VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590018.

MINI PROJECT REPORT

on
“ROUTEMATE ”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the curriculum of the 5th Semester

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Computer Science and Business Systems
by

Abha Prasad : 1KG22CB001

Manasa K : 1KG22CB035

Sai Kishan S : 1KG22CB055

Yuvraj A : 1KG22CB063

Under the supervision of

Mr. Ramesh Babu N

(Associate Prof. and HOD)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

K. S. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

BENGALURU – 560109
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAVI- 590018

Mini Project Report

on
“ROUTEMATE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E)

In
Computer Science and Business Systems
Submitted by

ABHA PRASAD (1KG22CB001)

MANASA K (1KG22CB035)
SAI KISHAN S (1KG22CB055)
YUVRAJ A (1KG22CB063)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Ramesh Babu N
Associate Professor, HOD,
Department of CS&BS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

K.S. School of Engineering and Management
No. 15, Mallasandra, off Kanakapura Road,Bengaluru-560109

Dept. of CS&BS KSSEM

 K.S. School of Engineering and Management
No. 15, Mallasandra, off Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru-560109
(Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE)

Department of Computer Science and Business Systems

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Professional Practice work entitled “Routemate” carried out by Abha Prasad, USN:
1KG22CB001, Manasa K, USN: 1KG22CB035, Sai Kishan S, USN: 1KG22CB055, Yuvraj A,
USN: 1KG22CB063, Bonafide students of K S School of Engineering and Management, Bengaluru
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Business
Systems of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023 – 2024. It is
certified that all corrections/ suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Professional Practice prescribed for the said degree.

Project Guide Project Coordinator

Prof. Ramesh Babu Mrs. Jayashree L K
Associate Prof. & HOD Associate Professor
Dept. of CS&BS, KSSEM Dept. of CS&BS, KSSEM

HOD Principal
Prof. Ramesh Babu Dr. K. Rama Narasimha
Associate Prof. & HOD KSSEM
Dept. of CS&BS, KSSEM Bengaluru

Dept. of CS&BS KSSEM

 ABSTRACT

The project, Routemate, is a sophisticated web application designed for efficient bus tracking. The
increasing number of students commuting to schools and colleges has led to a growing concern
regarding the timely and efficient use of public transportation. One of the most common challenges
faced by students and their parents is the difficulty in locating buses and managing their time. This often
results in missed buses, leading to delays in reaching their destination and potentially compromising
their academic performance.
To address these issues, a real-time bus tracking system can be implemented. This system utilizes
advanced location tracking technology to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the location
of buses on a designated route. By integrating this information into a web application, students can easily
access the real-time location of the bus, enabling them to plan their journey accordingly.

Key words: Real-Time Tracking, Location Tracking Technology, Bus Tracking System, web-
application.

Dept. of CS&BS KSSEM

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We sincerely thank Visvesvaraya Technology University for providing a platform to do the

project work.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr K Ramanarasimha, Principal, K S School of Engineering and

Management, Bengaluru, for providing necessary facilities and motivation to carry out project
work successfully.

We express our heartfelt gratitude and humble thanks to Mr Ramesh Babu N, HOD, CS&BS, KS
School of Engineering and Management, for the constant encouragement, inspiration and help to
carry out project work successfully.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards our mini project guide Mr Ramesh Babu N,
HOD, CS&BS for providing encouragement and inspiration throughout the project.

I thank Mrs. Jayashree L K, Assistant Professor, the mini project coordinator for her boundless
cooperation and help extended during this internship work.

I am thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Computer Science & Business
Systems Engineering Department for their help and needed support rendered throughout the internship.

ABHA PRASAD (1KG22CB001)

MANASA K (1KG22CB035)
SAI KISHAN S (1KG22CB055)
YUVRAJ A (1KG22CB063)

Dept. of CS&BS KSSEM

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
<<<<

Chapter No. Title Page No.

