2024 Mock Trial Examination 1

Marking Guidelines

Section I

Multiple-choice Answer Key

S
Question Answer

1 C

N
2 A
3 B
4
5
6
B
D
A
O
&S
7 B
8 D
9 C
10 C
11 A
O

12 A
13 B
14 D
G

15 C
16 B
N

17 D
18 C
19 D
20 A
Explanations

1 Statement C is true. Statement A is false as the rates of reaction are zero. Statement
B is false as the concentrations of all substances in the system are constant, not equal.
Statement D is false as the position of equilibrium changes only with temperature.

2 An amphiprotic substance can donate or accept protons (Brønsted-Lowry acid or base)

depending on the surrounding environment. H2 PO4 – can donate or accept a proton to
form HPO4 2 – or H3 PO4 , respectively, and hence, is amphiprotic. It can be argued that

S
HSO4 – is amphiprotic as it can also donate or accept a proton to form SO4 2 – or H2 SO4 .
However, as H2 SO4 is a strong acid, it is very difficult to be reformed from HSO4 – .

N
3 The filter should have a complementary colour to the substance being analysed to max-
imise absorbance, thereby minimising measurement error. Copper (II) ions are blue in

4
O
solution, and hence, an orange colour filter should be used.

The expression of Keq is represented as a fraction of the concentrations of the products

&S
over the reactants to the power of their coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
Solids and liquids are not included in the expression as they are typically large in excess
in the system, and hence, H2 O (l) is not in the expression.

5 A 4-carbon chain binds to 2 oxygen atoms (butanoate) while a 2-carbon chain binds
O

to 1 oxygen atom (ethyl). Therefore, the ester is ethyl butanoate. The first part of the
name comes from the alcohol while the second part comes from the carboxylic acid.
Therefore, ethanol and butanoic acid makes up the ester.
G

6 Atom economy refers to the proportion of raw materials converted to products and
useful byproducts. It can be maximised through the recycling of unused reagents, pro-
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cessing byproducts to make useful substances, and altering the volume of the reaction
vessel to increase the yield of the product. Using a catalyst only increases the rate of
reaction and not the atom economy.

7 The polar head of a soap particle forms ion-dipole forces with polar water molecules
to dissolve while the long, non-polar alkyl tail forms dispersion forces with non-polar
grease droplets to weaken the surface tension to lift it from the surface.
 8 The chemical equation shown illustrates the hydration of sodium ions to form hydration
spheres. It involves the formation of ion-dipole forces between the sodium ions and the
partially negative oxygen atoms of water molecules which releases energy (∆H < 0).
As the water molecules are less mobile after the formation of hydration spheres, the
disorder in the system decreases (∆S < 0).

9 The formation of a yellow precipitate after adding 0.1 M AgNO3 is indicative of the for-
mation of AgI or Ag2 CO3 . A white precipitate is formed after adding 0.1 M Pb(NO3 )2 .
However, PbI2 is yellow, and hence, the anion must be CO3 2 – . This is supported by the

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basic pH due to its reaction with water to form OH – ions.

N
10 Bromine water (Br2 (aq)) appears red-brown. It produces a colourless dibromoalkane
after undergoing an addition reaction with an alkene, causing the red-brown colour to
disappear. Hence, flask 3 must contain hept-1-ene. Heptanamide is miscible with water

O
due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds via the electronegative oxygen and nitrogen
atoms and the electropositive hydrogen atoms in the amide groups. These bonds can
&S
overcome the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and heptanamide molecules.
As the liquids can mix to form a homogenous solution, 1 layer will form. Therefore,
flask 1 contains heptanamide.

11 Acid strength depends on how readily it releases H+ ions into water while pH = − log10 [H+ ].
O

Hence, a weak acid will have a higher pH compared to a strong acid with an equal con-
centration. Therefore, ethanoic acid must have a higher concentration than hydrochloric
acid for their pH to be equal. As more ethanoic acid is in 25.0 mL than hydrochloric
G

acid (n = cv) and they both react with sodium hydroxide in a 1:1 molar ratio, the volume
needed to react with the ethanoic acid will be larger than the hydrochloric acid.
N

12 The polymer contains amide linkages, and hence, is formed from a molecule containing
a carboxyl and amino group. Cutting the polymer vertically at an N−H and a C=O to
the right, the monomer used to make the monomer must be A.

13 The base peak is the signal with the highest relative intensity of the mass spectrum.
This is 43 m/z which corresponds to a molar mass of 43 g mol−1 . This aligns with the
[CH3 CH2 CH2 ]+ ionic fragment.
14 The molecular formula of the organic compound is C7 H16 Ox where x is the number of
hydroxyl groups in one molecule. The reaction of one hydroxyl group with concentrated
sulfuric acid produces a C=C bond and one water molecule (dehydration).

