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Social Science
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Social Studies
(Geography)
Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries
 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
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Manufacturing Industries
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more
valuable products is called manufacturing. Industries contribute tremendously to the
growth of the country. Industries are included in the secondary sector because they
manufacture finished goods from raw materials.
Importance of Manufacturing
Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of development in general and
economic development because:
 It help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. Also,
reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs
in secondary and tertiary sectors.
 It helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty from the country.
 Export of manufactured goods brings foreign exchange.
 It helps in transforming raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher
value.
Contribution of Industry to National Economy
The total contribution of industry to the GDP is 27% out of which 10% comes from mining,
quarrying, electricity and gas. The growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7% in the
last decade. Since 2003, the growth rate has been 9 to 10% per annum.
Industrial Location
Industrial sites are inherently complex. They are affected
by the availability of raw materials, labor, capital, power
and market, etc. It is not often possible to find all of these
available factors in the same location. As a result,
manufacturing activity tends to be at the most
appropriate location where all industrial location factors
are available or can be arranged more cheaply. Cities
provide markets and services such as banks, insurance,
transportation, labour, consultants and financial advisory
services, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to join
forces to take advantage of the advantages offered by
urban centres called agglomeration economies.
Progressively, a major industrial agglomeration is taking
place. In the period prior to independence, most
manufacturing units were located in places from the
standpoint of foreign trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, etc. As a result, pockets of industrially
developed urban centres, surrounded by an immense
agricultural rural back country, have emerged.

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Classification of Industries
Industries are classified into various categories on the basis of ownership of products,
capital investments and nature of raw materials
Industries Classification on the basis of Examples
Agro-based Raw materials (forest and Cotton textiles, jute textiles,
agricultural raw materials are used) tea
Mineral-based Raw materials (minerals such as Iron and steel companies,
iron, bauxite are used) petrochemicals
Small-scale industries Capital Investments Cottage industries
Large-scale industries Capital Investments TISCO
Public Sector Ownership (owned by the BHEL, SAIL
Government)
Private Sector Ownership (owned privately by Reliance, TISCO
individuals)
Joint Sector Ownership (owned by the Oil India Ltd.
Government and private individuals)
Cooperative Sector Ownership (owned and operated by Amul
producers and suppliers)
Heavy Industries Weight and bulkiness of raw Automobile industries
materials
Light Industries Weight and bulkiness of raw Electrical industries
materials
Agro-based Industries
Cotton textiles, woollen textiles, jute and sugar industries are known as agro-based
industries as they use agricultural products as raw materials.
Textile Industries
It's the only industry in India that is autonomous and comprehensive in the value chain, i.e.
from raw materials into higher value-added products. It contributes to industrial
production, employment creation and foreign exchange income.
It contributes 14% to industrial production in India and the second largest provider of
employment opportunities after agriculture. It contributes 4% towards the GDP of the
country.
Cotton Textiles
 It is one of the traditional industries of India. About 80% of the industries are owned
privately, while 20% are owned by the Government and cooperative societies.
 Most of the cotton industries earlier were centred in Maharashtra and Gujarat because

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of the existence of humid climate and the availability of cotton, markets, transport
facilities and cheap labour.
 Weaving is done by handloom, power looms and in mills. Khadi industries also provide
employment opportunities to a large section of society.
 USA, UK, Russia, France, Singapore, Sri Lanka and many African countries import cotton
textiles from India. We also export yarn to Japan.
 Some drawbacks of the cotton industries are that spinning and weaving units of the
country cannot use high-quality yarn produced in the country. Production takes place in
small factories which cater to only local markets. This is the reason that while we export
cotton yarn, fabrics have to be imported. Low productivity of labour, irregular supply of
electricity and tough competition from the synthetic fibre industry have hit the cotton
textile industries hard.
Jute Textiles
 India is the largest producer of raw jute and the second largest exporter of jute products
in the world after Bangladesh.
 Most jute mills are located in West Bengal along the Hugli River. This is because this area
has many jute-growing fields, cheap water transport, cheap labour and a good network
of railways and roadways. Kolkata provides financial assistance to the jute industries.
 The jute industry in India is currently facing many problems. There is stiff competition
from Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt and Thailand. Synthetic fibres have also hit the industry
hard. To improve the condition of jute industries, the Government formulated the
National Jute Policy. Main countries which import jute products are USA, Canada,
Australia and the United Arab Emirates.
Sugar Industry
 India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world and the largest
producer of gur and khandsari.
 Sugar mills are located close to the sugar fields. This is because sugar is bulky to
transport and can quickly lose sucrose content.
 Most of the sugarcane mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Old and inefficient methods of production and delay in
transport of raw materials are two main causes which are hitting the sugarcane
industries hard.
Mineral-based Industries
Industries which are using minerals as raw materials are known as mineral-based industries.
Some important mineral-based industries are
Iron and Steel Industry
 India is the fourth largest producer of steel in the world and the largest producer of
sponge iron.
 It is known as a basic industry as steel is needed for machinery of all industries whether

