars are expensive to 1. How are lahars formed?
clean up. 2. Why are lahars dangerous?
 Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flows can occur in 4 main
ways, though the collapse of part of
the volcano is most common. This
results in a mixture of hot rock, ash
and gas racing down the side of the
volcano. The steeper, the slope, the
faster the flow can travel. Pyroclastic
flows have been recorded to travel as
fast as 400kmh, with temperatures as
hot as 1000C. These flows destroy
any obstacles in their path, or where
there are stronger buildings, raise the
temperature inside and cover them in
ash, making escapes impossible.
Pyroclastic flows are most common
with stratovolcanoes, as they are tall
with steep slopes. Task
Challenge 1. What is the main way that pyroclastic flows occur?
Explain why strong buildings will not help in a pyroclastic
flow.
2. Give three reasons why they are dangerous.
Landslides occur by removing a large Landslides
part of a volcano's cone as the rock
is weak and loosened further as
eruptions cause the sides to buldge
ouwards. Large landslides often bury
valleys with tens to hundreds of
meters of rock debris, forming a
chaotic landscape marked by dozens
of small hills (hummocks) and closed
depressions. If the deposit is thick
enough, it may dam tributary streams
to form lakes; the lakes may
eventually drain catastrophically
forming lahars and floods
downstream. Landslides also Challenge
generate some of the largest and Explain how landslides can lead to
most deadly lahars, either by lahar formation.
transforming directly into a lahar or, Task
after it stops moving from settling out
1. How do landslides occur?
of the deposit.
2. What are two effects of landslides?