2.29
n(H2 O)produced = = 0.127 mol
1.008 × 2 + 16

= x × n(C7 H16 Ox )reacted (x : 1 molar ratio)

0.127
=⇒ n(C7 H16 Ox )reacted = mol
x

S
m 5.22
= =
MM 12.01 × 7 + 1.008 × 16 + 16x

N
x=4

O
&S
O
G
N
15 The net release of energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the acid to release H+
and the base to release OH – , minus the amount of energy released when H2 O is formed
from these ions. Hence, the more energy absorbed to release H+ and OH – , the lower
the net release of energy. This leads to a lower maximum temperature. The amount of
energy absorbed depends on acid/base strength, and the lower the pKa /pKa , the stronger
the substance. Therefore, the reaction of HF and CH5 N requires the least amount of
energy to produce H+ and OH – , leading to the highest maximum temperature, and so
on.

S
N
O
&S
O
G
N
16 a −−* − +
HOCl (aq) + H2 O (l) )−− OCl (aq) + H3 O (aq)

pKa = − log10 Ka = 7.53

[H3 O+ ][OCl− ]
Ka = = 10−7.53
[HOCl]

−−* + −
CH5 N (aq) + H2 O (l) )−− CH6 N (aq) + OH (aq)

pKb = − log10 Kb = 3.38

[OH− ][CH6 N+ ]
Kb = = 10−3.38

S
[CH5 N]

−−* + −
HOCl (aq) + CH5 N (aq) )−− CH6 N (aq) + OCl (aq)

N
[CH6 N+ ][OCl− ]
Keq =
[HOCl][CH5 N]
[H3 O+ ][OCl− ] [OH− ][CH6 N+ ] 1
=

=
O
Kw
[HOCl]

=
10
×

−14
[CH5 N]
Ka × Kb 10−7.53 × 10−3.38
×
[H3 O ][OH− ]

= 1.2 × 103
+
&S
17 The diagram shows that the forward reaction is favoured after the disturbance. This
indicates that it was either a decrease in temperature or volume. For temperature, the
forward exothermic reaction is favoured to replenish the heat lost to counteract the
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disturbance by Le Chatelier’s principle. For volume, the reaction decreasing the number
of gaseous moles is favoured (3:2 molar ratio) to decrease the pressure, counteracting
the pressure increase by Le Chatelier’s principle. The decrease in volume also increases
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both rates of reaction as the space between all particles decreases, leading to more
frequent collisions while the decrease in temperature will decrease both rates of reaction
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due to the reduction of kinetic energy, causing less frequent and energetic collisions.
18 Nitrous acid is a weak acid as it has a degree of ionisation of 8.02% while sodium
hydroxide is a strong base. Their reaction produces sodium nitrite and water. The
nitrite is weakly basic as it is the conjugate base of a weak acid, reacting with water
to form nitrous acid and hydroxide ions. Therefore, the pH at the equivalence point
will be above 7 (basic). To maximise accuracy, the endpoint (observable; signals end of
titration) should align with the equivalence point, and hence, an indicator that changes
colour in the basic pH range should be used. Phenolphthalein changes from colourless
to pink between a pH of 8.3 and 10.0, and thus, is suitable.

S
[NO2 − ]eq
19 a % ionisation = × 100% = 8.02%
[HNO2 ]initial

N
[NO2 − ]eq = 0.0802 × 0.110 = 8.82 × 10−3 mol L−1

−−* + −
HNO2 (aq) + H2 O (l) )−− H3 O (aq) + NO2 (aq)

O
[NO2 − ]eq = [H3 O+ ]eq = 8.82 × 10−3 mol L−1

[HNO2 ]eq = 0.110 − 8.82 × 10−3 = 0.101 mol L−1

(1:1 molar ratio)

(1:1 molar ratio)

&S
[NO2 − ][H3 O+ ] (8.82 × 10−3 )2
Ka = = = 7.69 × 10−4
[HNO2 ] 0.101

HNO2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) −−→ Na+ (aq) + NO2 − (aq) + H2 O (l)

n(NO2 − )produced = n(HNO2 )reacted (1:1 molar ratio)

O

= cv = 0.110 × 0.025 = 2.75 × 10−3 mol at the equivalence point

n 2.75 × 10−3
G

[NO2 − ] = = = 0.0573 mol L−1

v 0.025 + 0.023

NO2 − (aq) + H2 O (l) −

)−
−* −
− HNO2 (aq) + OH (aq)
N

[OH− ][HNO2 ] Kw
Kb = = (assuming 25◦ C)
[NO2 − ] Ka
1.0 × 10−14
= −4
= 1.30 × 10−11
7.69 × 10

Please turn over

 [OH− ]eq = [HNO2 ]eq (1:1 molar ratio)

[NO2 − ]eq = [NO2 − ]initial = 0.0573 mol L−1 (negligible Kb )

[OH− ]2
Kb = = 1.30 × 10−11
0.0573
p
[OH− ] = 1.30 × 10−11 × 0.0573 = 8.63 × 10−7 mol L−1

pOH = − log10 [OH− ] = − log10 (8.63 × 10−7 ) = 6.06

S
pH = 14 − pOH = 14 − 6.06 = 7.94 (assuming 25◦ C)

