DIgSILENT

PowerFactory 2018

Technical Reference Documentation

Battery
ElmBattery

I N T EG R AT E D P O W E R S Y S T EM A N A LY S I S S O F T WA R E F O R
T R A N S M I S S I O N / D I S T R I BU T I O N / I N D U S T RY / G EN E R AT I O N / I N T EG R AT I O N O F R EN E WA B L E S
 Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88
[email protected]

Please visit our homepage at:

http://www.digsilent.de

Copyright © 2017 DIgSILENT GmbH

All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without written
permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

December 4, 2017
PowerFactory 2018
Revision 1
Contents

Contents

1 General Description 1

2 Load-Flow Analysis 1

2.1 AC Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.1.1 Model Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.1.2 Slack Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1.3 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Short Circuit Analysis 2

3.1 DC Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1.1 IEC 61660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1.2 ANSI/IEEE 946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1.3 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 RMS-Simulation 5

4.1 Model Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.2 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.3 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 EMT-Simulation 6

6 Harmonics/Power Quality 6

7 Optimal Power Flow 6

List of Figures 7

List of Tables 8

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Battery (ElmBattery)
2 Load-Flow Analysis

1 General Description

The Battery element is based on the model of a DC voltage source element (ElmDcu). The
Battery element can be connected to DC terminals only (Phase technology: DC).

Figure 1.1 depicts the equivalent circuit of the model composed of an ideal DC voltage source
and an output impedance.

Ri Li IDC

Ui
=
UDC

Figure 1.1: DIgSILENT Battery Model

2 Load-Flow Analysis

In Load-Flow Analysis the Battery element supports AC balanced and unbalanced calculations.
The model is not considered for DC Load Flow calculations.

2.1 AC Load Flow

2.1.1 Model Equations

For AC balanced and unbalanced Load Flow Analysis the internal inductance Li of the battery
model is ignored, therefore only the internal resistance Ri is considered. The internal voltage is
kept constant as described in the equations below:
Ui = Unom · uset (1)
UDC = Ui − IDC · Ri (2)

where:

• Ui is the internal voltage in [kV ];

• Unom is the nominal voltage of the battery in [kV ];
• uset is the voltage setpoint in [p.u.];
• Ri is the internal resistance in [Ohm];
• IDC is the DC current in [kA];
• UDC is the DC voltage in [kV ].

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Battery (ElmBattery)
3 Short Circuit Analysis

2.1.2 Slack Assignment

The priority for the automatic slack assignment algorithm is dependent on the nominal voltage
and the corresponding voltage setpoint:

P rio = 1015 · Unom · uset

2.1.3 Calculation Parameters

The following calculation parameters are available for Load Flow Analysis:

Table 2.1: Calculation parameters (AC Load Flow)

Variable Unit Description Symbol

U nom kV Nominal Voltage Unom
uset p.u. Voltage Setpoint uset
ri p.u. Internal Resistance ri
iRef Element Reference Element

where ri in p.u. is defined as shown below:

1
ri = Ri ·
U n2
and U n is the rated voltage in [kV ] of the corresponding connected terminal.

The parameter iRef Element is set to 1 if the battery is marked as “Slack” for the DC system.

3 Short Circuit Analysis

The battery model is considered only for DC short-circuit calculation.

3.1 DC Short Circuit

The DC short-circuit calculation considers the battery as a DC source which contributes to the
total fault current. From the aspects of the international standards it is being described in the
IEC 61660 and in the ANSI/IEEE 946.

For the DC short-circuit calculation the nominal voltage can be entered in an alternative manner:

Unom = cellnum · cellvol

The internal resistance is defined as below:

Ri = cellnum · cellres

The internal inductance is defined as below:

Li = cellnum · cellind

where:

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Battery (ElmBattery)
3 Short Circuit Analysis

• cellnum is the number of cells;

• cellvol is the cell nominal voltage in [kV ];
• cellres is the resistance per cell in [Ohm];
• cellind is the inductance per cell in [mH];

The operational voltage depends on the DC short-circuit standard chosen. EB is set to:

• for IEC 61660 method to EB = fB · Unom

• for ANSI 946\IEEE method to EB = Unom

3.1.1 IEC 61660

The quasi steady-state short-circuit current is calculated using equation (3) and is usually taken
as the current one second after the fault has occurred.
0.95 · EB
IkB = (3)
RBBr + 0.1 · RB
The peak short-circuit current is calculated as in equation (4).

