COMPUTER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ISSN NO:1000-1239) VOLUME 23 ISSUE 3 2023
Analytical Study of Reinforced Concrete deck slab bridge with varying
Span & Thickness Conceptual Review
Vikram Shukla1, Mayur Singi2 Monika Koshal3
1PG Scholar, CED, BMCT College Indore, M.P., India
2,3Assistant Professor, CED, CED, BMCT College Indore, M.P., India
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Abstract - A bridge is a building that allows travel over an across the bridge span and compared with computed
additional obstacle without blocking the approach at a lower values. A linear response was observed during loading and
point. The necessary passage may also be for a pipeline, a unloading. Considering the load take a look at results,
canal, a road, a railroad, pedestrians, or a railway. It may be theoretical estimation and criteria as stipulated in codes of
necessary to cross a river, road, railway, or valley. The T-beam practice, it can be inferred that prestressed concrete I-girder
Bridge is by far the most widely used type for spans between ten bridge span has adequate capacity to carry the loads and
and twenty-five meters. The structure is so named because the
hence, deemed to have passed the test. Saibabu Sundru
first longitudinal girders are constructed as T-beams that are
monolithically joined to a portion of the deck block. Over thirty (2018)
meters of simply supported T-beam span are uncommon because This paper describes the look of 4-lane concrete
the loading is then too severe. The current study was created to T-beam bridge considering IRC Class-AA tracked loading
analyze the investigation conducted by various researchers in with span varied from twenty-five to 40m. After
the field of safe and cost-effective bridge design. The research computing manually and STAAD Pro analysis software, it
project summarizes previous studies and concludes with a list of is observed that dead load bending moment with
research gaps and the subject of further investigation. increasing span increases almost square of the span.
Neeraj Kumar (2017)
Key Words: Span/Depth Ratio, Deck slab, IRC Loading, Staad In this study, the integral bridge with a various span length
pro. of 40m, 50m, 60m and 70m non-skew and skews angles of
15°, 30°, 45° and 60° were designed and modelled in
1. INTRODUCTION SAP2000 software. The parameters investigated in this
Over the past few decades, there has been an enormous analytical study were the skew angle, span length and stress
increase in the volume of traffic on highways due to reduction methods. The geometric dimensions of the
population growth and rapid urbanisation. Many new Integral Bridge and the loading used followed AASHTO
highways and flyovers are being built to ensure smooth commonplace specifications. Static analysis and dynamic
traffic flow. The paramedic study aids in determining the nonlinear time history analysis were performed to assess
economic factor during the planning and construction of the seismic performance of the integral bridge. The analysis
the bridge because the study of Bridge Girder material, results in terms of shears and bending stresses, axial force
size, shape, and selection are based on engineering and and deflection were checked by the allowable stress
economic criteria. The current study was created to method. Extreme stresses that exceed allowable limit were
analyse the investigation conducted by various researchers reduced by using six different stress reduction methods.
in the field of safe and cost-effective bridge design. The The propose of this study was to analyze the behaviour of
research project summarises previous studies and integral, skew angle, and to reduce extreme stress of
concludes with a list of research gaps and the subject of integral bridge under dynamic loading. In skew angle
further investigation. bridge, cross frame member stress increases greatly as the
skew bridge tend to rotate during a seismic event, which
can cause excessive transverse movement. MSE+HLAC
2. CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCHERS IN FIELD method was the best stress reduction method for all non-
OF DECK SLAB BRIDGE skew and skew angle bridge. According to the analysis
This work begins with an overview of the condition result, integral bridge maximum skew angle can be
assessment of the old bridge and explained reasons for extended up to 60° and span length up to 60 m can be
demolishing of the bridge. Briefly presented the flexural extended using stress reduction method under extreme
analysis of two-stage post-tensioned prestressed concrete seismic loading. Haymanmyintmaung, (2017
girder, which will replace the old (new bridge). in This thesis gives the brief idea about the
Construction of I-girder and composite girder at the first meaning of bridge and its classification, loads to be
stage and second stage prestressing respectively is considered and the different methods to be adopted for the
explained with figures. Assessment of the load-caring analysis of T-Beam deck slab bridge (only deck Slab with
capacity of the one span of the replacement bridge with girders). This project Analyze the straightforward T- Beam
simple supports using proof load test is presented which is Deck slab. In T-Beam Deck Slab consists of Slab with
mandatory according to Indian standards. Weighted Longitudinal and Cross Girders. Girders have analyzed
sandbags were wont to load the bridge up to a preset with three different Rational Methods (Courbon theory,
service load with impact issue. Deflections of the I-girders Guyon-Massenet, Hendry Jaeger) for four IRC Loadings
of the bridge were measured at selected locations on and (Class-AA, Class-A, Class-B, Class-70R) and three
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Different country Loadings which are AASHTO Loading, multi-axle vehicle does not coincide with the location of
British Standard Loading, Saudi Arabia Loading. Also, this the maximum moment due to dead loads occurring at mid-
project Compare the All the Loadings and All the Methods span, the design moment may not be obtained by simply
which are mentioned above, and the same bridge is superimposing the effect of dead load and live load.