N
[HNO2 ]excess = [NO2 − ]produced at the half-equivalence point

[NO2 − ][H3 O+ ]
Ka = = [H3 O+ ] = 7.69 × 10−4 mol L−1

O
[HNO2 ]

pH = − log10 [H3 O+ ] = − log10 (7.69 × 10−4 ) = 3.11

&S
∆pH = 7.94 − 3.11 = 4.82
O
G
N
20 Let x g of iron (II) nitrate be present in the sample.

m x x
n(Fe(NO3 )2 ) = = = mol
MM 55.85 + 2(14.01 + 16 × 3) 179.87
m 3.20 − x 3.20 − x
n(Fe(NO3 )3 ) = = = mol
MM 55.85 + 3(14.01 + 16 × 3) 241.88

Fe(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2 KOH (aq) −−→ Fe(OH)2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

x
n(Fe(OH)2 )produced = n(Fe(NO3 )2 )reacted = mol (1:1 molar ratio)
179.87

S
x
m(Fe(OH)2 ) = n × MM = × (55.85 + 2(16 + 1.008))
179.87
89.866x
= g

N
179.87

Fe(NO3 )3 (aq) + 3 KOH (aq) −−→ Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3 KNO3 (aq)

3.20 − x

O
n(Fe(OH)3 )produced = n(Fe(NO3 )3 )reacted =

m(Fe(OH)3 ) = n × MM =
3.20 − x
241.88
241.88
mol (1:1 molar ratio)

× (55.85 + 3(16 + 1.008))

&S
106.874(3.20 − x)
= g
241.88

m(Fe(OH)2 ) + m(Fe(OH)3 ) = 1.53

89.866x 106.874(3.20 − x)
+ = 1.53
O

179.87 241.88

x = 2.01 g

m(Fe(NO3 )2 ) 2.01
G

%(Fe(NO3 )2 ) = × 100% = × 100% = 62.8%

m(sample) 3.20
N
Section II

Question 21 (a)

C6 H5 COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) −−→ NaC6 H5 COO (aq) + H2 O (l)

1 mark − writes a balanced chemical equation for the reaction

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Question 21 (b)

The Brønsted-Lowry (BL) theory states that an acid is a proton donor while a base is a proton

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acceptor. In the neutralisation reaction, C6 H5 COOH acts as a BL acid by donating a proton to
the OH – of NaOH to form C6 H5 COO – and water. As NaOH accepts the proton to form Na+
and water, it acts as a BL base.
O
Note: other answers can use Arrhenius’ theory
&S
1 mark − defines ONE relevant theory of acids and bases
1 mark − explains how the reaction is explained by the theory of acids and bases

Question 21 (c)
O

The salt produced consists of Na+ and C6 H5 COO – ions. C6 H5 COO – is the conjugate base of
the weak acid C6 H5 COOH. Hence, it can react with water to form C6 H5 COOH molecules and
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OH – ions.

C6 H5 COO− (aq) + H2 O (l) −

)−
−* −
− C6 H5 COOH (aq) + OH (aq)
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As OH – ions are produced, the salt is basic. Therefore, the blue litmus paper will remain blue.

1 mark − recognises that the salt produced is basic

1 mark − explains why the blue litmus paper remains blue
Question 22 (a)

A reaction is spontaneous when the change in Gibbs free energy, ∆G = ∆H − T ∆S, is negative.
∆H < 0 contributes to ∆G < 0, leading to higher spontaneity. The number of gas particles
decrease in the reaction (4:2 ratio), decreasing the disorder in the system. Therefore, ∆S < 0.
This opposes ∆G < 0 as T ≥ 0, leading to a lower spontaneity.

1 mark − outlines how the change in enthalpy affects the spontaneity of the reaction
1 mark − outlines how the change in entropy affects the spontaneity of the reaction

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Question 22 (b)

N
Liquefying the ammonia causes [NH3 ] to decrease in the system. By Le Chatelier’s princi-
ple, the forward reaction is favoured to increase [NH3 ], counteracting the disturbance. The

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increases the yield of NH3 , benefitting the reaction.

1 mark − explains that liquefying ammonia favours the forward reaction

&S
1 mark − explains why the yield of ammonia increases

Question 23 (a)

Both compounds contain a C=O bond (carboxyl COOH in propanoic acid and ester COO in
O

methyl ethanoate) producing the signal near 170 ppm due to the extensive deshielding of the C
atom by the electronegative O atom. However, the signal near 60 ppm corresponds to a C−O
bond of an ester. Therefore, the compound is methyl ethanoate.
G

1 mark − recognises that both compounds contain a C=O bond producing the signal with the
highest chemical shift
N

1 mark − uses the signal near 60 ppm to deduce that the compound is methyl ethanoate
Question 23 (b)

Solid sodium carbonate can be added to a sample of the contents in the bottle. If it is propanoic
acid, sodium carbonate will react to form carbon dioxide which effervesces from solution,
appearing as bubbles.

Na2 CO3 (s) + 2 C2 H5 COOH (aq) −−→ 2 NaC2 H5 COO (aq) + H2 O (l) + CO2 (g)

If it is methyl ethanoate, no notable observations will be made.

