C. 1. Friction is a force that slows down moving objects or prevents stationary objects from moving.

2. From south to north.

3. The principle that rolling friction is less than sliding friction is made use of in ball bearings
which contain steel balls or rollers fitted around the rotating part (wheel shaft/axle) of a machine or is
vehicle.

4 Friction is decreased by lubricating surface with oil grease or graphite. The sliding surfaces that
have a thin layer of the lubricant between them. The friction is then between the surfaces and the
lubricant layer which is much less.

5. Engine of car gets heated due to friction.

D. 1. The effects of friction on motion are if lends to stop a moving object it also tends to prevent a
stationary object from moving.

2 Surfaces are generally rough and have very small irregularities in the form of grooves and
ridges. When one surface moves over another, these grooves and ridges get caught up with
each other and slow down the motion.
3. A rough surface has more grooves and ridges than a smooth surface, therefore, greater
friction than a smooth surface.

4. These two situations are the examples of friction where it is desirable to increase friction.
(i) On a smooth surface, without friction we would slip as soon as we tried to walk, e.g., on a wet
floor.
(ii)Brakes in cycles or cars work because of friction.

5. Fluids such as water and air also exert friction on objects moving through them. It depends
on the shape of the object which is one of the factors. Friction is minimum for a streamlined
shape, which is narrow in front and broader at back. Examples: bird's and fish's body. The
bodies of aeroplanes, missiles, rockets cars are streamlined to reduce friction with air called air
resistance. Boats, ships also have streamlined shapes to reduce friction with water.

E 1. Advantages of friction:
(i) It would be impossible for us to walk without friction. It is because of friction between our feet or
shoes and the ground that we are able to walk by pushing our feet against the ground.
(ii) Brakes on cycles or cars work because of friction. When brakes are applied, the shoes of the
brakes rub against the wheels. The friction between them reduces the speed.
(iii) One would not be able to write on paper without friction between the pencil or pen and paper.

2. Disadvantages of friction:
(i) Friction causes wastage of energy. This is because any object that moves, has to overcome the
force of friction
(ii) Friction wears out the rubbing surfaces. The soles of your shoes wear out in a few months due to
friction. The moving parts of a machine wear out with time because of friction
(iii)Friction generates heat. Sometimes this can be harmful The heat produced in a fast-moving
machine is very high. Proper arrangements have to be made to cool the machine. Otherwise it can
get damaged

3. Since friction is due to roughness of surfaces, any process that makes the contact surfaces
smooth will reduce friction
(i)By polishing: Polishing a rough surface smoothens it and reduces friction.
(ii)By lubricating: Friction is decreased try lubricating surfaces with oil, grease of graphite. The sliding
surfaces then have a thin layer of the lubricant between the surfaces.
(iii)By streamlining to reduce fluid friction: Friction is minimum for a streamlined shape, which is
rounded in the foot and narrow at the back.
(iv) By using wheels and ball bearings: it is easier to roll an object than to slide it. Rolling friction is
therefore less than sliding friction. That is why vehicles are equipped with wheels.

HOTS Questions
1. If there was no friction a moving object would continue moving with a uniform speed in a
straight line for ever and will never stop.

2. When I rub my hands together, they become warm. This is due to the frictional force between two
surfaces which generates heat.

3. A glass held with oily hands tends to slip because oil is a lubricant and reduces the friction
between the hands and the glass.
4. When an object is rolled over a surface, the surfaces in contact do not rub against each other and
hence the friction is less. However when an object slides over a surface, the surfaces rub against
each other and the friction is more. That is why rolling friction is less than sliding friction.

5. Friction is a necessary evil because, though friction causes loss of energy, and wear and
tear, we would not be able to perform several daily activities without friction, for example, it is
not possible to walk or write without friction.

Be a Scientist
Racing car tyres are deliberately designed to be flat so that the friction between the tyres and the
road is reduced. This enables the cars to go faster. The businessman ignored this aspect. Cars with
the tyres he made would have greater friction with the road. This would have slow down the cars.