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

List of Tables iii-iv

List of Figures v

1. INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 Background
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Scope of the Project
1.6 Overview of the Proposed Solution

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 6 - 12

2.1 Key difference

2.2 Methodology
2.3 Advantages
2.4 Limitations and Challenges
2.5 Links to research paper
2.6 Basepaper

iii
3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 13 - 18

3.1 Functional Requirements

3.2 Non – Functional Requirements
3.3 Software Requirements
3.4 Hardware Requirements

4. DESIGN METHODOLOGY 19 - 28
4.1 System Architecture

4.2 Data Flow Diagram

4.3 Use Case Diagram

4.4 Module Description

5. SUMMARY 29 - 30

6. SNAPSHOTS OF THE RESULT 31 - 34

6.1 User login Code Snippets

6.2 Real-time location tracker Code Snippets

6.3 Results

CONCLUSIONS 35 - 36

REFERENCES 37

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Title PageNo.

4.1 Dataflow Diagram For Driver Module 21

4.2 Dataflow Diagram For Student Module 23

4.3 Use case Diagram 25

6.1 Snapshot -1 31

6.2 Snapshot -2 31

6.3 Snapshot -3 32

6.4 Snapshot -4 32

6.5 Output Result 33-34

v
ROUTEMATE

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

In recent years, the increasing number of college students commuting to campuses has
highlighted significant challenges in transportation. College buses play a crucial role in
ensuring that students reach their classes on time, but the lack of real-time information about
bus locations and arrival times often leads to missed buses and delays. This can disrupt students'
schedules and negatively impact their academic performance.

1.2 Motivation

To address these challenges, there is a need for a web application specifically designed for
tracking college buses in real-time. This application would utilize advanced location tracking
technology to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the location of buses on their
routes. By integrating this information into an easy-to-use web platform, college students can
access real-time data on bus locations, enabling them to plan their journeys more effectively
and avoid unnecessary waiting times.

The motivation for this project is driven by the necessity to enhance the commuting experience
for college students. A real-time bus tracking web application can ensure students reach their
classes on time, reducing stress and anxiety associated with uncertainties in bus schedules. This
system can improve punctuality, lower the rate of missed buses, and enhance overall time
management for students.

Furthermore, the application can offer features such as estimated arrival times and traffic
updates, helping students to better manage their time and make informed decisions about their
commute. By providing these capabilities, the web application aims to contribute to a more
reliable and efficient transportation system for college students, ultimately supporting their
academic success and well-being.

1.3 Problem Statement

The current college bus transportation management systems are often inadequate in providing
real-time information about bus locations. This lack of real-time tracking presents several

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challenges for college students who rely on these buses for their daily commute. Students
frequently encounter difficulties in planning their journeys, leading to uncertainties about bus
arrival times. This can result in missed buses, unnecessary waiting times, and ultimately, delays
in reaching their classes.

The absence of effective real-time tracking tools means that students do not have access to
accurate information regarding the location and estimated arrival times of their buses. This
often leads to inefficient time management, where students either arrive too early, wasting
valuable time, or arrive too late, causing them to miss important classes or events. The inability
to track buses in real-time also poses challenges during unexpected situations like traffic
congestion or route changes, leaving students with no way to adjust their plans accordingly.

Moreover, the lack of real-time tracking impacts the overall reliability and perception of the
college bus transportation system. Students may develop a lack of trust in the system's ability
to meet their transportation needs efficiently. This can lead to increased stress and anxiety, as
students are left uncertain about whether they will reach their destinations on time.

The current systems also fail to provide any proactive alerts or notifications to students about
delays or changes in bus schedules. This absence of timely communication exacerbates the
problem, as students are not informed about potential disruptions in their commute. Without
real-time updates, students are left guessing and often make incorrect assumptions about the
status of their buses.

To address these issues, there is a clear need for a real-time bus tracking system that can provide
comprehensive and accurate information about bus locations and estimated arrival times. Such
a system would leverage advanced location tracking technology, integrated into a user-friendly
web application, to offer students a reliable and efficient tool for managing their daily
commutes.

By implementing this real-time tracking system, students will be able to access up-to-date
information about their buses, plan their journeys more effectively, and reduce the likelihood
of missed buses and delays. The system will enhance the overall commuting experience,
ensuring that students can focus on their academic responsibilities without the added stress of
transportation uncertainties. This improvement in the transportation management system will

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ultimately contribute to better time management, punctuality, and academic performance for
college students.

1.4 Objectives

1. Develop a Real-Time Bus Tracking System:

 Create a system to provide accurate location updates for college buses.

 Utilize advanced location tracking technology to monitor buses on designated routes.

