Sheet 1

Units conversion
1. The pressure of a gas is measured as 49 torr. Represent this pressure in both atmospheres and
pascals.
2. Freon-12 (CF2Cl2) is commonly used as the refrigerant in central home air conditioners. The
system is initially charged to a pressure of 4.8 atm. Express this pressure in each of the following
units ( 1 atm = 14.7 psi).
a- mm Hg b- torr c- Pa d- psi

Boyle, Charle, Gay Lussac and general law

3. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gas that plays a central role in the formation of acid rain, is found in the
exhaust of automobiles and power plants. Consider a 1.53-L sample of gaseous SO2 at a pressure
of 5.6 x 103 Pa. If the pressure is changed to 1.5x104 Pa at a constant temperature, what will be
the new volume of the gas?
4. In a study to see how closely gaseous ammonia obeys Boyle's law, several volume
measurements were made at various pressure, using 1.0 mol NH3 gas at a temperature of 0°C.
Using the results listed in the table below, calculate the Boyle's law constant for NH 3 at the
various pressures.
Experiment Pressure (atm) Volume (L)
1 0.1300 172.1
2 0.2500 89.28
3 0.3000 74.35
4 0.5000 44.49
5 0.7500 29.55
6 1.000 20.08

5. A sample of gas at 15°C and 1 atm has a volume of 2.58 L. What volume will this gas occupy at
38°C and 1 atm.?
6. Suppose we have a sample of ammonia gas with a volume of 7.0 mL at a pressure of 1.68 atm.
The gas is compressed to a volume of 2.7 mL at a constant temperature. Use the ideal gas law to
calculate the final pressure.
7. A sample of methane gas has a volume of 3.8L at 5°C is heated to 86°C at constant pressure.
Calculate its new volume.
8. A sample of diborane gas (B2H6), a substance that bursts into flame when exposed to air, has a
pressure of 345 torr at a temperature of -15°C and a volume of 3.48 L. If conditions are changed
so that the temperature is 36°C and the pressure is 468 torr, what will be the volume of the
sample?
9. Boyle's law can be represented graphically in several ways. Which of the following plots does not
correctly represent Boyle's law (assuming constant T and n)? Explain.

V P
PV P

P V 1/P 1/V

10. A sealed balloon is filled with 1.00 L of helium at 23C and 1.00 atm. The balloon rises to a point
in the atmosphere where the pressure is 220 torr and the temperature is -31C . What is the
change in the volume of the balloon as it ascends from 1.00 atm to a pressure of 220 torr?

11. Draw the qualitative graph to show how the first property varies with the second in each of the
following (assume 1 mol of an ideal gas and T kelvins)
a- PV versus V with constant T
b- P versus T with constant V
c- T versus V with constant P
d- P versus v with constant T.
e- P versus 1/V with constant T
f- PV/T versus P.

Ideal gas law

12. A sample of hydrogen gas (H2) has a volume of 8.56 L at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of
1.5 atm. Calculate the moles of H2 molecules present in this gas sample.
13. Suppose we have a 12.2 L sample containing 0.50 mol oxygen gas (O2) at a pressure of 1 atm
and a temperature of 25°C. If all this O2 were recovered to ozone (O3) at the same temperature
and pressure, what would be the volume of the ozone?
14. A sample containing 0.35 mol argon gas at a temperature of 13°C and a pressure of 568 torr is
heated to 56°C and a pressure of 897 torr. Calculate the change in volume that occurs.
15. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 1.75 L at STP. How many moles of N2 are present?
16. An 11.2-L sample of gas is determined to contain 0.50 mol of N2. At the same temperature and
pressure, how many moles of gas would there be in a 20 L sample?
17. Complete the following table for an ideal gas.
P(atm) V(L) n(mol) T
a 5.00 2.00 155°C
b 0.300 2.00 155K
c 4.47 25.0 2.01
d 2.25 10.5 75°C
18. Suppose two 200.0 L tanks are to be filled separately with the gases helium and hydrogen. What
mass of each gas is needed to produce a pressure of 135 atm in its respective tank at 24C?
19. A 2.5 L container is filled with 175 g argon.
a- If the pressure is 10.0 atm what is the temperature?
b- If the temperature is 225 K what is the pressure?
20. A gas sample containing 1.5 mol at 25C exerts a pressure of 400 torr. Some gas is added to
the same container and the temperature is increased to 50C. If the pressure increases to 800
torr, how many moles of gas were added to the container? Assume a constant-volume container.
21. Consider two separate gas containers at the following conditions:
Container A Container B
Contents: SO2(g) Contents: unknown gas
Pressure=PA Pressure=PB
Moles of gas=1.0 mol Moles of gas=2.0 mol
Volume=1.0 L Volume=2.0 L
Temperature=7C Temperature=287C
How is the pressure in container B related to the pressure in container A?
22. An ideal gas is contained in a cylinder with a volume of 5.0x10 2 mL at a temperature of 30C and
a pressure of 710 torr. The gas is then compressed to a volume of 25mL and the temperature is
raised to 820C. What is the new pressure of the gas?
23. A piece of solid carbon dioxide, with a mass of 7.8 g is placed in a 4.0 L otherwise empty
container at 27°C. What is the pressure in the container after all the carbon dioxide vaporizes? If
7.8 g solid carbon dioxide were placed in the same container but it already contained air at 740
torr, what would be the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the total pressure in the container
after the carbon dioxide vaporizes?
24. A 15 L tank is filled with H2 to a pressure of 2.00x102 atm. How many balloons (each 2.00 L) can
be inflated to a pressure of 1.00 atm from the tank? Assume that there is no temperature change
and that the tank cannot be emptied below 1.00 atm pressure.

