ABAP Basic Interview Questions - Set 1

1. SAP? When was it discovered?

● Systems, Applications & Products in Data Processing and was founded in

Germany on April 1, 1972 by five former IBM employees.

2. ABAP Full form?

● ABAP stands for Advanced Business Application Programming. It is a high-level

programming language developed by SAP that is used to create and customize
applications on the SAP NetWeaver ABAP platform.

3. ERP Full form?

● Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a software system that helps businesses

manage their core processes and daily activities.

4. SAP R/3 Architecture?

● SAP R/3 architecture is a multi-tiered structure that comprises three main layers:
the Presentation Layer, the Application Layer, and the Database Layer.

● The Presentation Layer: The Presentation Layer is the topmost tier in the SAP
R/3 architecture and is responsible for providing user interfaces for interacting
with the system. It serves as the gateway for users to access and interact with
SAP applications.Users interact with the system through graphical user
interfaces (GUI) or web interfaces .
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● The Application Layer: The Application Layer is the middle tier of the SAP R/3
architecture. It houses the business logic and application programs that execute
various business processes. This layer is responsible for processing user
requests, performing data validation, and executing application logic. It ensures
that business processes run smoothly and efficiently.Application servers handle
the communication between the Presentation Layer and the Database Layer.
This separation of layers improves system performance and scalability.

● The Database Layer:The Database Layer is the lowest tier in the SAP R/3
architecture and is responsible for storing and managing data. It stores all the
business data, configuration settings, and user information.Databases like SAP
HANA, Oracle, or Microsoft SQL Server are commonly used in the Database
Layer. They are designed to handle large volumes of data efficiently and ensure
data integrity.The Application Layer interacts with the Database Layer to retrieve,
update, and manage data as needed to support business operations.

5. What is ASAP methodology?

● ASAP stands for Accelerated SAP.

● Its purpose is to help design SAP implementation in the most efficient manner
possible.
● Its goal is to effectively optimize time, people, quality and other resources, using
a proven methodology to implementation.
● Below is a brief description of each phase of the ASAP methodology roadmap.

● Phase 1: Project Preparation:

● This phase focuses on the initial planning and preparation to set ASAP goals. The phase
typically follows these three steps:
● Clarify scope of implementation.
● Establish the team — committees, teams (core, project and consulting).
● Define the sequence of project implementation.
● Phase 2: Business Blueprint:

● The aim of this phase is to arrive at a common understanding concerned with the
procedures intended to support the project. The Business Blueprint is a detailed
document containing all requirements derived during initial brainstorming and initiation
meetings. This is also where the project team revises its objectives and goals while
setting a schedule for each.

● Phase 3: Realization:
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● This phase builds on Phase 2; it’s focused on implementing all business process
requirements. In this phase, project managers should attain signoff from stakeholders.
Two work packages define the system configuration methodology: Baseline, concerned
with the major scope.Final Configuration, concerned with the remaining scope.

● Phase 4: Final Preparation:

● The final preparation involves testing, system management, cut over activities, end-user
training, and all other tasks that are required to go live. Successful completion of Final
Preparation ensures that the organization is ready to begin using the new system.

● Phase 5: Go Live and Support:

● This phase is the journey from a pre-production environment to a live project operation.
The most critical elements in this phase are related to production support setup,
monitoring system transactions, and optimizing system performance.

6. What is SAP Activate?

● SAP Activate is the unique combination of SAP Best Practices, methodology, content,
and tools that helps customers and partners deploy SAP S/4HANA.
● A methodology for each of the deployment modes (cloud, on premise, hybrid) is SAP
ACTIVATE.
● The primary purpose of the SAP Activate Methodology is to provide end-to-end
Application Lifecycle Management and to accelerate the initial implementation of SAP
S/4HANA.
● SAP Activate Methodology phases: D-P-E-R-D-R
Discover ------> Prepare ------> Explore ------> Realize ------> Deploy ------> Run

● The Discovery phase :

● In the Discovery phase, customers become familiar with the benefits of the solution.
Preliminary project assessment of the solution options is performed and, once the
customer understands the solution, they begin the trial of the solution.

● The Prepare phase :

● This phase focuses on the initial planning and preparation to set ASAP goals. The phase
typically follows these three steps:
a. Clarify scope of implementation.
b. Establish the team — committees, teams (core, project and consulting).
c. Define the sequence of project implementation.