S
1 mark − outlines a chemical test that can be done in a school laboratory to confirm the iden-
tity of the contents in the bottle

N
1 mark − includes the expected observations and a relevant chemical equation

Question 24 (a)
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The monomer of polyvinyl chloride is chloroethene, C2 H3 Cl.
&S
MM(C2 H3 Cl) = 12.01 × 2 + 1.008 × 3 + 35.45 = 62.494 g mol−1
m 2.10
n(PVC) = = = 0.0336 mol
MM 62.494

N(C2 H3 Cl) = n × NA = 0.0336 × (6.022 × 1023 ) = 2.02 × 1022

O

N(C) = 2.02 × 1022 × 2 = 4.05 × 1022

G

1 mark − finds the number of moles of vinyl chloride monomers in the molecule
1 mark − correctly calculates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
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Question 24 (b)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is composed of chloroethene monomers, consisting of a chlorine

atom every second atom in a hydrocarbon backbone. PVC molecules exist as straight chains,
allowing close packing and minimising the distance between molecules. This maximises the
strength of the dipole-dipole forces between the electropositive C atom and electronegative Cl
atom in C−Cl, and the dispersion forces between the hydrocarbon chains. Hence, PVC is a
strong polymer that can be used to everyday applications such as student travel cards. Further,
the large size of the Cl atoms compared to the chain allows them to lock between chains,

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preventing the sliding and rotation of these chains. This causes PVC to be rigid, allowing for
use in hard cards.

N
1 mark − describes the structure of polyvinyl chloride
1 mark each − explains ONE property of polyvinyl chloride that allow it for use in student
travel cards
O
&S
O
G
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Question 25 (a)

Electrical conductivity (EC) is the ability of a substance to carry electrical charge. It depends
on the availability of charge carriers such as electrons and free-moving ions. In this case, H+
and OH – are have a high EC due to their low weight and high mobility.

Before adding H2 SO4 , the solution consists of highly conductive OH – ions and less conductive
Ba2+ ions. The high concentration of these ions causes the initial EC to be high. H2 SO4 reacts
with Ba(OH)2 according to the following equation.

S
H2 SO4 (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) −−→ BaSO4 (s) + 2 H2 O (l)

N
This removes OH – and Ba2+ from the solution, causing the EC to decrease steadily. When all
Ba(OH)2 is reacted, the solution only consists of BaSO4 (s), H2 O, and a negligible amount of

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Ba2+ and SO4 2 – ions as the solid is sparingly soluble. This causes the EC to be almost zero.
However, H2 SO4 is then added in excess which releases highly conductive H+ ions and less
conductive HSO4 – and SO4 2 – ions, causing the EC to increase steadily.
&S
1 mark − explains why the electrical conductivity of the solution before adding sulfuric acid
is high
1 mark − explains why the electrical conductivity of the solution decreases to almost zero
O

during the addition of sulfuric acid

1 mark − explains why the electrical conductivity of the solution increases steadily after the
minimum point
G
N
Question 25 (b)

Methanoic is a weak monoprotic acid while sulfuric acid is a strong diprotic acid. This causes
double the volume of methanoic acid needed to reach the minimum point. The electrical con-
ductivity at the minimum point is higher as no precipitate is formed, leading to a higher con-
centration of less conductive ions. Finally, the electrical conductivity increases negligibly after
the minimum point as methanoic acid does not ionise readily to produce H+ ions.

S
N
Conductivity

O
&S
Volume of sulfuric acid added

1 mark − draws another curve on the diagram if sulfuric acid was replaced with methanoic
acid with the same concentration
O

Question 26 (a)
G

By Le Chatelier’s principle, increasing the temperature will favour the endothermic reaction
to absorb the heat introduced to counteract the disturbance. At T1 , [NO] and [Br2 ] increased,
suggesting that the reverse reaction was favoured, and hence, is endothermic. Therefore, the
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forward reaction is exothermic.

1 mark − recognises that the reaction is exothermic

1 mark − uses an equilibrium principle to explain why the reaction is exothermic
Question 26 (b)
Adding argon gas without altering volume only increases the total pressure of the system and
not the partial pressures of the reactants and products. This has no effect on the value of Q, and
hence, Q = Keq and no change will occur.

NO (g)

Br2 (g)
Concentration

S
N
NOBr (g)
T1 T2

O Time
&S
1 mark − continues the lines are time T2
1 mark − explains why the concentrations of all substances do not change

Question 27 (a)
O

The rubber stopper prevents substances from the surroundings from entering the flask such
as oxygen. This creates an anaerobic environment, preventing the oxidation of the ethanol
produced to ethanoic acid. Yeast can only withstand temperatures of below 40◦ C (313 K), and
G

the moderately high temperature maximises its activity, increasing the rate of fermentation.

