VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS -CLASS XI
EXPERIMENT-1 A
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION
Aim:
𝑀
To prepare 100ml sodium carbonates solution
20
Apparatus and chemicals required:
Standard flask, watch glass, weighing machine, funnel, wash bottle., sodium
carbonate., distilled water
Theory:
Standard solution are those solutions whose concentration is known.
𝑴
• To prepare 100ml sodium carbonate solution
𝟐𝟎
Weight of Na2CO3 required for preparing 100 ml M/20 Na2CO3 solution.
𝑀 weight of sodium carbonate required for 100 ml. × 1000
=
20 molar mass of sodium carbonate × 100
1 𝑥 × 1000 𝑥 × 10
∴ = ⇒
20 106 × 100 106
1 10𝑥
=
20 106
106
= = 0.53 gm.
200
Procedure:
(i) Weigh exactly 0.53 gm of sodium carbonate on a watch glass using a
weighing machine .
(ii) Transfer the sodium carbonate into a standard flask using a funnel.
(iii) Wash the watch glass with water by using a wash bottle and transfer the
entire sodium carbonate sticking on the watch glass into the standard flask.
(iv) Finally wash the funnel with water to transfer the solution sticking to the
funnel into the standard flask.
(v) Swirl the standard flask till solid sodium carbonate completely dissolves.
(vi) Add water to the standard flask using wash bottle to make it exactly 100 ml,
until the lower meniscus coincides with the white mark of the standard flask.
(vii) Stopper the standard flask and gently shake to make the solution uniform
throughout.
Result:
100 ml M/20 standard solution of sodium carbonate is prepared.
EXPERIMENT -1 B
Aim:
𝑀
To prepare 100ml oxalic acid
20
Apparatus and chemicals required:
Standard flask, watch glass, weighing machine, funnel, wash bottle., oxalic acid .,
distilled water
Theory:
𝑀
• To prepare 100ml oxalic acid
20
Weight of oxalic acid required for preparing 100 ml M/20 oxalic acid solution.
𝑀 weight of oxalic acid required for 100 ml. × 1000
=
20 molar mass of oxalic acid × 100
1 𝑥 × 1000 𝑥 × 10
∴ = ⇒
20 126 × 100 126
1 10𝑥
=
20 126
126
= = 0.63 gm.
200
Procedure:
(viii) Weigh exactly 0.63 gm of oxalic acid on a watch glass using a weighing
machine .
(ix) Transfer the oxalic acid into a standard flask using a funnel.
(x) Wash the watch glass with water by using a wash bottle and transfer the
entire oxalic acid sticking on the watch glass into the standard flask.
(xi) Finally wash the funnel with water to transfer the solution sticking to the
funnel into the standard flask.
(xii) Swirl the standard flask till solid oxalic acid completely dissolves.
(xiii) Add water to the standard flask using wash bottle to make it exactly 100 ml,
until the lower meniscus coincides with the white mark of the standard flask.
(xiv) Stopper the standard flask and gently shake to make the solution uniform
throughout.
Result:
100 ml M/20 standard solution of oxalic acid is prepared.
EXPERIMENT-2
Aim:
Determine the Molarity and the strength of the given solution of hydrochloric acid
𝑀
using sodium carbonate solution.
20
Apparatus required:
Burette, Pipette, Burette stand, conical flask, beaker,wash bottle
Chemicals Required:
Sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, Indicator (methyl orange)
, distilled water.
Theory:
• Chemical reaction:
Hydrochloric acid solution taken in the burette neutralizes a known volume of (20
ml) of sodium carbonate solution taken in the titration flask to give corresponding
salt and water. The titration is carried out using Methyl orange as the indicator.
• Chemical equation:
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
• Formula used
𝑀HCl × 𝑉HCl 𝑀𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 × 𝑉𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
=
No. of moles of HCl in balanced equation No. of moles of Na2 CO3 in balanced equation
𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) 𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏 (𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 )
=
2 1
𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) 2
=
𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏 (𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ) 1
• Strength of HCl = Molarity x Molar mass
• Indicator:
Methyl Orange
• End Point:
Yellow to pink (acid in burette)
Procedure:
(xv) Take a burette and wash it with water.
(xvi) Rinse and then fill the burette with the given solution of hydrochloric acid.
Clamp it vertically in burette stand.
(xvii) Rinse the pipette with the given sodium carbonate solution.
(xviii) Pipette out 20 ml of the sodium carbonate solution in a washed titration
flask.
(xix) Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator into it and place it just below the
nozzle of the burette over a white glazed tile.
(xx) Note down the lower meniscus of the solution in the burette and record it as
the initial burette reading.