● The Explore phase:

● The aim of this phase is to arrive at a common understanding concerned with the
procedures intended to support the project. The Business Blueprint is a detailed
document containing all requirements derived during initial brainstorming and initiation
meetings. This is also where the project team revises its objectives and goals while
 ABAP Basic Interview Questions - Set 1

setting a schedule for each.

● The Realize phase:

● It's focused on implementing all business process requirements. In this phase, project
managers should attain signoff from stakeholders. Two work packages define the
system configuration methodology: Baseline, concerned with the major scope.Final
Configuration, concerned with the remaining scope.

● The Deploy phase:

● The phase involves testing, system management, cut over activities, end-user training,
and all other tasks that are required to go live. Successful completion of Final
Preparation ensures that the organization is ready to begin using the new system.

● The Run phase:

● The Run phase then represents key steps in running and improving the operations of the
environment. This includes end user support, system monitoring and other activities
including continuous improvements to the solution.

7. SP SD Flow and MM Flow?

● Here is the explanation of SD and MM flows in SAP which is very useful for a SAP ABAP
developers.
● SD and MM flows are data flows in SAP Sales and Distribution and Material
Management.
● What is SD flow and Explain with T-codes?
● Inquiry(VA11) » Question(VA21) » Sales Order(VA01) » Delivery(VLO1N) »
Billing(VF01).
● What is MM flow and Explain with T-code?
● ANS:- Creation of Purchase Requisition- » (Request for Quotation-- >Maintain
Quotation- » Quotation Comparison (- » Purchase Order- » Goods Receipt- » Invoice
Verification.
● MM flow T-code wise:
● ME51n- » ME41- » ME47- » ME49- » ME21- » MIGO/MB01- » MIRO.
● MM Flow Table wise:
● EBAN/EBKN/STXH/STXL- » (EKKO/EKPO)- » EKKO/EKPO/EKKN-- >MKPF/MSEG- »
BKPF/BSEG.

8. What is S/4HANA?

● SAP S/4HANA is a future-ready enterprise resource planning (ERP) system with built-in
intelligent technologies, including AI, machine learning, and advanced analytics. It
transforms business processes with intelligent automation and runs on SAP HANA – a
market-leading in-memory database that offers real-time processing speeds and a
dramatically simplified data model.
● Features:
 ABAP Basic Interview Questions - Set 1

• Public/Private Cloud, or hybrid deployment

• Embedded AI, analytics, and intelligent process automation
• In-memory database and simplified data model
• Capabilities and best practices for a wide range of industries
• Consumer-grade UX
● S/4 HANA Full Form : S means Simplified. 4 means 4th generation. HANA means in-
memory database.

9.What is HANA in sap?

● SAP HANA (High-performance ANalytic Appliance) is a database that stores data in

memory instead of on a disk. It's a column-oriented database that can perform advanced
analytics and high-speed transactions simultaneously.

10. What is row store and column store in table?

● The SAP HANA database supports two types of table: those that store data either
column-wise (column tables) or row-wise (row tables). SAP HANA is optimized for
column storage and this is the default table type.

● Row Store:
○ Row store is a conventional technique.
○ It stores the table as a sequence of the records.
○ Each record contains the fields of the one row.
○ It has a primary and secondary index.
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○ It is recommended when the table holds a small amount of data and when
applications access the single record at a time.
○ It is easier to add or modify the data.

● Column Store:
○ In the column store, all entries of the column are stored in a contiguous memory
location.
○ It has better data compression.
○ It is recommended when the application accesses a large amount of data and
when we need to perform aggregation on the data.
○ In Hana, whole table fields act like indexes.

11. Types of internal tables?

● Standard Table
○ It has an internal linear index.
○ The system can access records either by using the table index or the key.
○ The response time for key access is proportional to the number of entries in the
table.
○ You cannot specify a unique key. It always has a non-unique key.

● Sorted Table
○ Sorted tables are always saved sorted by the key. They also have an internal
index.
○ The system can access records either by using the table index or the key.
○ The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the
○ number of table entries, since the system uses a binary search.
○ The key of a sorted table can be either unique or non-unique. When you
○ define the table, you must specify whether the key is to be UNIQUE or NON-
UNIQUE.