1 mark − explains why a rubber stopper is used in the experiment

N

1 mark − explains why a temperature of 310 K is used in the experiment

Question 27 (b)

zymase
C6 H12 O6 (aq) −−−−→ 2 C2 H5 OH (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)

PV = nRT
PV 100 × 1.365
n(CO2 )produced = = = 0.0530 mol
RT 8.314 × 310
1
n(C6 H12 O6 )reacted = n(CO2 )produced (1:2 molar ratio)
2

S
= 0.0265 mol

m(C6 H12 O6 )reacted = n × MM = 0.0265 × (12.01 × 6 + 1.008 × 12 + 16 × 6) = 4.77 g

N
m(C6 H12 O6 )reacted 4.77
% yield = = × 100% = 95.4%
m(C6 H12 O6 )initial 5.00

O
1 mark − includes a relevant chemical equation
1 mark − finds the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas produced
1 mark − correctly calculates the percentage yield of the fermentation reaction
&S
O
G
N
Question 28 (a)

Infrared spectrum

• The broad trough at 3300 cm−1 represents a O−H bond of an alcohol

• The sharp and narrow troughs at 3000 cm−1 represents C−H bonds in the alcohol

Mass spectrum

• The molecular ion peak at 60 m/z indicates that the molar mass of the alcohol is 60 g mol−1

S
MM(Cx H2x+2 O) = 12.01x + 1.008(2x + 2) + 16 = 60

N
x=3

Isomer 1
O Isomer 2

H
&S
H H H
H O H
Structure H C C C O H
H C C C H
H H H
H H H
O

Name Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol

Classification of isomers: position isomers

G

1 mark each − names and draws ONE structural isomer which satisfies the spectral data
1 mark − identifies how the isomers should be classified
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Question 28 (b)

As the central carbon atom in propan-1-ol has 2 bonded H atoms adjacent to 5 H atoms, a
2 × H sextet (adjacent to CH3 and CH2 ) should appear on its 1 H NMR spectrum. This signal
will not appear on the spectrum of propan-2-ol as it does not contain a CH2 . However, the H
atom bonded to the central carbon atom will appear as a 1 × H septet due to its adjacency to 6
H atoms (2 CH3 ).

2 marks − identifies a signal on the 1 H NMR spectrum on one of the isomers that will not

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appear on the other

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Question 29 (a)

• Methane and hexane are colourless, and hence, will not absorb visible light, preventing

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colourimetry from being used. However, the deuterium lamp in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer
emits UV light which is absorbed strongly by methane, allowing the measurement of its ab-
sorbance.
&S
• The use of a monochromator in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer instead of a colour filter in a
colourimeter allows specific wavelengths to be isolated and analysed rather than a range,
increasing the accuracy of the absorbance reading

1 mark each − explains ONE reason why ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used in-
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stead of colourimetry
G
N
Question 29 (b)

Absorbance versus concentration of methane

1.00

0.80

S
0.60
Absorbance

N
0.40

0.20
O
&S
0.00
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.00

Concentration of methane mol L−1

O

A = 0.54 =⇒ [CH4 ] = 0.540 mol L−1 (interpolation)

G

n(CH4 ) = cv = 0.540 × 0.1 = 0.0540 mol

V (CH4 ) = n ×VM = 0.0540 × 24.79 = 1.34 L (room temperature and pressure)

N

V (CH4 ) 1.34
%v/v(CH4 ) = × 100% = × 100% = 93.0%
V (sample) 1.44

1 mark − provides an appropriate title AND axis labels AND scale

1 mark − accurately plots ALL points AND draws a line of best fit
1 mark − uses interpolation to find the concentration of methane in the mixture
1 mark − correctly calculates the concentration of methane, in %v/v, in the sample of natural
gas
Question 30 (a)

−−* 2+ −
Ba(OH)2 (s) )−− Ba (aq) + 2 OH (aq)

Ksp = [Ba2+ ][OH− ]2 = 2.55 × 10−4

If x mol L−1 barium hydroxide dissolved,

[OH− ] = 2x mol L−1 (2:1 molar ratio)

[Ba2+ ]eq = [Ba2+ ]initial = 1.00 mol L−1 (negligible Ksp )

S
=⇒ 1.00 × [OH− ]2 = 2.55 × 10−4

N
p
[OH− ] = 2.55 × 10−4 = 0.0160 mol L−1

2+ −
Ca(OH)2 (s) −
)−
−*
− Ca (aq) + 2 OH (aq)

O
Ksp = [Ca2+ ][OH− ]2 = 5.02 × 10−6

[Ca2+ ] × 0.01602 = 5.02 × 10−6

&S
[Ca2+ ] = 0.0197 mol L−1

n(Ca2+ ) = cv = 0.0197 × 0.1 = 1.97 × 10−3 mol

= n(CaCl2 ) (1:1 molar ratio)

O

m(CaCl2 ) = n × MM = (1.97 × 10−3 ) × (40.08 + 35.45 × 2) = 2.18 g

1 mark − writes the equation AND expression for Ksp for barium hydroxide
G

1 mark − finds the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution

1 mark − correctly calculates the mass of solid calcium chloride needed to cause precipitation
N

to start
Question 30 (b)

The two precipitates barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide can be distinguished by placing
a sample on a wooden splint before placing it over a Bunsen burner heating flame. If the flame
turns yellow-green, the precipitate is barium hydroxide. If it turns brick-red, the precipitate is
calcium hydroxide.