Ideal gas law (with density)

25. The density of a gas was measured at 1.50 atm and 27°C and found to be 1.95 g/L. Calculate
the molar mass of the gas.
26. An unknown diatomic gas has a density of 3.164 g/L at STP. What is the identity of the gas?
27. Uranium hexafluoride UF6 is a solid at room temperature, but it boils at 56°C. Determine the
density of uranium hexafluoride at 60°C and 745 torr.

Dalton’s law
28. The mole fraction of nitrogen in the air is 0.7808. Calculate the partial pressure of N 2 in air when
the atmospheric pressure is 760 torr.
29. The partial pressure of oxygen was observed to be 156 torr in air with a total atmospheric
pressure of 743 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of O2 present.
30. Consider the flasks in the following diagram. What are the final partial pressures of H 2 and N2
after the stopcock between the two flasks is opened? (Assume the final volume is 3.00 L). What
is the total pressure (in torr)?

31. The partial pressure of CH4 (g) is 0.175 atm and that of O2(g) is 0.250 atm in a mixture of the
two gases.
a- What is the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture?
b- If the mixture occupies a volume of 10.5 L at 65°C, calculate the total number of moles of gas
in the mixture.
c- Calculate the number of grams of each gas in the mixture.
 32. Mixtures of helium and oxygen can be used in scuba diving tanks to help prevent "the bends".
For a particular dive, 46 L He at 25°C and 1.0 atm and 12L O2 at 25°C and 1.0 atm were pumped
into a tank with a volume of 5.0 L. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas and the total
pressure in the tank at 25°C.
33. A sample of solid potassium chlorate (KClO 3) was heated in a test tube and decomposed by the
following reaction:
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
The oxygen produced was collected by displacement of water at 22°C at a total pressure of 754
torr. The volume of the gas collected was 0.650 L, and the vapor pressure of water at 22°C is 21
torr. Calculate the partial pressure of O2 in the gas collected and the mass of KClO3 in the sample
that was decomposed.
34. A 2.00 L sample of O2 (g) was collected over water at a total pressure of 785 torr and 25°C.
When the O2 (g) was dried (water vapor removed, the gas had a volume of 1.94 L at 25°C and
785 torr. Calculate the vapor pressure of water at 25°C.

Chemical reaction (limiting and excess)

35. Quicklime (CaO) is produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Calculate the volume of CO2 at STP produced from the decomposition of 152 g CaCO 3 by the
reaction,
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