analyzed as a three- dimensional structure using software Moreover, just in case of Class-A and Class-70R wheeled
STAAD ProV8i. Analysis of girders in the Bridge means conveyance live masses, which consists of several axels,
Calculation of Moments and Shear forces induced in the the number of axels to be considered over the bridge of
longitudinal and cross girders at different positions for given span and their location is tedious to find out and
needs several trials. The aim of this study is to search out
above-mentioned loadings. Also analyzed the Moments
the quantity of wheels for Class-A and Class-70R wheeled
induced in the Slab due to IRC Loadings Only. A simple
vehicles and their precise location to provide absolute most
example problem could be taken from the Textbook moment in the bridge considering the result of dead masses
(Design of Bridges by N. Krishna Raju) for this Project and and impact issue. Finally, so as to modify the designers, the
also taken some of the curves and Graphs. Tangudupalli planning moments because of Class-70R wheeled and
Mahesh Kumar, (2017) Class-A loading are conferred in tabular type for the spans
Sanjay Tiwari (2017) Cellular steel section from ten to 50 m.
composite with concrete the deck is one in every of the Pragya Soni(2017)In this paper studied Due
foremost appropriate superstructures in resisting torsional to population growth and rapid urbanization, there has been
and warp effects elicited by route loading. This type of an enormous growth in traffic volume on highways over
structure has inherently created new style issues for the last few decades. In order to ensure smooth flow of
engineers in estimating its load distribution once subjected traffic, numerous new highways and flyovers are being
to moving vehicles. Indian Codes of observe doesn't offer constructed. The use of box-girders has proven to be a very
any specific pointers for the planning of straight composite efficient structural solution for highway bridges and
concrete deck–steel multi-cell bridges. To meet the sensible flyovers due to its high tensional rigidity, serviceability,
needs arising throughout the planning method, a simple economy, aesthetics and the ability to efficiently distribute
design method is needed for straight composite multi-cell the eccentric vehicular live load among the webs of the
bridges in the form of load distribution factors for moment box-girder. For the multi-lane bridges, multi-spine/cell
and shear. This work presents load distribution box-girders are most commonly adopted in order to limit
characteristics of straight composite multi-cell box beam the local deformations in the top slab of the box. Many
bridges underneath IRC trains of masses. studies are available on the suitability of box girder bridges
Yogita Gupta (2017) The shallow for various spans and effect of stresses for skewed box
foundation is generally provided on non-erodible strata or girder bridge. The curvilinear nature of box girder bridges
where scour depth is less. It is conjointly desirable for low along with their complex deformation patterns and stress
fields have led designers to adopt approximate and
perennial flow or standing water condition. In the present
conservative methods for their analyses and design. Recent
case study, the shallow foundation is adopted for box type
literature on straight and falcate beam bridges has
bridge. The total length of the bridge is 132.98 m, restrained analytical formulations to raised perceive the
consisting of eight units of RCC box. Each unit is behaviour of those advanced structural systems. It was
composed of three cell boxes. The bottom slab of the box found that researchers have used the finite element method
unit is acted as raft foundation, founded 500 mm below for the analysis of box girder bridge. However, not many
ground level. River bed protection work is provided on studies are available for the design of the box girder bridge.
