1.

Circulatory System

● Definition: A system that transports blood, nutrients, gases (oxygen and

carbon dioxide), hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
● Parts:
○ Heart: The organ that pumps blood through the circulatory
system.
○ Blood Vessels:
■ Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
body.
■ Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
■ Capillaries: Tiny vessels where gas and nutrient exchange
occurs.
○ Blood: A fluid containing red blood cells (carry oxygen), white
blood cells (fight infections), platelets (help clot blood), and plasma
(carries nutrients and waste).
● Functions:
○ Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.
○ Removes waste products like carbon dioxide.
○ Distributes hormones and other regulatory substances.
○ Helps maintain body temperature.

2. Digestive System

● Definition: A system that breaks down food into absorbable nutrients

and eliminates indigestible material as waste.
● Parts:
○ Mouth: Begins the process of digestion through chewing and
enzyme activity.
○ Esophagus: A tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
○ Stomach: Secretes acid and enzymes to break down food into a
semi-liquid form called chyme.
○ Small Intestine: Where most digestion and nutrient absorption
take place (divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum).
○ Large Intestine (Colon): Absorbs water and forms solid waste
(feces).
○ Liver: Produces bile to help digest fats.
○ Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
○ Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to
neutralize stomach acid.
○ Rectum and Anus: Control the elimination of solid waste.
● Functions:
○ Breaks down food mechanically and chemically.
○ Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
 ○ Eliminates indigestible substances as waste.

3. Endocrine System

● Definition: A system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body

functions.
● Parts:
○ Pituitary Gland: Often called the "master gland," it regulates other
glands and controls growth, metabolism, and reproductive
functions.
○ Thyroid Gland: Produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
○ Parathyroid Glands: Control calcium levels in the body.
○ Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol,
which help manage stress and regulate metabolism.
○ Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
levels.
○ Gonads (Ovaries and Testes): Produce hormones involved in
reproduction.
● Functions:
○ Regulates metabolism, growth, and development.
○ Controls mood and stress responses.
○ Regulates reproduction and sexual function.

4. Immune System

● Definition: A system that defends the body against pathogens and

foreign invaders.
● Parts:
○ White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Cells that fight infections and
foreign bodies.
○ Lymph Nodes: Small structures that filter lymph (a fluid containing
white blood cells) and trap pathogens.
○ Spleen: Filters blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells
and pathogens.
○ Thymus: A gland where T-cells mature.
○ Bone Marrow: Produces blood cells, including white blood cells.
● Functions:
○ Detects and responds to harmful pathogens like bacteria, viruses,
and fungi.
○ Recognizes and destroys abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.
○ Produces antibodies to fight specific infections.
5. Integumentary System

● Definition: The body’s outer protective layer, which regulates

temperature and prevents water loss.
● Parts:
○ Skin: The largest organ, which provides a barrier to protect
internal organs.
○ Hair: Protects the scalp and helps regulate body temperature.
○ Nails: Protects the tips of fingers and toes and enhances fine
motor skills.
○ Sweat Glands: Produce sweat to regulate body temperature.
○ Sebaceous Glands: Produce oil to keep the skin moisturized.
● Functions:
○ Protects the body from injury, infection, and UV radiation.
○ Helps regulate body temperature through sweating and blood
flow.
○ Excretes waste products via sweat.
○ Senses environmental changes like temperature and pressure.

6. Muscular System

● Definition: A system responsible for movement, posture, and producing

heat.
● Parts:
○ Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles attached to bones that
enable movement.
○ Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in organs like the
stomach and intestines.
○ Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart.
● Functions:
○ Produces movement by contracting and relaxing.
○ Maintains posture and stability.
○ Generates heat to maintain body temperature.

7. Nervous System

● Definition: A system that coordinates body functions by transmitting

electrical signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the
body.
● Parts:
○ Brain: The control center of the body, responsible for processing
information, thoughts, and emotions.
○ Spinal Cord: A long, tube-like structure that relays signals between
the brain and the body.
 ○ Nerves: Fibers that transmit electrical signals to and from the
brain and spinal cord.
○ Sensory Organs: Organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and skin that
detect stimuli.
● Functions:
○ Controls and coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions.
○ Processes sensory information and enables thought and emotion.
○ Maintains homeostasis through regulation of organ systems.

8. Reproductive System

● Definition: A system that enables reproduction, producing offspring and

ensuring the continuation of the species.
● Parts (Male):
○ Testes: Produce sperm and male sex hormones (testosterone).
○ Penis: Organ for sexual intercourse and urination.
○ Vas Deferens: Transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.
● Parts (Female):
○ Ovaries: Produce eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone).
○ Uterus: Houses and nourishes the developing fetus.
○ Fallopian Tubes: Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
○ Vagina: Receives sperm during intercourse and serves as the birth
canal.
● Functions:
○ Male: Produces sperm and testosterone for reproduction.
○ Female: Produces eggs, facilitates fertilization, and supports fetal
development during pregnancy.

9. Respiratory System

● Definition: A system that facilitates the exchange of gases (oxygen and

carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.
● Parts:
○ Nose/Mouth: Entry points for air.
○ Trachea (Windpipe): A tube that carries air to the lungs.
○ Lungs: Organs where oxygen is absorbed into the blood and
carbon dioxide is expelled.
○ Bronchi: Branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs.
○ Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
○ Diaphragm: A muscle that helps with breathing by contracting
and relaxing to move air in and out of the lungs.
● Functions:
○ Brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide.
 ○ Maintains acid-base balance by regulating the levels of carbonic
acid in the blood.

10. Skeletal System

● Definition: A system that provides structure and protection to the body

and facilitates movement.
● Parts:
○ Bones: Rigid structures that form the skeleton.
○ Cartilage: Flexible tissue that provides support and cushioning in
joints.
○ Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones.
○ Joints: Areas where two or more bones meet, allowing movement.
○ Bone Marrow: Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets.
● Functions:
○ Provides structural support and shape.
○ Protects vital organs (e.g., brain, heart).
○ Facilitates movement by acting as levers.
○ Stores minerals and produces blood cells.

11. Urinary System

● Definition: A system that removes waste from the blood and maintains
water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
● Parts:
○ Kidneys: Filter waste from the blood and produce urine.
○ Ureters: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
○ Bladder: Stores urine until it is eliminated.
○ Urethra: The tube through which urine is expelled from the body.
● Functions:
○ Filters and removes waste from the bloodstream.
○ Regulates the balance of water, salts, and pH in the body.
○ Stores and excretes urine.