1 mark − outlines how the two precipitates formed in these solutions can be distinguished
1 mark − includes the expected observations

S
Question 31 (a)

N
From the molecular formula, A is an 5-carbon alkene (Cx H2x ). The reaction with HCl indicates
that an addition reaction is occurring to form the chloroalkanes B and C with the Cl atom on

O
different carbon atoms. The reaction of the chloroalkanes with sodium hydroxide produces
the alcohols D and E. The reaction of the alcohols with acidified K2 Cr2 O7 indicates that an
oxidation reaction is occurring. As D to F is a one-step reaction, D must be a secondary alcohol
&S
and F is a ketone. As E does not oxidise, it must be a tertiary alcohol. The only 5-carbon chain
that can accommodate for a tertiary alcohol is methylbut−. As a secondary alcohol is also
produced, the chlorine atom must not have been on a terminal carbon atom otherwise a primary
alcohol would have been produced. Therefore, the chlorine atoms occupied either carbon 2 or
O

3, and hence, the C=C bond must be between these atoms.

Please turn over

G
N
 A
H H H
H C C C C H
H H
H C H
H
methylbut-2-ene
Name: ...........................................
Reaction with HCl

S
B C
H Cl H H H H Cl H
H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H

N
H C H H C H
H H

D
2-chloro-3-methylbutane
Name: ...........................................
Reaction with NaOH O E
2-chloro-2-methylbutane
Name: ...........................................
Reaction with NaOH
&S
H OH H H H H OH H
H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H
H C H H C H
H H
3-methylbutan-2-ol 2-methylbutan-2-ol
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Name: ........................................... Name: ...........................................

Reaction with acidified K2 Cr2 O7 Reaction with acidified K2 Cr2 O7

F No reaction
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H O H H
H C C C C H
H H
N

H C H
H
methylbutanone
Name: ...........................................

1 mark − names and draws the structural formula of compound A

1 mark − names and draws the structural formula of compound B and C
1 mark − names and draws the structural formula of compound D and E
1 mark − names and draws the structural formula of compound F
Question 31 (b)

Boiling point is the temperature at which all of a liquid substance turns into a gas. It depends
on the cumulative strength of intermolecular forces (IMFs); the stronger, the higher.

Compound A (methylbut-2-ene) does not contain polar atoms, and hence, only weak dispersion
forces are formed between the temporary and induced dipoles of its molecules. Conversely,
compound F (methylbutanone) contains an electronegative O atom and electropositive C atom
in its carbonyl group, allowing stronger dipole-dipole forces to form, and dispersion forces

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between the C and H atoms. Finally, compound D can form hydrogen bonds between the
electronegative O atom and electropositive H atom of the hydroxyl groups between molecules.

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Overall, the cumulative strength of IMFs is strongest for compound D, followed by compound
F then compound A, corresponding to their boiling points in descending order.

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1 mark − shows some understanding of intermolecular forces between organic compounds
1 mark − describes the intermolecular forces between ALL compounds
&S
1 mark − correctly compares the boiling points of compounds A, D and F
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G
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Question 32 (a)

HCO3 − (aq) + OH− (aq) −−→ CO3 2− (aq) + H2 O (l)

n(NaHCO3 )initial = n(HCO3 − )initial (1:1 molar ratio)

= cv = 0.100 × 0.1 = 0.01 mol

HCO3 − (aq) + H2 O (l) )

−−
−* 2− +
− CO3 (aq) + H3 O (aq)

pKa = − log10 Ka = 10.32

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[H3 O+ ][CO3 2− ]
Ka = = 10−10.32
[HCO3 − ]

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pH = − log10 [H3 O+ ] = 9.75

[H3 O+ ] = 10−9.75 mol L−1

[HCO3 − ]
= O
10−9.75 × [CO3 2− ] 10−9.75 × n(CO3 2− )
n(HCO3 − )
= 10−10.32 (n=cv)
&S
n(NaOH)reacted = n(OH− )reacted = n(HCO3 − )reacted = n(CO3 2− )produced

(1:1:1:1 molar ratio)

n(NaOH)reacted
= 10−0.57
0.01 − n(NaOH)reacted
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10−0.57 × 0.01
n(NaOH)reacted = = 2.12 × 10−3 mol
1 + 10−0.57
n 2.12 × 10−3
v(NaOH) = = = 2.12 × 10−3 L = 2.12 mL
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c 1.00

1 mark − writes the equation AND expression for the Ka of the bicarbonate ion
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1 mark − finds the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonate ions

1 mark − correctly calculates the volume of sodium hydroxide that needs to be added
Question 32 (b)

The solution contains HCO3 – and CO3 2 – ions to establish a buffer via the following equilib-
rium.

HCO3 − (aq) + H2 O (l) −

)−
−* + 2−
− H3 O (aq) + CO3 (aq)

Silver nitrate precipitates with CO3 2 – ions to form solid silver carbonate.