both the upstream and downstream side along the whole Hence, this study emphasized on the design and analysis of
length of the bridge as it is founded above scour level. The box girder structure. The literature also indicates that the
bridge collapsed during the monsoon just after two years various researchers have used ANSYS, MIDAS and Stadd-
of service. The present paper explains the cause of failure. Pro for the analysis of Pre-stressed Concrete Structures
This study on the failure of the bridge illustrates the using FEM.
importance of bridge review before and when the monsoon Junichiro Niwa(2016)An experimental
amount and therefore the importance of timely study of the interface shear transfer between otherwise
maintenance. Standard specifications of Indian Road aged concrete (old and new deck slabs) has been
Congress for the stream bed protection work also are performed. The recent and new deck slabs elements were
enclosed. crossed by steel bars and subjected to the external
Tanmay Gupta (2017) Usually, the design prestressing force. The tests were applied to be
moments in the simply supported bridges are obtained representative of a projected technique used for widening
because the total of moments because of dead masses and prestressed concrete (PC) main road decks. The
super load wherever the super load moments are calculated experimental program comprised 9 specimens checked
victimization the rolling load conception neglecting the below double-shear test by taking the initial prestressing
result of dead loads. For the merely supported bridges, levels, connection methods between steel bars,
uniformly distributed dead load produces maximum reinforcement magnitude relation and surface roughness as
moment at midspan while the absolute maximum bending parameters. The experimental results indicated that the
moment due to multi-axle vehicles occur under a wheel failure behaviour of the interface was greatly affected by
which usually does not lie at mid-span. Since the location the initial prestressing level, reinforcement ratio and
of the absolute maximum bending moment due to the surface roughness of the interface. Finally, a comparison of
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COMPUTER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ISSN NO:1000-1239) VOLUME 23 ISSUE 3 2023
the experimental shear strength with those given by JSCE Structurally they are simple to construct and maintain.
customary Specification, AASHTO and fib Model Code Hence, they're most well-liked over alternative forms of
2010 showed a conservative result for low and high bridges once it involves providing property at intervals
prestressing levels, low reinforcement ratio and smooth short distances. The aim of our study was to work out the
surface. variation and quality of 2 completely different
Job Thomas S. Ramadass(2016)studied Fibre configurations of those bridges, namely ordinary deck slab
Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars are being widely used as supported on girders and T- beam configuration of the
internal reinforcement in structural elements in the last deck slab. In this study, we have considered span lengths
decade. The corrosion resistance of FRP bars qualifies its of 20m, 24m and 28m. The deck block has been
use in severe and marine exposure conditions in structures. conventionally analyzed for IRC category AA loading
A total of eight concrete beams longitudinally reinforced victimization Courbon’s technique. This study also
with FRP bars were cast and tested over the shear span to considers all other components of a T- beam bridge such
depth ratio of 0.5 and 1.75. The shear strength test data of as cantilever slab, girders and cross beams. A complete
188 beams published in various works of literature were FEM analysis of T-beam bridge with standard deck block
also used. The model originally planned by Indian supported on girders was performed analysis was valid
customary Code of follow for the prediction of shear conventionally exploitation Courbon’s technique analysis
strength of concrete beams strengthened with steel bars for both the configurations of T- beam bridges were
IS:456 (Plain and concrete, code of practice, fourth extensively studied based on results of maximum Shear
revision. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000) is Force, maximum Bending moments and maximum
considered and a modification to account for the influence deflection values. From the study, the T-beam
of the FRP bars is proposed based on regression analysis. configuration of deck slab proves to be effective than
Out of the 196-test data, 110 test data is used for the ordinary deck slab supported on girders
regression analysis and 86 test data is used for the Y. Yadu Priya (2016) The analysis is carried
validation of the model. In addition, the shear strength of out using IRC code provisions. T-beam bridge decks are
86 test data accounted for the validation is assessed using one of the major types of cast in-situ concrete decks which
eleven models proposed by various researchers. The consist of a concrete slab integral with girders. The
planned model accounts for compressive strength of problem in continuum mechanics is approximated by FEM
concrete (fck), modulus of elasticity of FRP rebar (Ef), (finite element method) in STAAD Pro, which is the
longitudinal reinforcement ratio (qf), shear span to depth general method of structural analysis. In this study, a
ratio (a/d) and size effect of beams. The predicted shear single span two-lane t-beam bridge is analyzed by varying
strength of beams exploitation the planned model and the span of 25m, 30m, 35m, 40m where the width is kept
eleven models planned by alternative researchers is constant. The bridge models are subjected to the IRC
compared with the corresponding experimental results. category AA and IRC 70R tracked loading system so as to
The mean of foretold shear strength to the experimental get most bending moment and shear force. From the
shear strength for the eighty-six beams accounted for the analysis, it is observed that with the increase in the span,
validation of the planned model is found to be zero.93. shear force and bending moment in the girder increases. It
The result of the statistical analysis indicates that the is also observed that the results of bending moments and
prediction based on the proposed model corroborates with shear forces obtained from both courbon’s method and
the corresponding experimental data. finite element method have no significant variation.