(xxi) Now run the hydrochloric acid solution slowly and drop wise into the flask
till the colour of the solution changes from yellow to light pink. Read the
lower meniscus of the solution again in the burette and record it as final
burette reading.
(xxii) Repeat the titration till you get concordant values.
Observation:
𝑀
Molarity of the given Na2CO3 solution = = 0.05 mol/L (M2)
20
Volume of Na2CO3 solution taken for each titration = 20 ml (V2).
S.No Volume of Na2CO3 Burette reading (ml) Volume of
used (ml) hydrochloric acid
Initial Final used (ml)
1 20 0
2 20 0
3 20 0
Volume of HCl = ________ ml
Calculations:
i) Molarity of HCl:
𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) 2
=
𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏 (𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ) 1
2 × MbVb (Na2CO3) = 1 × MaVa (HCl)
2 × 0.05 × 20 ml = 1 × Ma × ------- ml
Ma = ________ mol/L
ii) Strength of HCl:
Strength of HCl = Molarity x Molar mass
= _______ mol/L× 36.5 g / mol = ________g/L
Result:
1) Molarity of Hydrochloric acid solution = __________mol/L
2) Strength of the given hydrochloric acid solution = _______g /L
Precaution:
(i) Wash the apparatus thoroughly
(ii) Check the lower meniscus of the pipette and burette.
(iii) Run the solution from burette drop wise and constantly swirl the conical flask.
(iv) Avoid parallax error.
(v) Use only one or two drops of Indicator. Large amount of indicator will not
give sharp end point.
(vi) The same number of drops of indicator should be used for each titration.
EXPERIMENT -3
Aim:
Determine the Molarity and the strength of the given sodium hydroxide solution
𝑀
using oxalic acid solution.
20
Apparatus required:
Burette, Pipette, Burette stand, conical flask, standard flask, beaker , wash bottle.
Chemicals Required:
Sodium hydroxide, oxalic acid, Indicator (phenolphthalein), distilled water.
Theory:
• Chemical reaction
Sodium hydroxide solution taken in the burette neutralizes a known volume of (20
ml) of oxalic acid taken in the titration flask to give corresponding salt and water.
The titration is carried out using Phenolphthalein as the indicator.
• Chemical equation:
• Formula used
𝑀acid ×𝑉acidl 𝑀 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒×𝑉 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
• =
No. of moles of acid in balanced equation No. of moles of base in balanced equation
𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 (𝑜𝑥𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑) 𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
• =
1 2
𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 (Oxalic acid) 1
=
𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏 (NaOH) 2
• Strength of NaOH = Molarity x Molar mass
• Indicator:
Phenolphthalein
• End Point:
Colourless to pink (Alkali in burette)
Procedure
(i) Take a burette and wash it with water.
(ii) Rinse and then fill the burette with the given sodium hydroxide solution.
Clamp it vertically in burette stand.
(iii) Rinse the pipette with the given oxalic acid solution.
(iv) Pipette out 20 ml of the oxalic acid solution in a washed titration flask.
(v) Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator into it and place it just below the
nozzle of the burette over a white glazed tile.
(vi) Note down the lower meniscus of the solution in the burette and record it as
the initial burette reading.
(vii) Now run the sodium hydroxide solution slowly and drop wise into the flask
till a very faint permanent pink colour is just obtained. Read the lower
meniscus of the solution again in the burette and record it as final burette
reading.
(viii) Repeat the titration till you get concordant values.
Observation:
𝑀
Molarity of the given oxalic acid solution = = 0.05 mol/L (M1).
20
Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 20 ml (V1).
S.No Volume of oxalic Burette reading (ml) Volume of sodium
acid used (ml) hydroxide used (ml)
Initial Final
1 20 0
2 20 0
3 20 0
Concordant value = ________ ml
Calculations:
i) Molarity of NaOH
According to the equation, one mole of oxalic acid reacts with two moles of
sodium hydroxide.
∴
𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 (Oxalic acid) 1
=
𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏 (NaOH) 2
2 × MaVa(Oxalic acid) = 1 × MbVb (NaOH)
Mb = ________ mol/L
ii) Strength of NaOH
Strength of NaOH = Molarity x Molar mass
= _______ mol/L× 40 g / mol = ________ g/L
Result:
1) Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution = __________mol/L
2) Strength of the given sodium hydroxide solution = _______g /L
Precaution:
(i) Wash the apparatus thoroughly
(ii) Check the lower meniscus of the pipette and burette.
(iii) Run the solution from burette drop wise and constantly swirl the conical flask.
(iv) Avoid parallax error.
(v) Use only one or two drops of Indicator. Large amount of indicator will not
give sharp end point.
(vi) The same number of drops of indicator should be used for each titration.