36. Consider the following reaction

4 Al(s) + 3O2(g)2Al2O3(s)
It takes 2.00 L of pure oxygen gas at STP to react completely with a certain sample of aluminum.
What is the mass of aluminum reacted?
37. Air bags are activated when a severe impact causes a steel ball to compress a spring and
electrically ignite a detonator cap. This causes sodium azide (NaN3) to decompose explosively
according to the following reaction:
2NaN3(s)  2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
What mass of NaN3(s) must be reacted to inflate an air bag to 70.0L at STP?
38. In 1897 the Swedish explorer Andrée tried to reach the North Pole in a balloon. The balloon was
filled with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas was prepared from iron splints and diluted sulfuric
acid. The reaction is
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
 The volume of the balloon was 4800 m3 and the loss of hydrogen gas during filling was estimated
at 20%. What mass of iron splints and 98% (by mass) H2SO4 were needed to ensure the
complete filling of the balloon? Assume a temperature of 0C, a pressure of 1.0 atm during filling
and 100% yield.
39. Consider the reaction between 50.0 mL of liquid methyl alcohol, CH3OH (density=0.850 g/mL) ,
and 22.8 L of O2 at 27C and a pressure of 2.00 atm. The products of the reaction are CO 2(g)
and H2O(g). Calculate the number of moles of water formed if the reaction goes to completion.
CH3OH(L) + 3/2 O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(g)
40. Urea (H2NCONH2) is used extensively as a nitrogen source in fertilizers. It is produced
commercially from the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide:
heat. pressure
2NH 3 (g) + CO 2 (g) → H2 NCONH 2 (s) + H2O(g)
Ammonia gas at 223°C and 90 atm flows into a reactor at a rate of 500 L/min. Carbon dioxide at
223°C and 45 atm flows into the reactor at a rate of 600 L/min. What mass of urea is produced
per minute by this reaction assuming 100% yield?
41. Hydrogen cyanide is prepared commercially by the reaction of methane, CH4(g), ammonia,
NH3(g), and oxygen , O2(g), at high temperature. The other product is gaseous water.
CH4+NH3+3/2O2HCN(g)+3H2O(g)
What volume of HCN(g) can be obtained from 20.0L CH4(g), 20.0 L NH3(g), and 20.0 L O2(g)?
The volumes of all gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
42. The nitrogen content of organic compounds can be determined by the Dumas method. The
compound in question is first reacted by passage over hot CuO(s).:
hot CuO (S)
Compound → N 2 ( g ) + CO2 ( g ) + H 2O( g )
The product gas is then passed through a concentrated solution of KOH to remove the CO 2.
After passage through the KOH solution, the gas contains N2 and is saturated with water vapor.
In a given experiment a 0.253 g sample of a compound produced 31.8 mL N 2 saturated with
water vapor at 25C and 726 torr. What is the mass percent of nitrogen in the compound? (The
vapor pressure of water at 25C is 23.8 torr).
43. Small quantities of hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by the addition of aqueous
hydrochloric acid to metallic zinc,
Zn(s)+ 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Typically, the hydrogen gas is bubbled through water for collection and becomes saturated with
water vapor. Suppose 240 mL of hydrogen gas is collected at 30°C and has a total pressure of
1.032 atm by this process. What is the partial pressure of hydrogen gas in the sample? How
 many grams of Zn must have reacted to produce this quantity of hydrogen? (The vapor pressure
of water is 32 torr at 30°C)
44. At elevated temperatures, sodium chlorate decomposes to produce sodium chloride and oxygen
gas. A 0.8765 g sample of impure sodium chlorate was heated until the production of oxygen gas
ceased. The oxygen gas collected over water occupied 57.2 mL at a temperature of 22°C and a
pressure of 734 torr. Calculate the mass percent of NaClO3 in the original sample. (At 22°C the
vapor pressure of water is 19.8 torr).
NaClO3  NaCl + 3/2 O2

