KALLAMINO SPECIAL HIGHSCHOOL

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL CIENCE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR GRADE 12
SHORT SUMMARY NOTE

This short note covers three chapters of your text and few related concepts
from lower grade. Please try to red and understand the concepts and prepare
yourself for the assessment which contains 30% of your point. No need to go
beyond this and this is for the sake of your time: Contents to be covered are:

Contents
CHAPTER I: INFORMATION SYSTEMS UNIT SUMMARY......................................................................1
UNIT II: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES UNIT SUMMARY ...........................................................................3
UNIT III: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNIT SUMMARY ...............................................................6

CHAPTER I: INFORMATION SYSTEMS UNIT SUMMARY

In this unit, you have learnt about:

• Ethical and legal issues in information systems
• Issues related to the social implications of information systems.
• Issues related to environmental and health implications of Information
systems.
• Intellectual property rights and types of intellectual property rights.
• Digital identity management
• How to facilitate collaboration through digital technologies
• How digital collaboration tools can be applied in our daily lives
• How you can engage in citizenship through digital technologies.

Then, you are expected to remember and understand the following summarized
concepts:
Data is a collection of raw facts.
Information is processed data in a meaningful way to potential users.
Database is a collection of related files that stores organized data E-

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 commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and
services over the Internet. E-learning is a form of education that is
delivered through digital devices.
Knowledge is an understanding which is acquired through the application
of information into actions.
Wisdom is an ability to make wise decisions and judgments using one’s
knowledge. It is the highest level of human understanding.
E-services are defined as the provision of public services using technology
as a mode of service delivery. Eg E-banking, E-learning, E-commerce, E-
Government, E-waste ETC
E-banking is a form of banking in which funds are transferred through an
exchange of electronic signals rather than through an exchange of cash,
checks, or other types of paper documents. Entrepreneurship is the
process of designing, launching, and running a new business.
Procedure is a series of steps followed to achieve a desired outcome or
goal.
Telemedicine is a practice of caring for patients remotely while the
caregiver and the patient are in separate physical locations.
Teleconference is the meeting of three or more people who are separated
by distance using electronic communication.
Information system is a set of integrated components for collecting,
storing, processing data, and providing information.
Information Systems – are interrelated components working together to
collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision
making.
Information Technology (IT) - is the use of any computers, storage,
networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to
create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic data
Copyright - A copyright is a type of intellectual property protection that
protects original works of authorship, which might include literary works,
music, art, and more

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 Intellectual property right - refers to a range of intangible rights of
ownership as an asset such as a software program or designed information
system
Patent - a patent is a type of limited-duration protection that can be used
to protect inventions (or discoveries) that are new, non-obvious, and
useful, such as a new process, machine, article of manufacture, or
composition of matter.
Trade secret- refers to specific, private information that is important to a
business because it gives the business a competitive advantage in its
marketplace
Trademarks refer to phrases, words, or symbols that distinguish the source
of a product or service of one party from another.
Digital citizenship- refers to the responsible use of technology by anyone
who uses computers, the Internet, and digital devices to engage with
society on any level.
Digital collaboration - means working together and accomplishing goals
while using digital tools and technology. It may consist of anything, such as
devices, programs, software, steps, or an entirely new technique.
Digital identity is an online or networked identity adopted or claimed in
cyber space by an individual, organization, or electronic device.
Social media addiction is a behavioral addiction characterized by excessive
concern for social media, an insatiable want to access or use social media,
and a commitment of so much time and energy to social media that it
interferes with other crucial facets of life.

UNIT II: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES UNIT SUMMARY

In this unit, you have learnt about:
• Emerging Technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), branches of AI,
application areas of AI.
• Machine Learning, robots are and their applications in various areas
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its applications.

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 • expert systems are and the three components of expert systems
namely, user interface, knowledge base, and inference engine.
• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality and their difference between
• The various application areas of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
• Bigdata and Data Science is and the areas of applications.
• Common Bigdata characteristics, Advantages and their application areas.
• Cloud computing benefits, Cloud computing types, services, and
Deployment models and applications examples.
• Basics of Fog computing and its relation to cloud computing.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) and their major advantages and applications
of IoT.
Then you are expected to remember and understand the following summarized
concepts of emerging technologies.
Emerging Technology: is a fast-evolving and developing technology with a
prominent socio-economic impact Expert system is a computer program
that emulates human experts.
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with the
design of systems that mimic human intelligence.
Internet of Things (IoT) is an interrelated Internet-connected objects that
exchange data without human intervention
Machine Learning is a study of computer algorithms that enable the
computer to learn from data and improve itself
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of AI that deals with
enabling computers with understanding human language
Robotics is a study of machines called robots that substitute tasks that are
traditionally done by human beings
Social Media is a medium that facilitates socializing through virtual
networks
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that enhances the real world by
overlaying a computer-generated digital data
Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that creates a three-dimensional
computer-generated simulation environment

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 Data Science is an interdisciplinary field with a blend of tools and
algorithms that discovers and extracts hidden data.
Big Data - refers to complex and large data sets that have to be processed
and analyzed to uncover valuable information that can benefit businesses
and organizations. Big Data is a data characterized by large size (volume),
diverse sets of information (variety), and exponential growth rate (velocity)
Cloud Computing - The distribution of various services, such as data
storage, servers, databases, networking, and software, through the Internet
Fog Computing - is a decentralized computing infrastructure in which data,
compute, storage and applications are located somewhere between the
data source and the cloud.
Infrastructure as a Service- is a form of cloud computing that provides
virtualized computing resources over the internet.
Internet - a global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
Internet of Things - describes physical objects with sensors, processing
ability, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data
with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications
networks.
Platform as a Service - is a type of cloud computing that offers users a
whole cloud platform, including hardware, software, and infrastructure, for
creating, administering, and using applications.
Software as a Service - is a way of delivering applications over the
Internet—as a service where users can avoid complicated software and
device maintenance by just accessing software via the Internet rather than
installing and maintaining it.
Data, compute, storage and applications are located somewhere between
the data source and the cloud.
Infrastructure as a Service- is a form of cloud computing that provides
virtualized computing resources over the internet.