2. Integrate with a Web Application:

 Develop a user-friendly web application for easy access by students.

 Ensure the application is accessible on any internet-enabled device.

3. Help Students Plan Their Commute:

 Provide real-time information to reduce delays and missed buses.

 Enable students to manage their time more effectively with accurate bus locations and
arrival times.

4. Enhance Efficiency and Timeliness:

 Improve the overall efficiency of college transportation.

 Optimize bus routes and schedules based on real-time data to ensure timely operations.

1.5 Scope of the Project

The scope of this project involves developing a real-time bus tracking system specifically
designed for college transportation. This system will provide accurate and up-to-date
information about the location of college buses using suitable tracking methods. Here’s a
detailed explanation:

1. Web Application Development:

 Scope: A user-friendly web application will be developed, enabling students to easily

access real-time bus tracking information. The application will feature an intuitive

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interface, allowing students to view the current location of their buses, estimated arrival
times, and receive notifications about delays or route changes. The web application will
be accessible on any internet-enabled device, ensuring convenience for all users.

2. Real-Time Data Processing:

 Scope: The project will employ real-time data processing techniques to ensure that the
information displayed to users is always up-to-date. This involves setting up a robust
backend infrastructure capable of handling continuous data streams from various
tracking technologies. The system will process and display this data in real-time,
providing students with accurate and timely information.

3. User Interface Design:

 Scope: The project will focus on developing a user-friendly interface that makes it easy
for students to access bus tracking information. The design will prioritize simplicity,
clarity, and responsiveness. The web application will feature a map displaying the real-
time positions of all college buses, estimated arrival times, and notifications for any
changes.

4. Data Security and Privacy:

 Scope: Ensuring data security and user privacy is a critical aspect of the project. The
system will incorporate security measures to protect the location data and user
information, adhering to relevant privacy regulations and best practices. This will
ensure that all data is handled responsibly and securely.

1.6 Overview of the Proposed Solution

The proposed solution is to develop a comprehensive real-time bus tracking system specifically
for college transportation. This system will provide accurate and current information about the
location of college buses, ensuring students can manage their commutes more effectively. The
core of the solution is a user-friendly web application that students can access from any
internet-enabled device.

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Through this web application, students will be able to view the real-time location of their buses,
receive estimated arrival times, and be notified of any delays or route changes. The system will
use real-time data processing to ensure that all information is up-to-date, enabling students to
plan their journeys with confidence and reduce the likelihood of missed buses and delays.

Furthermore, the integration of the bus tracking system with the college's existing
transportation management systems, where applicable, will ensure seamless operation and data
consistency. Effective communication protocols will be employed to securely transmit location
data to the web application, maintaining the reliability and accuracy of the information
provided.

By leveraging these technologies, the proposed solution aims to enhance the efficiency and
reliability of college transportation, ultimately improving the daily commuting experience for
students and supporting their academic success.

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CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Key Differences

Mobile Technology: This approach improves scheduling and monitoring by enabling

centralized control and automated data sharing across bus networks.

GPS Systems: The use GPS provides tracking accuracy, although limitations exist in terms of
Realtime location updates.

2.2 Methodology

This section outlines the methodology adopted for developing a real-time bus tracking system
tailored for college transportation. The methodology is structured into several phases, detailing
the processes involved in each step to ensure a systematic and efficient approach.

1. Setup of Development Environment & Tools Installation

Install VS Code:

 Objective: Install Visual Studio Code (VS Code) as the primary development
environment for the project.
 Details: VS Code, a versatile and widely-used code editor, will be used for writing,
debugging, and maintaining the web application. Although the application is a web-
based project, VS Code's extensive range of extensions and integrated terminal makes
it a suitable choice for development.

2. Research and Requirements Gathering

Analyze Existing Solutions:

 Objective: Conduct a thorough review of current bus tracking systems to understand

their features, strengths, and limitations.

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 Details: This phase involves studying existing solutions in the market to identify what
works well and what can be improved. By analyzing these systems, the project can
avoid common pitfalls and incorporate best practices. Detailed analysis will include
reviewing both commercial solutions and open-source projects to gather a
comprehensive understanding of available technologies.