● Hashed Table
○ Hashed tables have no linear index. You can only access a hashed table using
its key.
○ The response time is independent of the number of table entries, and is constant,
○ since the system accesses the table entries using a hash algorithm.
○ The key of a hashed table must be unique.
○ When you define the table, you must specify the key as UNIQUE.

12. What is linear search and binary search?

● Linear Search:
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○ Linear search, also called sequential search, is a way to find something in a

random list of stuff. You start from the beginning and check each item one by
one. If you find what you’re looking for, you tell the position. If not, you keep
going until the end of the list.

● Binary Search:
○ In binary search, we use a smarter way to find something in a sorted list. Instead
of checking each item one by one like in linear search, we start by looking at the
middle item of the list. If the middle item is what we’re looking for, great, we’re
done! But if it’s not, we know whether the item we want is in the first half or the
second half of the list.
○ So, we cut down our search to half right away. If the middle item is greater than
what we’re looking for, we know the item we want must be in the first half of the
list. Otherwise, it must be in the second half. Hence, Binary search is more
efficient than linear search, especially for large sorted lists, because it eliminates
half of the remaining search space at each step, searching faster.

13. What is SAP and ABAP Memory?

● ABAP MEMORY-It uses export and import parameters when an active internal session
calls another internal session within a single main session

● SAP MEMORY- It uses set and get parameters to pass the data from one main session
to another main session.

14. Select single vs Select up to 1 row?

● SELECT SINGLE * ---> It selects the First Matcing row satisfying the Where Condition.
while
● SELECT * UP TO 1 ROW ---> selects all the Records satisfying the given Condition and
then it applies aggregation as well as orders and returns the First Record according to
these Records.

15. Modularization in SAP ABAP?

● Modularization essentially means – breaking things down into simpler forms.
● This involves creating small chunks of code called ‘modules’ that perform a specific task.
● A module simply contains a sequence of ABAP statements that the program executes in
a logical manner.
● Creating and using modules in programming creates easy readability and enhances
understanding of code.
● This also promotes reusability – that is, once you write a module to perform a specific
task, you can reuse the same module when having to perform the same task again.
● Breaking down tasks into logical blocks is a simple and easy way to make your code
readable, and promote good coding practice.

Need & Advantages of SAP ABAP Modularization

● The modules, or processing blocks, enhance how we structure the program.

● They make it easy for us to read the code.
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● They also make it easy to maintain the code.

● These help to avoid redundancy.
● They introduce ‘reusability’ features in code – i.e. we can reuse a block defined in one
area into another area as well.
● Since it divides the problem into smaller portions, it is easy to debug.

Various Modularization Techniques in SAP ABAP:

1. Macros
2. Include Files
3. Subroutines
4. Function Modules
5. Methods & Classes

Modularization can be of two broad categories:

1. Modules through source code

1. Local Macros
2. Glocal Include
2. Modules at ABAP programs (processing blocks)
1. Subroutines
2. Function modules
SAP- ABAP Macro

● We can use macros when we want to reuse specific statements.

● If we have a long calculation or a complex print statement that we do not want to
keep typing again and again but still want to include, we can put it in a macro.
● The scope of a macro is only within the program in which we declare it i.e. we
cannot use it outside that program.
● We can define macros using the DEFINE statement and close with the END-OF-
DEFINITION statement.
● A macro basically acts as a shorter placeholder for longer statements.
SYNTAX

DEFINE <macro_name>.

...

<STATEMENTS>

...

END-OF-DEFINITION.
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EXAMPLE

DEFINE ZDATAFLAIR_MACRO

WRITE: “This is the first macro.”.

WRITE: “This is the second macro.”.

WRITE: “This is the third macro.”.

WRITE: “This is the fourth macro.”.

WRITE: “This is the fifth macro.”.

END-OF-DEFINITION.

OUTPUT

This is the first macro.

This is the second macro.

This is the third macro.

This is the fourth macro.

This is the fifth macro.

Include Programs

● Include programs helps us use our entire code into another program.
● This way, we can create small chunks of programs stored separately and then use
them via include in one complex program.
● Thus we make the final program easy to read.
● Also, we can use the program multiple times so this also promotes reusability.
● This is the same as copying the entire program into another, or nesting it within one.
● We can use the INCLUDE statement to use this modularization technique.