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UNIT III: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNIT SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about:
• Concepts of Database Management Systems (DBMSs).
• Relational Database Management Systems
• Structured Query Language (SQL)
• DDL, DML and DQL

Then you are expected to remember and understand the following summarized
concepts of Database Management Systems:
File based data management is a system of data management based on a
single file.
File-based data management is an approach in which data is stored in
separate files without explicit relationships
Database based management approach: In the database approach to data
management, data is managed by a database using a database
management system (DBMS) software.
Databases are composed of many objects, but the major objects that exist
in MS Access are tables, queries, forms, and reports
Database is a shared collection of logically related data.
There are many advantages of having databases; some of the major ones
are sharing, security, less data redundancy, and data integrity.
DBMS which stands for database management system is a software which
is used to create and manage databases.
DBMS is a computerized system that enables users to create and maintain
a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates
the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing
databases among various users and applications.
Microsoft Access is relational DBMS software. It is used to manage
databases.
Data model is a blueprint of the database
Entities are people, places, or things about which you want to keep
information in a database.
Attributes are properties of entities that are used to describe the entities. .
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 Primary Key is a field which has a unique value for each record in a table.
Foreign key is an attribute in a table that matches the primary key of
another related table.
Field refers to a column of a table in the database table. It is similar to an
attribute in the logical data model.
Record is a row in a database table. It stores data about one real-world
object represented in a table.
Relational database is based on a relational data model. Data are stored in
a two dimensional table, which contains columns or fields and rows or
records.
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) usually refers to
various types of software systems developed in order to manage databases.
RDBMS is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to a
relational database.
Relational data model is a type of data model that represents data in terms
of two-dimensional tables called relations.
Relational database is a type of database that contains a logically related
set of tables. Relationship is an association between entities.
Relation or tables: The relational data model represents data in terms of
two dimensional tables called relations. A relation is nothing but a table of
rows and columns. Each row, also called a record or tuple, contains a
unique instance of data. These rows in the relation denote a real-world
entity. The columns in a relation, also known as attributes or fields, are
used to describe the properties of relations.
Table Column: Each column of a table represents an attribute or data value.
Table Row: each row in a table represents a tuple or record. A database
contains one or more tables that maintain records.
Attributes are the set of properties to describe the instances of the entity.
For example, a student can be an entity. The attributes of a student can be
described in terms of student id, name, age, grade level and sex.
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a visual representation tool for data
models

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 A relationship is an association between entities. For example, customer
has account in a bank. The verb ‘has’ indicates the relationship between
customer and bank account entities.
One-to-one relationship: An instance of an entity has only one instance in
the other entity with which it is associated (see Figure 3.8). For example, a
country and a capital city. A country is associated with one capital city, and
a capital city is associated with only one country.
One-to-many relation: An instance in one entity is associated with many
instances in the other related entity (see Figure 3.8). For example, a
department called ‘Computer Science’ is associated with multiple students
Many-to-many relationship: Instances on both sides of the relationship are
associated with multiple instances of the other entity (see Figure 3.9). For
example, an employee may work in multiple projects. At the same time, a
project may have multiple employees assigned to it.
Data type: Each field in a table has to be given a name and data type. A
data type is the type of data value you want to store in the field.
Data types include but not limited to the following:
INTEGER or int: This data type allows storing long integer data. It does not
allow users to specify or limit size.
CHAR: used for storing text or combinations of text and numbers, including
numbers which do not require calculating (e.g. phone numbers).
Text: used for lengthy text or combinations of text and numbers. This data
type limits the size of characters that can be stored to be 20.
DATETIME or Date used to store Date and time values for the years 100
through 9999. E.g. DoB DATETIME. The date can be described in ‘dd-mm-
yyyy’ or ‘yyyy-mm-dd’ form. Both date and month should be described with
two digits, whereas year should be described with four digits.
CURRENCY: used for currency or monetary value. Currency value and
numeric data are used in mathematical calculations.
COUNTER: is a unique sequential (incremented by 1) number or random
number that is assigned by Microsoft Access whenever a new record is
added to a table. Also called Auto number.

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 Yes/No Yes and No values and fields which consist of only one of two
values (Yes/No, True/False, or On/Off).
SQL is a special purpose query language meant for interacting with
relational databases. Understanding how SQL works can help you create
better queries, and make it easier for you to understand how to fix a query
that is not returning the results that you want.
SQL is a language for interacting with databases. It consists of a number of
commands with further options to allow you to carry out your operations
with a database.
All RDBMS commands are written using the SQL statements.
Data Definition Language (DDL) which includes CREATE, ALTER and DROP.
These commands allow you to create or modify your database structure.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) contains INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
These commands are used to manipulate data stored inside your database.
Data Query Language (DQL) includes SELECT that is used for querying or
selecting a subset of data from a database.

Information Technology is Power!

Birhanu H.
Kshs.
Jan 5-2017

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