Define Requirements:

 Objective: Identify and document the core features and functionalities needed for the
bus tracking system.
 Details: The requirements will include real-time updates, user interface design, and
other essential functionalities such as driver and student login, location sharing, and
data visualization. This phase will also involve gathering inputs from potential users to
ensure the system meets their needs. Workshops, surveys, and interviews with students
and college transportation staff will be conducted to gather these insights.

3. Design Phase

System Architecture:

 Objective: Plan the overall structure and interaction between various components of
the system.
 Details: The system architecture will outline how the components such as the database,
server, client interface, and APIs will interact. The design will ensure seamless data
flow and real-time updates between the server and the client (students). The architecture
will be designed to be scalable, ensuring it can handle increasing numbers of users and
data as the system grows.

Transfer Data:

 Objective: Define how real-time data will be transferred to the client interface.
 Details: This phase will involve designing the data flow from the driver's device to the
student's interface, ensuring minimal latency and accurate updates. The use of efficient
communication protocols will be critical in this phase. The system will employ data
synchronization techniques to ensure consistency across different devices and
platforms.

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4. Step-by-Step Breakdown

Driver Login:

 Objective: Enable bus drivers to log into the system using their smartphones.
 Details: The process begins with the driver accessing the system through a dedicated
web portal. After entering their credentials, the driver logs into the system, enabling the
tracking process. Security measures such as two-factor authentication will be
implemented to ensure the authenticity of the driver.

Share Location:

 Objective: Prompt drivers to share their location once logged in.

 Details: Upon login, drivers are prompted to enable location services on their
smartphones and grant necessary permissions for the system to access their real-time
location. The system will guide the driver through these steps to ensure a smooth
experience.

API Response:

 Objective: Retrieve the current coordinates of the bus through an API.

 Details: The system sends a request to an API to retrieve the bus's current coordinates.
The API processes this request and fetches the location data from a central server or
data source. The API will be designed to handle high-frequency requests to maintain
real-time accuracy.

Getting Coordinates of the Bus:

 Objective: Obtain the GPS coordinates of the bus from the data source.
 Details: The API receives and processes the request, fetching the GPS coordinates from
a central server or directly from the bus's onboard device. This data is then prepared for
transmission back to the driver's device. The data source will be regularly updated to
reflect the most current location information.

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Sending Coordinates of the Bus:

 Objective: Send the retrieved GPS coordinates to the driver's smartphone.

 Details: The API transmits the processed GPS coordinates back to the driver's
smartphone, ensuring the location data is updated in real-time. The transmission
process will be optimized to reduce latency and ensure quick updates.

Receive GPS Data:

 Objective: Display the updated GPS coordinates on the student's interface.

 Details: The driver's smartphone receives the updated coordinates from the API. This
data is then transmitted to the student's interface, where it is displayed, providing real-
time updates on the bus's location. The system will use data compression techniques to
minimize bandwidth usage while maintaining data integrity.

Student Registration:

 Objective: Register students in the system with their details.

 Details: Students register by providing their name, email, and password. This
information is securely stored in a database, creating individual user accounts. The
registration process will include validation steps to ensure accurate data entry.

Student Login:

 Objective: Enable students to log into the system using their registered credentials.
 Details: Students log into the system through the web application using their email and
password. Successful login grants them access to the tracking functionalities. The
system will implement secure login protocols to protect user data.

Receive Bus Coordinates:

 Objective: Provide students with the current coordinates of the bus they are tracking.
 Details: Upon login, the student's device receives the bus's current coordinates from
the server. This data is processed and displayed on the student's interface. The data will
be refreshed at regular intervals to ensure real-time accuracy.

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Display Bus Location:

 Objective: Visualize the bus's location on the student's device.

 Details: The student's device displays the received coordinates on a map interface,
providing real-time updates about the bus's location and estimated arrival times. The
map interface will be interactive, allowing students to zoom in and out and view
different routes.

Logout:

 Objective: Allow students to log out of the system when they no longer need to track
the bus.
 Details: The system includes a logout functionality, enabling students to exit the
application securely when tracking is no longer needed. Logout will terminate the
session and ensure all user data is protected.