45. Hydrogen azide, HN3, decomposes on heating by the following unbalanced reaction:
2HN3(g)  3N2(g) + H2(g)
If 3.0 atm of pure HN3(g) is decomposed initially, what is the final total pressure in the reaction
container? What are the partial pressures of nitrogen and hydrogen gas? Assume the volume and
temperature of the reaction container are constant.
46. Write reactions to show how the nitric and sulfuric acids are produced in the atmosphere.
47. A 2.747 g sample of manganese metal is reacted with excess HCl gas to produce 3.22 L of H 2(g)
at 373 K and 0.951 atm and a manganese chloride compound (MnCl x). What is the formula of
manganese chloride compound produced in the reaction?
48. Metallic molybdenum can be produced from the mineral molybdenum MoS2. The mineral is first
oxidized in air molybdenum trioxide and sulfur dioxide. Molybdenum trioxide is then reduced to
metallic molybdenum using hydrogen gas. The balance equations are:
MoS2(s)+7/2 O2(g) MoO3(s)+2SO2(g)
MoO3(s)+3H2(g) Mo(s)+3H2O(L)
Calculate the volumes of air and hydrogen gas at 17C and 1.00 atm that are necessary to
produce 1.00x103 kg of pure molybdenum from MoS2. Assume air contains 21% oxygen by
volume and assume 100% yield for each reaction
49. In the “Methode Champenoise”, grape juice is fermented in a wine bottle to produce sparkling
wine. The reaction is:
C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq)+2CO2(g)
Fermentation of 750 mL grape juice (density=1.0 g/cm3) is allowed to take place in a bottle with
a total volume of 825 mL until 12% by volume is ethanol (C2H5OH). Assuming that the CO2 is
insoluble in H2O (actually a wrong assumption), what would be the pressure of CO 2 inside the
wine bottle at 25C? (The density of ethanol is 0.79 g/cm3).
50. A chemist weighed out 5.14 g of a mixture containing unknown amounts of BaO(s) and CaO(s)
and placed the sample in a 1.50-L flask containing CO2(g) at 30.0C and 750 torr. After the
 reaction to form BaCO3(s) and CaCO3 was completed, the pressure of CO2(g) remaining was 230
torr. Calculate the mass percentages of CaO(s) and BaO(s) in the mixture.

Air conditioning
51. An 80 m3 chamber contains atmospheric air at 30°C, 40% relative humidity and 758 mm Hg.
Calculate its humidity weight (knowing that the saturated water vapor pressure equals 32 mm Hg
at 30°C).
52. If air at 25°C, 75% relative humidity and under 760 mmHg is compressed to 1500 mmHg and
27°C. Calculate the weight of the condensed water per each cubic meter of the treated air
(knowing that the saturated water-vapor pressure equals 24 mm Hg at 25°C and equals 30 mm
Hg at 27°C.
53. A car tire containing air at 27°C, 758 mmHg and 75% relative humidity. If air is compressed
until 3.5 atm, 30°C and 150 liter. Calculate the weight of the condensed water inside the tire
(knowing that the saturated water vapor pressure equals 28 mm Hg at 27°C and equals 32
mmHg at 30°C).

Graham’s law
54. Freon-12 is used as a refrigerant in central home air conditioners. The rate of effusion of Freon-
12 to Freon-11 (molar mass=137.4 g/mol) is 1.07:1. The formula of Freon-12 is one of the
following: CF4, CF3Cl, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, or CCl4, Which formula is correct for Freon-12?
55. Calculate the ratio of the effusion rates of hydrogen gas (H2) and uranium hexafluoride (UF6), a
gas used in the enrichment process to produce fuel for nuclear reactors.
 Real gases
56. Without looking at the tables of values, which of the following gases would you expect to have
the largest value of the van der waals constant b: H2, N2, CH4, C2H6 or C3H8? From the values in
the table below for the van der Waals constant a for the gases H2, CO2, N2 and CH4, predict
which of these gas molecules show the strongest intermolecular attractions.
Gas a(atm.L2/mol2) b(L/mol)
H2 0.244 0.0266
CO2 3.59 0.0427
N2 1.39 0.0391
CH4 2.25 0.0428

57. Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.5000 mol N2 in a 1 L container at 25°C

a- using ideal gas law
b-using the van der Waals equation.
c- Compare the results.
58. The density of H2 at 27°C and 300 atm is 20 gm/L. Calculate the compressibility factor of this gas
at these conditions.
59. Calculate the volume of container which contains 2.2 Kg of CO2 at 40°C and 150 atm.

L2 atm L
Knowing that a = 3.6 , b = 0.043
2 gm mol
gmmol
60. A cylinder contains 2L of N2O gas. Calculate the weight of this gas at 30°C and 25 atm.

L2 atm L
Knowing that a = 3.77 , b = 0.044
gmmol2 gm mol

61. Calculate the volume of 1 gm mol of O2 at 0°C and 15 atm.

L2 atm L
Knowing that a = 3.6 , b = 0.043
2 gm mol
gmmol
62. Calculate the pressure of 12.2 Kg of Cl2 gas at 60°C when it occupies 1 L

L2 atm L
Knowing that a = 5.6 , b = 0.07
2 gm mol
gmmol