Kearthi.S (2016) In this paper studied Praful N K(2015)In this paper studied bridge is a structure
structures are subjected to two types of load: static and providing passage over an obstacle without closing the
dynamic. However, most civil engineering structures are way beneath. The required passage could also be for a
designed with the assumption that all applied loads are road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. T-beam
static. The effect of the dynamic load is not considered bridge decks are one among the principal forms of cast-in-
because the structure is rarely subjected to dynamic loads; place concrete decks. T-beam bridge decks carry with it a
more so, its consideration in analysis makes the solution concrete slab integral with girders. The finite element
more complicated and time-consuming. This feature of technique could be a general technique of structural
neglecting the dynamic forces may sometimes become the Analysis during which the answer of a haul in time
causes of the disaster, particularly in the case of an mechanics is approximated by the analysis of an
earthquake. Therefore, it is proposed to do “dynamic assemblage of finite parts that are interconnected at a finite
analysis of bridge deck” for the various span of the bridge variety of nodal points and represent the solution domain
by varying number of longitudinal girders. The detailed of the matter. A simple span T-beam bridge was analyzed
study is carried out for “T-Beam Bridge”, for various span by I.R.C. loadings as a one-dimensional structure using
16m, 20m, 24m and 28m under IRC class AA loading rational methods. The same T-beam bridge is analyzed as
condition. a three-dimensional structure mistreatment finite
Sandesh Upadhyay K (2016)T-beam component plate for the deck slab and beam parts for the
bridges are one among the foremost usually used forms of most beam using software package STAAD ProV8i, three
bridge and thence it's necessary to perpetually study, different spans of 16m, 20m and 24m was analyzed. Both
update analysis techniques and design methodology. FEM and 1D models wherever subjected to I.R.C.
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Loadings to produce a maximum bending moment, Shear investigated during this analytical study were the span
force and similar deflection in the structure were analyzed. lengths and skew angle. The finite part analysis (FEA)
The results obtained from the finite component model are results for inclined bridges were compared to the reference
lesser than the results obtained from the one-dimensional straight bridges (nonskewed). The geometric dimensions
analysis, which suggests that the results obtained from of the T-beam bridge decks and also the loading used are
manual calculations subjected to IRC loadings are in compliance with AASHTO customary specifications.
conservative. The FEA results and comparison of the skewed bridge
Kalpana Mohan (2015) In this paper with a straight bridge indicate that max. Live load bending
studied Bridge girder material, size, shape and selection moments and deflections decreases in T- beams for
are based on engineering and economic criteria. Steel inclined bridges, while max. shear, torsion and supports
concrete composite construction has gained wide reactions increases in some T-beams for skewed bridges
acceptance as an alternative to pure steel and pure concrete for all considered span lengths (12, 16, 20 and 24m). This
construction, there is no need for formwork because the study disagreement with the AASHTO standard
steel beam is able to sustain the self-weight of steel and specifications as well as the LRFD in recommending that
concrete with few temporary props. In this paper, we bridges with a skew angle less than or equal 20° be
present analysis and results of steel and steel reinforce designed as straight (non-skewed) bridges additionally it
bridge girders, based on STAAD Pro analysis and manual suggested that engineers are higher to perform three-
analysis.8 combos of bridge girders are taken and dimensional finite part analysis for inclined T-beam bridge
compared. decks.