2.3 Advantages

Intuitive and User-Friendly Interface

The real-time bus monitoring system is designed with an intuitive and user-friendly interface
to ensure ease of use for both students and teachers. The interface includes functionalities for
monitoring, notifications, and alerts, providing users with essential information about bus
status in real-time. By offering an accessible and straightforward platform, the system enhances
the user experience, making it easier for users to quickly understand and utilize the available
features without requiring extensive technical knowledge.

Visual Map Interface

A crucial component of the system is the visual map interface, which displays the real-time
location and movement of buses. This interactive map allows users to see the exact position of
a bus on its route, including any stops or delays. The map updates continuously to reflect the
current status of each bus. The visual representation of the bus’s location on a map aids users

in gauging the bus's progress and anticipating its arrival, thereby reducing uncertainty and wait
times.

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Database and Storage

The system incorporates a robust database and storage solution to securely manage and store
user information, bus locations, and historical data. Efficient data management is crucial for
improving the system’s performance and reliability, ensuring that data is easily accessible and
can be retrieved quickly when needed. This backend infrastructure supports the seamless
operation of the bus monitoring system, providing a dependable service for users.

Enhancement of Time and Work Efficiency

The real-time monitoring and notification features of the system significantly enhance the time
and work efficiency of students and teachers. Users receive alerts and notifications about bus
arrivals, delays, or any changes in the route, allowing them to adjust their schedules
accordingly. Improved time management and reduced waiting times contribute to a more
efficient daily routine for users, minimizing disruptions and ensuring they can focus more on
their academic or professional responsibilities.

By integrating these key features, the real-time bus monitoring system offers comprehensive
capabilities designed to improve the commuting experience for college students and teachers,
ensuring timely and efficient transportation.

2.4 Limitations and Challenges

Accuracy of Arrival Times and Bus Location

The accuracy of the provided arrival times and bus locations is largely dependent on the cellular
network connections available to both users and drivers. In areas with strong and stable internet
connections, the system can deliver precise and timely updates. However, in locations where
the cellular network is weak or intermittent, the accuracy of these updates may be
compromised. Variability in network performance can lead to delays in receiving real-time
data, which may impact the reliability of the information displayed to users. It is essential to
consider this dependency when planning for the deployment and use of the system, especially
in regions with known connectivity issues.

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Access and Compatibility Requirements

The system architecture necessitates the use of smartphones equipped with both GPS and
cellular data capabilities. This requirement ensures that drivers can share their location in real-
time, and students can access the system to monitor bus locations and arrival times. The
dependency on GPS-enabled smartphones with active internet connections means that users
must have access to relatively modern devices and reliable data plans. This could present a
barrier for users with older devices or limited data availability. As a result, the system may
need supplementary provisions, such as offline functionality or alternative tracking
mechanisms, to enhance accessibility.

Driver Permissions and Data Sharing

The successful operation of the bus monitoring system hinges on drivers allowing access to
their smartphone's GPS locations. Drivers must enable location services on their devices and
grant the necessary permissions for the system to track and transmit their real-time location
data. If drivers do not grant these permissions, the system will be unable to provide accurate
and up-to-date location information for the buses. This dependency underscores the importance
of driver compliance and cooperation in using the system effectively.

2.5 LINKS TO RESEARCH PAPER

1.https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V5ISSUE1/IJRPR22245.pdf

Research paper 1

2.https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V5ISSUE2/IJRPR22825.pdf

Research paper 2

2.6 BASEPAPER

Methodology(base paper)

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CHAPTER – 3

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Functional Requirements

Functional requirements define the specific behavior or functions of the system. For a real-time
bus monitoring system, these requirements ensure that the system operates effectively and
meets user needs.

User Authentication and Authorization:

Explanation: The system must provide secure user authentication and authorization
mechanisms. This means that students, teachers, and drivers will need to register and log in
using their credentials before they can access the system.

Details: During registration, users will input their name, email, and password, which will be
securely stored in a MySQL database. When logging in, the system will validate these
credentials using PHP to ensure that only authorized users can access the system. This also
involves managing user sessions, so once a user logs in, they remain authenticated throughout
their session.

Real-Time Bus Monitoring:

Explanation: The core functionality of the system is to provide real-time monitoring of bus
locations. This involves displaying the current position of buses on a visual map interface and
updating it continuously.