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heavy, medium or light. Steel is also required for manufacturing a variety of engineering,
construction and defence goods. Day-to-day consumer goods such as containers and
safety pins are made of steel. It is also a heavy industry as all its raw materials and
finished goods are heavy and bulky.
 Many iron and steel industries are located in the Chotanagpur Plateau as many iron ore
fields are located in the surrounding regions. Availability of cheap labour and growth
potential have led to the concentration of industries in the region.
 Despite India being a major producer of iron and steel, it is not able to perform to its
potential. This is due to many reasons such as high costs and limited availability of
coking coal, irregular supply of electricity and poor infrastructure facilities. However,
liberalisation and foreign direct investments have given the industry a much-needed
boost.
Aluminium Smelting
 It is the second most important metallurgic industry in India. Because aluminium is light
in weight, a good conductor of electricity, resistant to corrosion and easily malleable, it
is used in the manufacturing of aircraft. It is also used in making utensils and wires.
 Bauxite is the main raw material in the industry. Aluminium smelting plants are mostly
located in places where there is a regular supply of electricity and steady assurance of
raw materials.
 Aluminium smelting plants are mainly located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Chemical Industries
 It is one of the fastest growing industries in India. It contributes about 3% to India’s GDP.
It is the third largest in Asia and twelfth largest in the world.
 Chemical industries in India produce both organic and inorganic chemicals. Inorganic
chemicals are used as raw materials for manufacturing many finished goods. These
include synthetic fibres, plastics,
 paints and adhesives. Sulphuric acid is used for manufacturing fertilisers, while soda ash
is used for making glass, soaps and detergents.
 Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for making synthetic fibres,
plastics and dyes.
Fertiliser Industry
 The fertiliser industries mainly produce fertilisers which contain nitrogen, potash and
ammonium phosphate. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
 The fertiliser industry expanded after the Green Revolution. Some main plants are
located in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Odisha and Rajasthan.
Cement Industry
 The cement industry is an important industry as it is important for the construction of

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houses, buildings, offices, bridges and dams.

 The industry uses bulky raw materials such as silica, limestone, alumina and gypsum.
Coal, regular electric supply and good infrastructure facilities are other important
requirements of the industry.
 The first cement plant was established in Chennai in 1904. Since then, it is continuously
expanding because of many reasons. Decontrol of prices; promulgation of many reform
movements related to the industry; the requirement of cement in building of roads,
houses, railways and bridges; and the availability of international markets are some
factors which have led to the development of cement industries in India.
 Indian cement is exported to the Middle East, East Asia, South Asia and Africa.
Automobile Industry
 Many vehicles such as cars, trucks, motor cycles and three wheelers are manufactured in
India. The demand for cars has drastically increased in the country.
 Foreign direct investments have brought new technology into the country.
 Automobile industries are located in Gurgaon, Delhi, Pune, Chennai, Mumbai, Indore,
Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Electronics Industry and Information Technology
 In India, there is a great demand for electronic products such as televisions, phones,
pagers, radars and computers. The electronics industry is critical for the defence of the
country.
 India has become a major hub of the information industry. Important technology parks
are present in Bengaluru, Pune and Hyderabad.
 About 30% of this industry’s workforce consists of women. The IT industry has been a
major earner of foreign exchange for the country.
Industrial Pollution
Four types of pollution are caused by industries. These are
Type of Sources Impact
Pollution
Air Pollution Release of gases such as sulphur Hazardous to human health,
dioxide and carbon monoxide by animals and plants. Can cause
industries and vehicles. irritation and respiratory problems
Water Release of chemical discharges into Dangerous for human, aquatic
Pollution rivers or lakes mainly by paper, organisms and plants.
chemical and heavy industries and
refineries.