SYNTAX

INCLUDE <program_name>

EXAMPLE
 ABAP Basic Interview Questions - Set 1

ZS_DATAFLAIR_001:

REPORT ZS_DATAFLAIR_001.

INCLUDE ZDATAFLAIR.

WRITE: “Hello, this is the parent program.”.

ZDATAFLAIR:

WRITE: “Hello, this is the INCLUDE program.”.

OUTPUT

Hello, this is the INCLUDE program.

Hello, this is the parent program

However, there are a few rules we should keep in mind while using INCLUDE:

1. Include programs cannot include themselves.

2. The code within a program that we want to include must contain complete
statements.

Subroutines in SAP ABAP

● A subroutine is a module or section within the code itself that can be called multiple
times.
● It is a module, or a unit of modularization, that has a function wrapped by the source
code.
● It can be thus reused any number of times as we wish.
● We can declare subroutines using FORM statement and end with ENDFORM.
● We can call subroutines using the PERFORM statement.
● Subroutines can be internal or external.
SYNTAX
FORM <subroutine_name>.

<statements>

…
 ABAP Basic Interview Questions - Set 1

ENDFORM.

EXAMPLE

FORM ZF_DATAFLAIR_001.

WRITE: “This is a form.”.

ENDFORM.

OUTPUT

This is a form.

Types of SAP ABAP Subroutines

1. Internal subroutines:
■ If a subroutine is in the same program which is being called, we call it
an internal subroutine.
■ An internal subroutine is allowed to access data objects in the program.
2. External subroutines:
■ If a subroutine is outside the program which is being called, we call it an
external subroutine.
■ An external subroutine is not allowed to access data objects in the
program and has to use the PASS option for access.

Calling an internal subroutine

SYNTAX

PERFORM <subroutine_name> [<parameters_to_pass>]

EXAMPLE

PERFORM <ZF_DATAFLAIR_001> “Since there are no parameters in our example

OUTPUT

This is a form.

Calling an external subroutine

SYNTAX
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PERFORM <subroutine_name> (<Program>)[<parameters_to_pass>]

EXAMPLE

PERFORM <ZF_DATAFLAIR_001> (ZR_SS_DATAFLAIRSAMPLE_001)

OUTPUT

This is a form.

Function Modules in SAP ABAP

● Function modules contain statements that we can reuse.

● However, unlike INCLUDE programs, we can run the statements within function
modules on their own i.e. independently.
● The function group puts together a couple of statements that logically belong
together.
● Hence, a function module is a type of modularisation that creates logical blocks
rather than strictly processing blocks.
● We can define function modules using FUNCTION and ENDFUNCTION
statements.
● We can use RFCs (Remote Function Calls) to call functions from outside the SAP
system.

SYNTAX

FUNCTION <function_name>

<statements>

ENDFUNCTION.

EXAMPLE

FUNCTION ZF_DATAFLAIR

WRITE: “This is statement 001.”.

WRITE: “This statement can be executed independently of statement 001.”.

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ENDFUNCTION.

CALLING ABOVE FUNCTION MODULE

CALL FUNCTION <module_name>

[EXPORTING <exporting_parameters>]

[IMPORTING <importing_parameters>]

[CHANGING <changing_parameters>]

[TABLES <table_names>]

[EXCEPTIONS <exception_names>]

[OTHERS = ro]

OUTPUT

This is statement 001.

This statement can be executed independently of statement 001.

Function Groups in SAP ABAP

● We can contain function modules in one of many standard function groups.

● The function modules within one function group are allowed to access global data.
● We cannot run function groups.
● They comprise selection screens, lists, etc.
● When we create the container, the code will create the main and include programs
on its own.
● With respect to object-oriented programming, function groups are great for
promoting data encapsulation.
● Data encapsulation is wrapping of data and functions into one single unit.
How to Create a Function Group & Function Module

1. Open the SAP system.

2. Click on tcode input box and type in ‘SE80’.
3. You will get a dropdown menu, from which you will select ‘Program’.
4. Now we will write the name of the function group (must start with ‘Z’).
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5. Function group is created.

6. Now that the function group is opened, you get the option to directly create a
function module.
7. Add its name and properties, include necessary files that have its source code and
hit enter.
8. Save, test and activate the created function module.
Methods & Classes in SAP ABAP

● Methods are smaller pieces of a program created to perform a specific action.

● Each method has a name, parameters, return type and a specific use case that it
resolves.
● A program calls a method simply in one line when it needs to perform an action.
● A class is an encapsulation of objects, data and methods that is part of the code.
● We call class instances as objects, which are the building blocks of object-oriented
programming.
● We have explained methods & classes in detail in our OOPS part #01 tutorial.
16. What is the work area and internal table ?
● In SAP ABAP, an "internal table" is a dynamic data object that stores multiple rows of
data with the same structure, essentially acting like a temporary in-memory table used to
process large sets of data within a program.
● Data structure: Each row in an internal table has the same structure, defined by a "row
type" which specifies the data elements within a single line.
● Work area:A "work area" is a variable that holds a single row of data from an internal
table, used to access and manipulate individual entries within the table.
● Declaring an internal table:
○ DATA: itab TYPE TABLE OF mara.
○ DATA: wa_mara TYPE mara.
Internal Table Operations:
1. Append
2. Insert
3. Delete
4. Modify
5. Describe
6. Sort
7. Refresh
8. Clear
9. Free
10. Loop … Endloop
11. Read Table
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1.Append - to append the workarea record at the last position of the internal table.
we can append:
a. single record
b. multiple records

a. single record (one -> Many / Workarea-> Internal table)

Syntax:
APPEND <WORKAREA NAME> TO <INTERNAL TABLE NAME>.

Example:
wa_data-PATIENTID = 9999.
wa_data-PATIENTNAME = 'Addition1'.
wa_data-HOSPITALNAME = 'Alpha Hospital'.
APPEND wa_data to IT_DATA.
CLEAR wa_data.

b. Multiple records (Many->Many / Internal table1 to internal table2)

Syntax:
APPEND LINES OF <Internal table name1> to <Internal table name2>.
Note: While appending 1 internal table data with another internal table, the structures of
the both internal tables should be the same.

2.Insert - to insert the records into an internal table in a specific location.

a. single record
b. Multiple records
Syntax to insert a single record:
INSERT <WORKAREA> INTO <INTERNAL TABLE> INDEX <Index Number>.

Example:
wa_data-PATIENTID = 8888.
wa_data-PATIENTNAME = 'Insert1'.
wa_data-HOSPITALNAME = 'Sample Hospital'.
INSERT WA_DATA INTO IT_DATA INDEX 4.
CLEAR wa_data.

Syntax to insert multiple records:

INSERT LINES OF <INTERNAL TABLE1> FROM <from Index number> TO <index5>
INTO <INTERNAL TABLE2> INDEX <INDEX NO>.

3.DELETE
To delete the records of the Internal Table.

We can delete records by using below syntax:

1. Delete the record from a location

Syntax:
Delete <INTERNAL TABLE NAME> INDEX 2.
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Delete the range of records from internal table

Syntax:
Delete <INTERNAL TABLE NAME> from <N1> TO <N2>.

Delete the range of records from a record

Syntax:
Delete <INTERNAL TABLE NAME> from <INDEX NO>.

Delete internal table data based on a condition

Syntax:
DELETE <INTERNAL TABLE NAME> WHERE <CONDITION>.

4.MODIFY
Used to Overwrite the record values of an internal
We can modify a single record and multiple records of an internal table.

To modify we need to follow as mentioned below:

Fill the work area fields with new value.

Modify Single field of a record:

Syntax:
MODIFY <Internal table> from <workarea> transporting <Fieldname> where
<condition>.

Modify Multiple fields of a record:

MODIFY <Internal table> from <workarea> transporting <Fieldname1> <Fieldname2>
where <condition>.

For Example:
Data available in the internal table record like below:

0000001007 Krishna Medwin Hosp

Requirement is, modify 'Medwin Hosp' as 'Test Hospital'. After Modify, Expected Output
is as below:

0000001007 Krishna Test Hospital

5.DESCRIBE
to know the count of internal table records.
Syntax:
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DESCRIBE table <internal table name> lines <integer variable>.

Example: DESCRIBE TABLE it_data LINES L_COUNT.

6.SORT
Arrange the records of the internal table in an order(Ascending/Descending).
Note: By default, the data in the table is in 'Ascending order'.

Syntax:
SORT <Internal Table name> ascending/descending by <field1> <field2> ...etc.

7.REFRESH
to clear the contents/records of the internal table.

Syntax:
REFRESH <Internal Table name>.

Example: REFRESH it_data1. " to delete the contents of internal table

8.CLEAR
to clear the contents/records of the variable/workarea/internal table.
Syntax: CLEAR <VARIABLE/workarea/internal table>.

9.FREE
to free up the memory occupied contents/records of variable/workarea/internal table.

Syntax: FREE <VARIABLE/workarea/internal table>.

10.LOOP...ENDLOOP
to print/process the multiple records sequentially.
Multiple ways of using loop:

1. Loop without condition:

Syntax:

loop at <internal table> into <work area>.

----
---
endloop.

2.Process the records based on condition:

Syntax:
loop at <internal table> into <work area> where <field> = <Value>.
----
—
Endloop.
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3.Process the range of records:

Syntax:
loop at <internal table> into <from Index number> to <To Index number>.
---
---
Endloop.

11. READ TABLE (To Process a single record)

Reading a single record from Internal table to workarea.

1.Read the data from a location/Index:

Syntax:
READ TABLE <INTERNAL TABLE NAME> INTO <WORKAREA> INDEX <INDEX
NUMBER>.

2.Read the data from internal table into workarea based on a Key:
Syntax:
READ TABLE <INTERNAL TABLE NAME> INTO <WORKAREA> WITH KEY
<CONDITION> BINARY SEARCH.

Notes regarding Binary search: We need to add BINARY SEARCH along with READ
statement.
Reason: Binary search is used to read the record very quickly from internal table.

Functionality of Binary search:

it divides the whole internal table into equal parts to search for a record.

Pre-requisite for Binary search:

do the SORT for the internal table which we are using to READ the record.

17. Types of Function Modules in SAP ABAP?

● What is a Function Module (FM)?

● Function Modules are encapsulated ABAP procedures that are grouped in
Function Groups. Modules within the same Function Group belong logically
together.
● They are globally available and can be called from any other ABAP program by
name which must be unique.
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● Function Modules are created with the Function Builder (transaction SE37). The
type of function module depends on the Processing Type.
● Regular Function Module:
● A Regular Function Module is the default option. This kind of Function Module is
executed immediately and synchronously on your current SAP system.
CALL FUNCTION func { parameter_list | parameter_tables }.

● Remote-Enabled Function Module:

● Remote Function Modules can be called by other SAP and non-SAP systems
utilizing the RFC protocol.
● For example, you can define a Remote Function Module in an EWM system
which then gets called by your ERP system to get further information about stock
levels or shipment details.
CALL FUNCTION func DESTINATION dest parameter_list.

● This statement calls the target system specified under dest synchronously.
Available RFC destinations are configured using transaction SM59. Use the
unique name of a destination for parameter dest.
● The calling program continues execution once the RFC has finished. Depending
on the connection this can be a performance issue.
● Update Function Module:
● Update Function Modules are not executed immediately. They are scheduled for
execution in an update work process. This update process is triggered by the
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statement COMMIT WORK. The statement ROLLBACK WORK deletes all

update function module registrations.
CALL FUNCTION update_function IN UPDATE TASK
[EXPORTING p1 = a1 p2 = a2 ...]
[TABLES t1 = itab1 t2 = itab2 ...].
● Using CALL FUNCTION .. IN UPDATE TASK is a way to bundle database
changes into a single database LUW. It is also beneficial for performance since
the update happens asynchronously.
18. What tools can be used to help with performance tuning?
● ST05 is the performance trace. It contains the SQL Trace plus RFC, enqueue and buffer
trace. Mainly the SQL trace is used to measure the performance of the select statements
of the program.
● SE30 is the Runtime Analysis transaction and can be used to measure the application
performance.
● SAT transaction is the replacement of the pretty outdated SE30. Provides the same
functionality as SE30 plus some additional features.
● ST12 transaction (part of ST-A/PI software component) is a combination of ST05 and
SAT. Very powerful performance analysis tool used primarily by SAP Support.
● One of the best tools for static performance analyzing is Code Inspector (SCI). There are
many options for finding common mistakes and possible performance bottlenecks.