EB
ipB = (4)
RBBr

1
The time to peak tpB and the rise-time constant τ1B depend on the δ and are shown on the
Figurefig:fig10.

1 2
= RBBr 1
(5)
δ LBBr + TB

Figure 3.1 shows the time constants as provided in the Figure 10. of the IEC 61660:1997
standard.

The battery time constant is taken as fixed TB = 30 ms. The decay-time constant is τ2B =
100 ms.

3.1.2 ANSI/IEEE 946

If the internal resistance is set to 0, then a default value is calculated as shown in equation (6).

EB
RB = (6)
100 · I8hrs

The maximum short-circuit current and the quasi steady-state current are described in equation
(7).

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Battery (ElmBattery)
3 Short Circuit Analysis

Figure 3.1: Time to peak tpB and rise-time constant τ2B

EB
IkB = ipB = (7)
RBBr

The initial rate of rise of the short-circuit current is described in equation (8).

EB
RR = (8)
LBBr

The battery time constant is calculated based on equation (9).

LBBr
TB = (9)
RBBr

3.1.3 Calculation Parameters

The following calculation parameters are available:

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Battery (ElmBattery)
4 RMS-Simulation

Table 3.1: Calculation parameters (DC Short Circuit)

Variable Unit Description

Unom kV Operational System Voltage
EB kV Operational Battery Voltage
RB Ohm Battery Resistance
LB mH Battery Inductance
RBBr Ohm Branch Resistance (up to the fault location)
LBBr mH Branch Inductance (up to the fault location)
δ 1/s Decay coefficient (for IEC 61660)
TB s Battery time-constant
tpB ms Time to peak (for IEC 61660)
τ1B ms Rise-time constant (for IEC 61660)
τ2B ms Decay-time constant (for IEC 61660)
fB Battery voltage coefficient (for IEC 61660)
ipB kA Peak short-circuit current
IkB kA Quasi steady-state short-circuit current
RR kA/s Rate of rise (for ANSI/IEEE)

RBBr is the internal battery resistance added to the resistance of the line to the fault location.

RBBr = RB + RBr (10)

LBBr is the internal battery inductance added to the inductance of the line to the fault location.

LBBr = LB + LBr (11)

4 RMS-Simulation

4.1 Model Equations

The internal voltage Ui is kept constant as in the equations below:

Ui = Unom · uset (12)

dIDC
UDC = Ui − IDC · Ri − · Li (13)
dt

where:

• Ui is the internal voltage in [kV ];

• Unom is the nominal voltage of the battery in [kV ];
• uset is the voltage setpoint input signal in [p.u.];
• Ri is the internal resistance in [Ohm];
• Li is the internal inductance in [H];
• IDC is the DC current in [kA];
• dIDC /dt is the derivative of the DC current in [kA/s];
• UDC is the DC voltage in [kV ].

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Battery (ElmBattery)
7 Optimal Power Flow

4.2 Calculation Parameters

The following calculation parameters are available:

Table 4.1: Calculation parameters

Parameter Unit Description

U nom kV Nominal Voltage
ri p.u. Internal Resistance
li p.u. Internal Inductance

where ri and li in p.u. are defined as follows:

1
ri = Ri ·
U n2
Li 1
li = ·
1000 U n2

and U n represents the rated voltage in [kV ] of the corresponding connected terminal.

4.3 Signals

The following signals are available:

Table 4.2: ElmBattery Signals

Parameter Unit IN/OUT Description

usetp p.u. IN Voltage Setpoint

5 EMT-Simulation

For EMT-Simulation the same model is used as in Section 4.

6 Harmonics/Power Quality

The Battery element is ignored for harmonic load flow and frequency sweep calculations.

7 Optimal Power Flow

The model equations described in Section 2 apply for Optimal Power Flow.

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Battery (ElmBattery)
List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 DIgSILENT Battery Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.1 Time to peak tpB and rise-time constant τ2B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

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Battery (ElmBattery)
List of Tables

List of Tables

2.1 Calculation parameters (AC Load Flow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 Calculation parameters (DC Short Circuit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.2 ElmBattery Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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Battery (ElmBattery)