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Land Dumping of industrial wastes causes Loss of soil fertility which further
Pollution the degradation of soil. Rainwater reduces agricultural production
seeps into the soil carrying these and deterioration of the quality of
pollutants underground. underground water.
Thermal and Thermal plants cause thermal Thermal pollution affects marine
Noise pollution when they discharge hot and plant life. Noise pollution can
Pollution water into water bodies. Noise cause hearing impairment,
pollution is caused by construction increase in heart rate and blood
activities, heavy industries and pressure.
generators.

Steps to Control Environment Degradation

 Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages.
 Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
 Treating hot water before releasing it into water bodies
 Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground
water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
 Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be
reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
 Machinery and generators should be fitted with silencers to reduce noise pollution.
Efforts Made by NTPC towards Cleaning the Environment
National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power-providing corporation in India. The
corporation has taken many steps to preserve the natural environment and resources in
India.
 NTPC has been using the latest techniques and has upgraded its existing equipment. This
has helped in reducing wastage of resources.
 It has been able to minimise the generation of waste materials by maximising the use of
ash.
 It has been making efforts to reduce environmental pollution by liquid waste
management and ash water recycling systems.
 NTPC also supervises and reviews ecological parameters of the surrounding areas where
its power stations are located.
 It has laid down green belts to maintain ecological balance in regions surrounding its
power stations.

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India: Distribution of cotton, woollen and silk industries

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India: Iron and Steel Plants

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India: Some Software Technology Parks

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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
Question 1. India occupies the first place in the production of:
(a) Sugar
(b) Jute
(c) Gur and khandsari
(d) All the above
Question 2. The number of sugar mills in the country are:
(a) 400
(b) 420
(c) 440
(d) 460
Question 3. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called:
(a) Agro based industries
(b) Metal based industries
(c) Mineral based industries
(d) None of the above
Question 4. Which of the following is basic industry:
(а) Sugar
(b) Cotton
(c) Jute
(d) Iron and steel
Question 5. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required to make steel in the
ratio of approximately:
(a) 1 : 2 : 4
(b) 2 : 1 : 4
(c) 4 : 2 : 1
(d) 4:1:2
Question 6. India ranks ……………………………. among the world crude steel
producers.
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Ninth

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(d) Tenth
Question 7. Inspite of large quantity of production of steel, per capita
consumption per annum is only:
(a) 20 kg
(b) 32 kg
(c) 40 kg
(d) 52 kg
Question 8. In the 1950s China and India produced almost the same quantity of:
(a) Iron
(b) Manganese
(c) Copper
(d) Steel
Question 9. The number of aluminium smelting plants in India are:
(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) 14
Question 10. In 2004, India produced over 600 million tonnes of:
(a) Steel
(b) Aluminium
(c) Copper
(d) All the above
Question 11. The chemical industry in India contributes approximately:
(а) 3 percent of the GDP
(b) 4 percent of the GDP
(c) 5 percent of the GDP
(d) 6 percent of the GDP
Question 12. The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of:
(а) organic fertilizers
(b) inorganic fertilizers
(c) nitrogenous fertilizers
(d) phosphate fertilizers
Question 13. The industry which requires bulky and heavy raw materials like

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limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum is:

(а) Iron and steel industry
(b) Aluminium industry
(c) Cement industry
(d) All the above
Question 14. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in:
(a) 1804
(b) 1904
(c) 1814
(d) 1914
Question 15. At present the number of manufactures of passenger cars and
multi-utility vehicles are:
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) 20
Very Short Questions-
1. Name the any two public sector industries.
2. What are small scale industries?
3. Oil India Ltd is which type of Industry on the basis of ownership?
4. What are heavy industries?
5. What is Cryolite?
6. When and where, the first cement plant was set up?
7. Write down the basic inputs of Iron and steel industry.
8. What is NTPC?
9. Name any two pre independence industrial cities of India.
10. In which year national jute policy was formulated.
Short Questions-
1. Which factors are responsible for the decentralization of cotton textile mills in
India?
2. Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture. Explain.
3. What are the major problems of cotton textile industry?
4. What were the major objectives of National Jute Policy 2005? Why is the

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internal demand for juteincreasing?

5. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet , we are
not able to perform to our full potential. Give any four reasons.
6. Why is iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
7. What is importance of the manufacturing industries?
8. What is the importance of Jute Industry?
9. The sugar industry is now shifting from north to south. Mention main reasons.
10. How would you classify industries on the bases of their main role?
Long Questions-
1. Why are industries located in or near the cities? What were its results in
preindependence period?
2. Analyze the advantages of the decentralization of industries in India.
3. How will you elaborate the importance of manufacturing? Explain.
4. Explain the different stages in the process of manufacturing of steel.
5. How is Integrated Steel Plants different from Mini steel plants? What problems
doesthis industry face?
6. What ideas justify that agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each
other?
7. Why are cotton and textile Industry spread all over the India? Explain five
reasonswith suitable examples.
8. What is the contribution of industry to national economy in India? Compare it
with the East Asian Countries. What is the desired growth and present position of
industry in GDP?
Assertion Reason Questions:
1. Directions: - In the following questions, the Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) have
been put forward. Read both statements carefully and choose the correct answer
from the below:
a. Assertion and Reason both are true, and Reason is the correct
explanation of assertion
b. Assertion and Reason both are true, and Reason is the not correct
explanation of assertion
c. Assertion is true, but Reason is false
d. Both Assertion and Reason are False
Assertion (A): Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical
industry in India.

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Reason (R): It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat.

2. Directions: - In the following questions, the Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) have
been put forward. Read both statements carefully and choose the correct answer
from the below:
a. Assertion and Reason both are true, and Reason is the correct
explanation of assertion
b. Assertion and Reason both are true, and Reason is the not correct
explanation of assertion
c. Assertion is true, but Reason is false
d. Both Assertion and Reason are False
Assertion (A): Almost all machinery can be redesigned, and generators should be
fitted with silencers.
Reason (R): Old machinery produced noise and consumes high energy
Case study Questions:
1. Read the text given below and answer the following questions.
Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for
the development of this industry. These include, low cost of iron ore, high
grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in
the home market. Though, India is an important iron and steel producing
country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential
largely due to: (a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal (b) Lower
productivity of labour (c) Irregular supply of energy and (d) Poor
infrastructure.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
i. In which region maximum iron and steel industries concentrated?
a. Chotanagpur plateau.
b. Punjab.
c. Haryana.
d. Uttarakhand.
ii. Why cheap labour is available in this region?
a. Large population and poverty in this area.
b. Big infrastructure.
c. Rich people.
d. Availability of natural resources.
iii. Why are we not able to perform our full potential largely?

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a. High costs and limited availability of coking coal.

b. Lower productivity of labour.
c. Irregular supply of energy and poor infrastructure.
d. All of these.
iv. Why most of iron and steel industries are located in this region?
a. Maximum resources.
b. Minimum wages.
c. More transportation.
d. Maximum concentration of iron and steel.
2. Read the text given below and answer the following questions.
Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by availability
of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is rarely possible to
find all these factors available at one place. Consequently, manufacturing
activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of
industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. After
an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries are
located in or near the cities. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand
in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking,
insurance, transport, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry.
Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages
offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a
large industrial agglomeration takes place. In the pre-Independence period,
most manufacturing units were located in places from the point of view of
overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. Consequently, there
emerged certain pockets of industrially developed urban centres surrounded
by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
i. What do you understand by agglomeration economies?
a. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban centres known as
agglomeration economies.
b. Making of a cooperative.
c. Small and cottage industries.
d. Setting up of industries by an individual.
ii. Which facilities are provided by the cities?
a. Banking.
b. Insurance.

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c. Transport.
d. All of these.
iii. Name the places where most of the manufacturing units were located
from the point of view of overseas trade.
a. Kanpur and Gorakhpur.
b. Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
c. Trivandrum.
d. Kochi.
iv. Which factors influence the setting up of industrial locations?
a. Infrastructure.
b. Technological Park.
c. Shopping complexes and malls.
d. Availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market,
etc.
Map Question:
1. On an outline political map of India, show the major areas having
concentration of iron and steel plants in India:
Durgapur, Bhilodi, Rourkela, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Vijayanagar, Bhadravati,
Vishakhapatnam, and Salem.
MCQ Answers-
1. Answer: (c) Gur and khandsari
2. Answer: (d) 460
3. Answer: (c) Mineral based industries
4. Answer: (d) Iron and steel
5. Answer: (c) 4 : 2 : 1
6. Answer: (c) Ninth
7. Answer: (b) 32 kg
8. Answer: (d) Steel
9. Answer: (a) 8
10.Answer: (b) Aluminium
11.Answer: (а) 3 percent of the GDP
12.Answer: (c) Nitrogenous fertilizers
13.Answer: (c) Cement industry

