DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

QUANTITATIVE METHODS
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
AY2024-2025
Descriptive Statistics
• Refers to a branch of statistics that involves summarizing,
organizing, and presenting data meaningfully and concisely.
• It focuses on describing and analyzing a dataset's main features and
characteristics without making any generalizations or inferences to a
larger population.
• Descriptive statistics also involves a graphical representation of data
through charts, graphs, and tables, which can further aid in
visualizing and interpreting the information.
• By employing descriptive statistics, researchers can effectively
summarize and communicate the key characteristics of a dataset,
facilitating a better understanding of the data and providing a
foundation for further statistical analysis or decision-making
processes.
Goal of Descriptive Statistics
• The primary goal of descriptive statistics is to provide a clear
and concise summary of the data, enabling researchers or
analysts to gain insights and understand patterns, trends, and
distributions within the dataset.
• This summary typically includes measures such as central
tendency (e.g., mean, median, mode), dispersion (e.g., range,
variance, standard deviation), and shape of the distribution (e.g.,
skewness, kurtosis).
Types of Descriptive Statistics
• Descriptive statistics break down into several types,
characteristics, or measures.

1. Distribution (Also Called Frequency Distribution) - Datasets

consist of a distribution of scores or values.
2. Measures of Central Tendency - Mean, Mode, and Median.
3. Variability (Also Called Dispersion) - Range, Standard
Deviation, and Variance.
Univariate & Bivariate
Descriptive Statistics
• Univariate descriptive statistics examine only one variable at a
time and do not compare variables.
• It allows the researcher to describe individual variables.

• In bivariate descriptive statistics, two variables are concurrently

analyzed (compared) to see whether they are correlated.
• Two types of data are collected, and the relationship between
the two pieces of information is analyzed together.
• Because multiple variables are analyzed, this approach may
also be referred to as multivariate.
 Univariate Bivariate

Involves only one variable Involves two variables

Doesn't deal with relationships or causes Deals with causes or relationships

The prime purpose of bivariate is

The prime purpose of univariate is
explaining:
describing:
•Correlations: Comparisons, explanations,
•Dispersion: variance, range, standard
causes, relationships
deviation, quartiles, maximum, minimum
•Dependent and independent variables
•Central tendency: mean median, and mode
•Tables where just one variable is
•Bar graph, pie chart, histogram, box-and-
dependent on other variables' values
whisker plot, line graph
•Simultaneous analysis of two variables
Distribution
1. Distribution (Also Called Frequency Distribution) - Datasets
consist of a distribution of scores or values.
2. Measures of Central Tendency - Mean, Mode, and Median.
3. Variability (Also Called Dispersion) - Range, Standard
Deviation, and Variance.
 EXAMPLE: Relative Frequency Distribution Table
Data set: 72, 94, 86, 71, 85, 87, 92, 79, 93, 82, 92,70
Relative Frequency Distribution Table Sample
Class Interval Class Class Mark, Class Frequency, Relative
Boundaries x f Frequency
=f/n
70 – 74 69.5 – 74.5 72 3 3/12 = 0.25
75 – 79 74.5 – 79.5 77 1 1/12 = 0.08
80 – 84 79.5 – 84.5 82 1 1/12 = 0.08
85 – 89 84.5 – 89.5 87 3 3/12 = 0.25
90 – 94 89.5 – 94.5 92 4 3/12 = 0.33
n=12
Measures of Central Tendency
1. Distribution (Also Called Frequency Distribution) - Datasets
consist of a distribution of scores or values.
2. Measures of Central Tendency - Mean, Mode, and Median.
3. Variability (Also Called Dispersion) - Range, Standard
Deviation, and Variance.
Example:
• Data set: 2, 5, 9, 3, 5, 4, 7
• Number of items: 7
• Mean = (2+5+9+3+5+4+7) / 7
= 35 / 7
=5
Median = 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 = 5
Mode = 5
Variability
1. Distribution (Also Called Frequency Distribution) - Datasets
consist of a distribution of scores or values.
2. Measures of Central Tendency - Mean, Mode, and Median.
3. Variability (Also Called Dispersion) - Range, Standard
Deviation, and Variance.
Range
• The “Range” for a data set is the difference between the largest
value and smallest value contained in the data set.
• Data set: 2, 5, 9, 3, 5, 4, 7
• Reordered: 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9
• Range = 9 – 2 = 7
 Variance and Standard Deviation for
Population
" " "
−3 + −1 + 2
𝛔𝟐 =
3

population data: 1, 5, 6
1 + 5 + 6 12 𝟐
9+1+4 14
𝐏𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 = 𝜇 = = =𝟒 𝛔 = = = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕
3 3 3 3

1−4 " + 5−4 " + 6−4 " 𝐒𝐭𝐝𝐃𝐞𝐯 (𝛔) = 4.67 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔

𝟐
𝛔 =
3
 Variance and Standard Deviation for Sample

" " " "

1−3 + 1−3 + 3−3 + 7−3
𝐬𝟐 =
4−1
sample data: 1, 1, 3, 7

1 + 1 + 3 + 7 12 !"!"#"$% '!
𝑥̅ = = =𝟑
𝟐
𝐬 = = =𝟖
4 4 & &
" " " "
1−3 + 1−3 + 3−3 + 7−3 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐝𝐃𝐞𝐯 (𝐬) = 8 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑
𝐬𝟐 =
4−1
Standard Deviation
• Sample Data: Male, Female, Female, Male, Male, Male, Female,
Female, Female
•Assume: Male = 1; Female = 2; n=9
•Mean = ( (4*1) + (5*2) ) / 9 = 1.56

• SD = sqrt( (4*(1-1.56)^2 + 5*(2-1.56)^2) / 8) = 0.53

Example 1: Exam Scores
• Suppose you have the following scores of 20 students on an
exam:
• 85, 90, 75, 92, 88, 79, 83, 95, 87, 91, 78, 86, 89, 94, 82, 80, 84, 93,
88, 81
• Calculate the descriptive statistics:
• Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
• Determine the distribution of scores based on the following rules:
Category Range of Scores
Low Pass 70-80
Pass 81-90
High Pass 91-100
Example 2: Weekly Income
• Consider a sample of 50 individuals and their weekly incomes:
• PHP 2,500, PHP 3,000, PHP 3,200, PHP 4,000, PHP 2,800, PHP 3,500,
PHP 4,500, PHP 3,200, PHP 3,800, PHP 3,500, PHP 2,800, PHP 4,200,
PHP 3,900, PHP 3,600, PHP 3,000, PHP 2,700, PHP 2,900, PHP 3,700,
PHP 3,500, PHP 3,200, PHP 3,600, PHP 4,300, PHP 4,100, PHP 3,800,
PHP 3,600, PHP 2,500, PHP 4,200, PHP 4,200, PHP 3,400, PHP 3,300,
PHP 3,800, PHP 3,900, PHP 3,500, PHP 2,800, PHP 4,100, PHP 3,200,
PHP 3,600, PHP 4,000, PHP 3,700, PHP 3,000, PHP 3,100, PHP 2,900,
PHP 3,400, PHP 3,800, PHP 4,000, PHP 3,300, PHP 3,100, PHP 3,200,
PHP 4,200, PHP 3,400.
• Calculate the descriptive statistics:
• Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation