Object-Oriented Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Class and Objects
• Access Modifiers
• Constructors
Agenda • Inheritance
• Types of Inheritance
• Methods Overloading
• Methods Overriding
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Object-Oriented Programming
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Object-Oriented Programming
• OOP is about creating objects that contain both data and methods.
• Increases the flexibility and maintainability of programs.
• Provides clear structure for the programs.
OOPs
Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism
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Classes and Objects
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Class
• A group of objects which have common properties.
• A template or blueprint from which objects are created.
• Class can't be physical and it’s a logical entity.
• A class in Java can contain:
▪ Fields
▪ Methods
▪ Constructors
▪ Blocks
▪ Nested class and interface
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Objects
• An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object e.g., chair, bike, etc.
• Can be physical or logical (tangible and intangible).
• An object has three characteristics:
▪ State
▪ Behavior
▪ Identity
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Classes and Objects
Vehicle
Class
Car Truck Cycle
Objects
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Encapsulation
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Encapsulation
• A process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit.
• For example, a capsule which is mixed of several medicines.
• Prevents outer classes from accessing and changing methods of a class.
• This also helps in achieving data hiding.
• Makes the code cleaner and easy to read.
Fields
Class
Methods
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Abstraction
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Abstraction
• Hides the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.
• Shows only necessary details to the user and hides the internal details.
• For example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message.
• You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery.
• Lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
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Access Modifiers
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Access Modifiers
Default • Accessible only within the package.
Public • Widest scope and is accessible everywhere.
Private • Accessible only within the class.
Protected • Accessible only within and outside the package through
inheritance.
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Access Modifiers
Modifier Class Package Subclass World
Public YES YES YES YES
Protected YES YES YES NO
No modifier YES YES NO NO
private YES NO NO NO
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this keyword
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this keyword
• A reference variable that refers to the current object.
• Can be used to refer current class instance variable.
• Can also be used to invoke current class method and current class constructor.
• Can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
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Constructors
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Constructor
• A block of codes similar to the method.
• Called when an instance of the class is created.
• At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory.
• Everytime an object is created using new keyword, atleast one constructor is called.
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How does a constructor work?
The moment an object of a class is created, the constructor of a class is called which
initializes the class attributes.
new
Class Object Constructor
default
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Types of Constructors
Constructors
Default Constructor: Parameterized Constructor:
does not have any having a specific number of
parameter. parameters.
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Constructor Overloading
• Refers to the use of more than one constructor in an instance class.
• Each overloaded constructor must have different signatures.
• For the compilation to be successful, each constructor must contain a different list of
arguments.
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Constructor Chaining
• Process of calling one constructor from another with respect to the current object.
• The real purpose is to pass parameters through a bunch of different constructors.
• Occurs through inheritance.
• Can be done in two ways:
▪ within same class
▪ from base class
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Inheritance
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Inheritance
• In this, one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object.
• You can create new classes that are built upon existing classes.
• Represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.
• When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the
parent class.
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Inheritance
Vehicle
Bikes Cars Buses Trucks
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Type of Inheritance
Single Hierarchical Multilevel
Inheritance Inheritance Inheritance
A
Super
A A B
Class
B Sub
C
Class
A
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IS-A Relationship
Inheritance is used in Java for:
Method Overriding
(To achieve run time Code Reusability
polymorphism)
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Aggregation (HAS-A Relationship)
• Also known as composition.
• Used for code reusability in Java.
• An instance of one class has a reference to an instance of another class or an other
instance of the same class.
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Polymorphism
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Polymorphism
• A concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways.
• We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method overriding.
• There are two types of polymorphism in Java:
compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism.
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Method Overloading
• A class has more than one method with same name but having different signature.
• Adds or extends the behavior of an existing method.
• An example of compile time polymorphism since actual method calling is resolved at
compile time.
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Method Overriding
• A derived class have the same methods with exactly the same signature as base class.
• Change the behavior of an existing method in the base class.
• Methods must have same access modifiers:
public, protected and internal and not private
• Example of run time polymorphism since actual method calling is resolved at runtime.
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THANKS
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