Vikas Gandhe(2014)Bridges are highly V Raju, Devdas Menon (2010) The
investment structures and important landmarks in any thought of formed bridge beam is currently being more
country besides being vital links in the transportation and more adopted in urban railway system rail comes and
system. Strength, safety and economy are the three key for replacement recent bridges wherever there's a
features that cannot be neglected before the finalization of constraint on vertical clearance. These bridge decks are
types of bridges. While deciding the types of bridge, spans ordinarily designed in apply exploitation simplified
and other parameters are to be studied carefully to meet strategies that assume beam action of the webs within the
out the need of suitability to site conditions. The scope of longitudinal direction and similar flexural action of the
this paper is to confine to the design aspect related to deck slab in the transverse direction. However, such
variable parameters. Depth of web, the thickness of the assumptions can lead to errors. This paper tries to assess
web, the width of flange and span of bridges are the the extent of error within the simplified analysis, by
variable parameters considered during the design of plate examination the results with a lot of rigorous three-
Girder Bridge. The graphical representation is showing the dimensional finite part analysis (3DFEA). A typical model
relations between different parameters to conclude for cost railway bridge beam has been taken as a case study. The
effectiveness with respect to spans. Broad gauge mainline results of the 3DFEA, in terms of load-deflection plots,
loading is adapted to carry out design calculations. have been validated by field testing.
Bending and shear stresses are plotted against the spans to O'Brien, Eugene. (1998)For block bridge decks
check the stability of the structure. The results summarized with wide thwart wise cantilevers, the plane grillage
in this paper will be a guideline to field and budding associate logy is shown to be an inaccurate methodology
engineers of linear elastic analysis because of variations within the
Ibrahim S. I. Harba(2011)In this paper vertical position of the neutral axis. The upstand grillage
studied T-beam bridge is a common choice among the analogy is also shown to give inaccurate results, this time
designers for small and medium span bridges. In order to due to inappropriate modelling of in-plane distortions. A
cater to larger speed and a lot of safety of contemporary new methodology, known as upstand finite element
traffic, the modern high ways are to be straight as far as analysis, is proposed which is sufficiently simple to be
possible. This requirement, along with other requirements used on an everyday basis in the design office. The method
for fixing alignment of the bridges, is mainly responsible is shown to give much better agreement than the others
for the provision of an increasing number of skew bridges. when compared with an elaborate three-dimensional solid
The presence of skew in an exceedingly bridge makes the finite element model. Single- and two-span bridge decks
analysis and style of bridge decks complex. For the T- with solid and voided sections are thought-about for each
beam bridges with little skew angle, it's oft thought of safe longitudinal and thwart wise bending stresses.
to ignore the angle of skew and analyze the bridge as a Budi Ryanto Widjaja(1997)In this
right bridge with a span equal to the skew span. However, thesis studied cold-formed steel decks are employed in just
T-beam bridges with an oversized angle of skew will have about each steel-framed structure for composite block
a substantial impact on the behaviour of the bridge systems, efforts to develop more efficient composite floor
particularly within the short to medium vary of spans. In systems continues. Efficient composite floor systems will
this paper, an analytical study using three-dimensional be obtained by optimally utilizing the materials, which
finite element methods was performed to investigate the includes the possibility of developing long span composite
effect of skew angle on the behaviour of simply supported slab systems. For this purpose, new deck profiles that can
reinforced concrete T-beam bridge decks. The parameters have a longer span and better interaction with the concrete
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COMPUTER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ISSN NO:1000-1239) VOLUME 23 ISSUE 3 2023
slab are investigated. Two new mechanical based methods achieved, which shall lead to the direction of the design of
for predicting composite slab strength and behaviour are safe stronger and more economical bridge.
introduced. They are referred to as the iterative and direct
methods. These methods, which accurately account for the REFERENCES
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