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2 AgNO3 (aq) + CO3 2− (aq) −−→ Ag2 CO3 (s) + 2 NO3 − (aq)

This causes [CO3 2 – ] to decrease, favouring the forward reaction to produce more CO3 2 – ions

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to counteract the disturbance by Le Chatelier’s principle. H3 O+ ions are produced in the pro-
cess, causing [H3 O+ ] to increase overall. As pH = − log10 [H3 O+ ], the pH of the resulting
solution in beaker A will decrease.
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Nitric acid reacts with water to form H3 O+ ions, causing [H3 O+ ] to increase in the equilib-
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rium. This favours the reverse reaction to decrease [H3 O+ ], counteracting the disturbance by
Le Chatelier’s principle. Overall, the increase in [H3 O+ ] is minimal, causing the pH of the
resulting solution in beaker B to decrease negligibly compared to beaker A.

1 mark − recognises that the solution forms a buffer with HCO3 – and CO3 2 – ions
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1 mark − explains why the pH of the resulting solution in beaker A decreases

1 mark − explains why the pH of the resulting solution in beaker B decreases negligibly com-
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pared to beaker A
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Question 33 (a)

As there are 2 moles of gas on both sides of the equation, the change in volume after removing
the divider has no effect on the equilibrium amounts of gases. Therefore, only the amounts of
reactants and products added needs to be considered.

[HI]2 n(HI)2
Q= = (n = cv)
[H2 ][I2 ] n(H2 ) × n(I2 )
2.02
= = 4 < 50.1 = Keq
1.0 × 1.0

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∴ the forward reaction proceeds

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Let 2x mol of HI (g) be formed when equilibrium is established

=⇒ n(H2 )reacted = n(I2 )reacted = x mol (2:1:1 molar ratio)

Keq =

2.0 + 2x √
O
(2.0 + 2x)2
(1.0 − x) × (1.0 − x)

= 50.1
= 50.1
&S
1.0 − x
√
50.1 × 1.0 − 2.0
x= √ = 0.56 mol
2 + 50.1

n(HI) = 2.0 + 2x + 2.0 + 0.56 × 2 = 3.1 mol

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Note: the amounts of the gases when equilibrium is first established can be calculated before
calculating the amounts at the second equilibrium after adding the hydrogen iodide; both meth-
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ods lead to the same answer.

1 mark − shows some understanding of calculations involving equilibrium constants

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1 mark − sets up an equation to find the amounts of gases reacted

1 mark − correctly calculates the number of moles of hydrogen iodide gas in the system when
equilibrium is re-established
Question 33 (b)

Collision theory states that a reaction occurs when particles collide with energy exceeding the
activation energy barrier in the correct molecular orientation. The more frequent these colli-
sions, the higher the rate of reaction (ROR).

Initially, the forward and reverse RORs were equal (equilibrium), indicating that the frequency
of successful collisions between H2 and I2 molecules, and 2 HI molecules was equal. Remov-
ing the divider causes the number of HI molecules to increase, leading to the increase in the

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collision frequency of HI molecules without affecting H2 and I2 molecules. This causes the
forward ROR to increase without changing the reverse ROR. However, the tripling in volume

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due to the merging of the two vessels increases the space between all molecules, causing the
collision frequency of both the reactants and products to decrease, leading to a decrease in both
the forward and reverse ROR by the same amount as both sides produce 2 molecules of gas.

O
1 mark − explains why the forward rate of reaction increases due to the addition of HI
molecules
&S
1 mark − explains why both rates of reaction decrease after removing the divider
1 mark − explains why the decrease in the rates of reaction after removing the divider have
equal magnitudes
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Question 34

Achieving the aim

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) operates on the basis of the Beer-Lambert law, where
the absorbance of a substance being analysed to a certain wavelength of light is directly pro-
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portional to its concentration (A = εlc). After mixing known volumes of aqueous silver nitrate
and ammonia with known concentrations and waiting for the establishment of equilibrium,
the concentration of silver ions in a sample of the equilibrium solution can be determined by
measuring its absorbance using AAS. The following calculations can then be done.

Please turn over

 [Ag+ ]reacted = [Ag+ ]initial − [Ag+ ]eq
1
= [Ag(NH3 )2 + ]produced = [NH3 ]reacted (1:1:2 molar ratio)
2

[Ag(NH3 )2 + ]eq = [Ag(NH3 )2 + ]produced

[NH3 ]eq = [NH3 ]initial − [NH3 ]reacted

[Ag(NH3 )2 + ]

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Keq = ,
[Ag+ ][NH3 ]2

where [Ag+ ]initial , [NH3 ]initial , and [Ag+ ]eq are known.

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Conversely, gravimetric analysis works by producing a precipitate from the solution whose
mass is measured. A solution that will precipitate with silver ions (e.g. NaCl) should be added

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in excess to the mixture prepared above. The resulting mixture can then be filtered and the
precipitate should be dried in a drying oven then weighed on an electronic scale. Using NaCl
&S
as an example solution, the following calculations can be done.

Ag+ (aq) + NaCl (aq) −−→ AgCl (s) + Na+ (aq)

m mmeasured mmeasured
n(AgCl)produced = = = mol
MM 22.99 + 35.45 58.44
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= n(Ag+ )reacted (1:1 molar ratio)

+ n n(Ag+ )reacted
[Ag ]reacted = = mol = [Ag+ ]eq ,
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v v(AgNO3 ) + v(NH3 )

then using the same working out from AAS.