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14.Answer: (b) 1904

15.Answer: (c) 15
Very Short Answers-
1. Ans.
 National Thermal Power Corporation(NTPC)
 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation(ONGC)
 Steel Authority of India Limited(SAIL)
 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited(BHEL)
2. Ans. An industry where the investment on the assets of a unit is less than one
crore is known as small scale industries.
3. Ans. Joint sector Industry
4. Ans. Industries in where bulky and heavy weight of raw material is used and
heavy finished goods are produced. Example: Iron and steel industry.
5. Ans. A molten metal acts as an electrolyte.
6. As. 1904, Chennai
7. Ans. Coking coal, limestone and manganese
8. Ans. National Thermal Power Corporation
9. Ans. Bombay and Kolkata
10.Ans. 2005
Short Answers-
1. Ans.
(i) Cotton textile have a very high demand throughout the country.
(ii) Major inputs like banking, electricity, transportation are available in
almost every part of the country.
(iii) Textile industry is labour intensive industry and labour is easily
available in India.
(iv) Textile industry requires less technological inputs and can be carried
out using simple tools andmachines.
2. Ans.
(i) The industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to
farmers, cotton bull pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning,
weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
(ii) Agriculture provides raw material to the industry i.e. raw cotton.
3. Ans. :

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(i) Lack of good quality long staple cotton

(ii) Erratic power supply
(iii) Out dated machinery and technology
(iv) Low output of workers
(v) Stiff international competition.
4. Ans.
(i) To increase the productivity
(ii) To improve the quality
(iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
(iv) Enhancing the yield per hectare
The internal demand for jute has been on the increase because –
(i) Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging
(ii) The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable
materials.
5. Ans.
(i) High Costs and Limited availability of coking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour
(iii) Shortage of power
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
(v) Low Investment in Research and Development.
6. Ans. Iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because:
(i) It is the industry which lays the foundation of rapid development of
other industries such as heavy Engineering, defence equipment,
automobiles, aeroplanes etc.
(ii) It is also helpful in providing employment.
(iii) It also helps in the development of agriculture.
7. Ans.
1. Employment generation: Manufacturing industry is the main source of
employment for large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers.
2. Foreign exchange: Export of manufactured goods bring foreign
exchange to India.
3. Reduction of pressure on land: Manufacturing industry produces
products of daily needs and helps the common people to fulfill their basic
needs. It reduces pressure on agricultural sector for employment.

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4. Removal of economic problems: Industrial development is a

precondition for the removal ofeconomic problems like poverty,
unemployment and economic inequality. It also helps in bringing down
regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward
areas.
8. Ans. :
1. Employment- The jute industry supports 2 61 Lakh workers directly
another 40 lakh small and marginal farmers who are engaged in
cultivation of jute and Mesta.
2. Products: Jute industry provides products of daily use like jute bags,
ropes, mats etc.
3. Foreign Exchange: Exports of raw jute and manufactured goods bring
foreign exchange
4. Promotion of Small Scale Industry: Many products of the jute industry
are manufactured by cottage and small scale industry. So it promotes
decentralization of industry.
9. Ans. North India is regarded as the main centre of the sugar industry and Uttar
Pradesh is the leading producer.
Over the time the sugar industry is shifting towards south India. The main
reasons behind shifting of the sugar industry towards south India are:
(i) The sugar contents in the cane is higher i.e. 10.5% in Maharashtra and
other southern states.
(ii) Climate is suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane.
(iii) South has better export facilities as compared to North.
(iv) Cooperative sugar mills are more successful in management in south
India.
(v) The Peninsular climate helps to extend the crushing season by two
months in the south India than north India.
10. Ans. Industries can be classified under the following categories on the basis
of their main role:
1. Basic and Key Industries: Basic and key industries which supply their
products or raw materials to manufacture other products. Example: Iron
and steel industry, copper smelting and aluminum smelting.
2. Consumer Industries: Consumer Industries that produce goods for
direct use by consumers. Example: Sugar, Toothpaste, paper, sewing
machines and fans etc.
Long Answers-
1. Ans.

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1. As an industrial activity starts, urbanization follows.

2. Industries need different types of services such as banking, transport,
insurance labour, hotels and educational institute.
3. Such types of services are available in cities only.
4. Cites are markets for many finished industrial products.
5. Many industries leads to come together to make use of the advantages
offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economies.
In the pre independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places
from point o view of overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc.
Consequently, there emerged certain pockets of industrially developed urban
centers surrounded by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.
2. Ans. Decentralization of industries reduces the regional disparities of
development. Citizens of a nation living in different parts of a country should get
the equal opportunities of development.
1. Decentralization of industries solves the problem of unemployment.
People are able to get employment.
2. Decentralization of industries assures an uninterrupted flow of goods
and services in the market.
3. Decentralization solves the problem of centralization of population.
Due to industrialization some cities are densely populated, but due to
decentralization of industries the problems of over crowded cities that
are solved. It makes people to get work at their homelands.
4. Decentralization of industries is helpful for the fair use of resources of
underdeveloped areas.
3. Ans.
1. Manufacturing industry not only help in modernizing agriculture ,
which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in
secondary and tertiary sector.
2. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from the country. This was the main
philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in
India.
3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and
brings in much needed foreign exchange.
4. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of
furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.
4. Ans.

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1. Iron Ore: Transport of raw material to plant.

2. Blast Furnace: Iron ore is melted. Lime stone is fluxing material which is
added. Slag is removed. Coke is burnt to heat the ore.
3. Pig Iron: Molten materials poured into moulds called pigs.
4. Shaping Metal: Rolling, pressing, casting and forging.
5. Steel making: Pig iron is further purified by melting and oxidizing the
impurities. Manganese, nickel, chromium are added.
5. Ans. Difference between Integrated Steel plants and Mini steel plants:
1. The Integrated Steel plants are larger in size as compared to the Mini
steel plants.
2. The Integrated Steel plants handles everything in one single complex-
from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping
while the Mini steel plants use steel scrap, sponge iron and sometimes
steel ingots supplied by Integrated steel plants.
3. Integrated steel plants manufacture all types of steel but mini steel
plants only produce mild and alloy steel of given specification.
Problems faced by the steel Industry:
1. It has to face the tough competition of different steel producing
countries especially China.
2. It faces high costs and limited supply of coking coal and irregular supply
of electricity.
3. Poor infrastructure.
4. Lower productivity of labour.
6. Ans.
1. Agriculture and industry move hand and hand.
2. The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by
raising its productivity.
3. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products
such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and
PVC pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
4. Thus development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has
not only assisted agriculture in increasing their production but also made
the production processes very efficient.
5. Industrial labour and employers are dependent on agriculture for the
food and other products.
7. Ans.

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1. The textile industry is the oldest industry in India. It spread over both
the rural and urban areas all over the country during colonial rule.
2. Now a day, in rural areas the hand loom industry is doing its work
while in urban areas the textile mills and factories work day and night.
3. Wide market and the availability of raw material, transport, banking
and electricity facilities in almost all parts of the country have led to
decentralization of cotton mills in different parts of the country.
4. Weaving is highly decentralized to provide scope for incorporating
traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery
etc.
5. Textile Industry is a labour intensive industry so a large number of
people are required in different stages of its working such as weeding,
spinning, dyeing, weaving, designing, printing and packing. As labour is
easily and cheaply available in all parts of the country so textile mills
spread all over India.
8. Ans.
1. The contribution of industry to national economy has not been
satisfactory for the last two decades. It has stagnated at 17 percent for
mining quarrying, electricity and gas.
2. In comparison to India’s 17 percent share in GDP, the East Asian
countries have contributed 25 to 35 per cent to their GDP.
3. The desired growth over the next decade is 12 percent.
4. At present growth rate is about 9 to 10 percent and it is expected that
we can achieve the growth rate of 12 per cent by some efforts like setting
up of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC).
Assertion Reason Answer:
1. (a) Assertion and Reason both are true, and Reason is the correct
explanation of assertion
2. (a) Assertion and Reason both are true, and Reason is the correct
explanation of assertion
Case Study Answer:
1.

(i) (a) Chotanagpur plateau.

(ii) (a) Large population and poverty in this area.
(iii) (d) All of these.
(iv) (d) Maximum concentration of iron and steel.

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2.
(i) (a) Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by
the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.
(ii) (d) All of these.
(iii) (b) Kochi.
(iv) (d) Availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc.

Map Answer:
1.

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