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Assessing the validity of the experimental results

Validity is the extent to which a scientific procedure achieves the aim. It depends on many
factors including the techniques and equipment used and the controlling of variables other than
the independent and dependent variables.

Please turn over

During the gravimetric analysis experiment, the addition of a precipitating solution will remove
Ag+ ions from the mixture, causing [Ag+ ] to decrease. By Le Chatelier’s principle, the reverse
reaction will be favoured to increase [Ag+ ], counteracting the disturbance. This occurs as the
solution is added, causing some of the Ag+ precipitated to not be from the solution at equilib-
rium, but rather, produced from the equilibrium shift. Therefore, [Ag+ ]eq will be overestimated,
leading to an underestimated Keq . Thus, gravimetric analysis produces invalid experimental re-
sults.

AAS does not face the same issue as the measurement of absorbance does not change the con-

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centrations of any substances. Further, the light source is a hollow cathode lamp made from
silver. This ensures that the wavelengths of light produced align perfectly with the emission

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spectrum of silver, leading to a high absorbance and minimising measurement error. More-
over, no other substances in the solution absorb the same wavelengths, minimising interference.

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These benefits combined with the use of a monochromator that selects specific wavelengths for
analysis causes AAS to have an extremely high sensitivity, leading to a very accurate and pre-
cise absorbance. Therefore, AAS produces experimental results with a high validity.
&S
1 mark − explains how atomic absorption spectroscopy can be used to achieve the aim
1 mark − explains how gravimetric analysis can be used to achieve the aim
1 mark − shows some relevant calculations
2 marks − explains why atomic absorption spectroscopy produces valid experimental results
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2 marks − explains why gravimetric analysis produces invalid experimental results

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Question 35

Between nicotine and oxygen, only nicotine contains carbon. Hence, all carbon in the carbon
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dioxide gas produced from the combustion reaction must come from nicotine.

m 8.17
n(CO2 ) = = = 0.186 mol = n(C) (1:1 molar ratio)
MM 12.01 + 16 × 2

m(C) = n × MM = 0.186 × 12.01 = 2.23 g

m(C) 2.23
%(C) = × 100% = × 100% = 74.1%
m(nicotine) 3.01

Please turn over

Using the back titration experiment, the nitrogen content in nicotine can be calculated.

1
v(NaOH) = (28.10 + 28.10 + 28.15) = 28.1 mL (concordant titres)
3

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) −−→ NaCl (aq) + H2 O (l)

n(HCl)reacted = n(NaOH)reacted (1:1 molar ratio)

= cv = 0.200 × 0.0281 = 5.62 × 10−3 mol

250.0
n(HCl)total leftover = 5.62 × 10−3 × = 0.0562 mol (25 mL from 250 mL)

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25.0

n(HCl)initial = cv = 1.00 × 0.1 = 0.1 mol

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n(HCl)reacted with NH3 = n(HCl)initial − n(HCl)total leftover

= 0.1 − 0.0562 = 0.0438 mol

HCl (aq) + NH3 (g) −−→ NH4 Cl (aq) O

n(NH3 )reacted = n(HCl)reacted = 0.0438 mol (1:1 molar ratio)
&S
The only source of nitrogen is ammonia, and hence, they can equated.

n(N) = n(NH3 ) = 0.0438 mol (1:1 molar ratio)

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m(N) = n × MM = 0.0438 × 14.01 = 0.613 g

m(N) 0.613
%(N) = × 100% = × 100% = 17.3%
m(nicotine) 3.55
G

Please turn over

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Using this information, find the empirical formula of nicotine.

%(H) = (100 − 17.3 − 74.1)% = 8.66%

m 74.1%
n(C) = = = 6.17 mol
MM 12.01
m 17.3%
n(N) = = = 1.23 mol
MM 14.01
m 8.66%
n(H) = = = 8.59 mol
MM 1.008

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n(C) : n(N) : n(H) ≈ 5 : 1 : 7

empirical formula C5 H7 N

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Use the combustion information to find the molar mass of nicotine.

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q = mc∆T = (1.00 × 1000) × 4.18 × (47.5 − 25) = 94050 J

qtotal = 94050 ÷ (100 − 15.0)% = 110647 J = 111 kJ

(assuming 1 g = 1 mL)

(15.0% energy lost)

&S
q 111
n(nicotine) = − =− = 0.0185 mol
∆Hc −5976
m 3.01
MM(nicotine) = = = 162.6 g mol−1
n 0.0185
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Finally, find the molecular formula of nicotine.

MM(nicotine) 162.6
= =2
MM(C5 H7 N) 12.01 × 5 + 1.008 × 7 + 14.01
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∴ molecular formula C10 H14 N2

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1 mark − finds the percentage by mass of carbon in nicotine

1 mark − finds the amount of hydrochloric acid in a 25.0 mL aliquot of the resulting solution
1 mark − finds the amount of ammonia reacted with hydrochloric acid
1 mark − finds the percentage by mass of nitrogen in nicotine
1 mark − finds the empirical formula of nicotine
1 mark − finds the molar mass of nicotine
1 mark − correctly determines the molecular formula of nicotine