Details: Drivers, upon logging into the system and sharing their location, will allow the system
to retrieve and display the bus's coordinates. The Openstreetmaps API will be used to show
this information on a map. Socket.io API will facilitate real-time updates, ensuring that the map
reflects the current bus locations accurately and dynamically.

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User Interface Design:

Explanation: The front-end of the system must provide an intuitive and user-friendly interface.
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript will be used to develop and style web pages, ensuring a seamless
user experience.

Details: The interface will include functionalities for monitoring bus locations, viewing
estimated arrival times, and receiving alerts. It will be designed to be responsive, ensuring
compatibility with various devices and screen sizes, providing a consistent experience for all
users.

Data Storage and Management:

Explanation: The system must store and manage user data, bus locations, and historical
information efficiently using databases.

Details: MySQL will be used to store user registration details and login information, while
MongoDB will handle real-time location data. Efficient data retrieval and storage mechanisms
will ensure quick access to information when needed, and historical data can be used for future
improvements or analysis.

Real-Time Communication:

Explanation: The system must support real-time communication between the server and client
devices to update bus locations continuously.

Details: Socket.io will enable bidirectional communication, ensuring that location updates are
sent and received in real-time. This will maintain the accuracy and timeliness of the displayed
bus information, crucial for effective monitoring.

3.2 Non – Functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements define the system's overall qualities and attributes, impacting its
performance, usability, and reliability.

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Performance:

Explanation: The system must ensure high performance, handling multiple user requests
simultaneously without significant delays.

Details: The backend, developed using Node.js and Express.js, will be optimized for
performance. Efficient algorithms and data structures will be used to process and transmit real-
time updates quickly. This ensures that even during peak usage times, the system remains
responsive.

Scalability:

Explanation: The system should be scalable to accommodate an increasing number of users

and buses.

Details: The architecture will be designed to support scalability, allowing easy addition of new
buses and users. This includes scalable database solutions and cloud services that can handle
increased data loads without performance degradation.

Security:

Explanation: The system must implement robust security measures to protect user data and
ensure privacy.

Details: Secure authentication protocols, data encryption, and regular security audits will be
performed. PHP will handle secure user authentication, while databases will implement access
control measures to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information.

Usability:

Explanation: The system must be easy to use, with a user-friendly interface that requires
minimal training.

Details: The interface will be designed following best practices in UI/UX to ensure a smooth
user experience. Clear instructions, intuitive navigation, and responsive design will help users
interact with the system efficiently across various devices.

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Reliability:

Explanation: The system must be reliable, providing accurate and consistent updates on bus
locations.

Details: Continuous testing, including unit and integration tests, will be conducted to ensure
system reliability. The backend will be designed to handle faults gracefully and maintain
consistent service availability.

Maintainability:

Explanation: The system should be easy to maintain and update over time.

Details: Code will be written following best practices and documented thoroughly. The use of
modular design will allow for easy updates and maintenance, ensuring that new features or bug
fixes can be implemented without extensive reworking

3.3 Software Requirements

Software requirements outline the specific software components and tools needed to develop
and deploy the real-time bus monitoring system.

Development Environment:

Visual Studio Code (VS Code): Used as the primary code editor for development, providing
a versatile and extensible platform for coding, debugging, and testing.

Programming Languages and Frameworks:

HTML, CSS, and JavaScript: For building and styling the front-end web pages, ensuring a
seamless and interactive user experience.

PHP: For handling user authentication and back-end operations, providing secure login and
session management.

Node.js: A JavaScript runtime for building server-side logic, enabling efficient real-time data
processing.

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Express.js: A web application framework for Node.js, used to create the server and handle
API requests.

EJS (Embedded JavaScript): Templating engine used to generate HTML markup with plain
JavaScript, enhancing the dynamic generation of web content.

APIs and Libraries:

Openstreetmaps API: For displaying the location of the buses on a map interface, providing
a visual representation of real-time locations.

Socket.io: A library for real-time web applications, enabling real-time, bidirectional

communication between web clients and servers.

Leaflet.js: An open-source JavaScript library for interactive maps, used to display user
locations on the map interface.

Database Management:

MySQL: A relational database management system for storing user data and registration
details, ensuring data integrity and reliability.

MongoDB: A NoSQL database used to store real-time location data, providing scalability and
flexibility in data management.

3.4 Hardware Requirements

Hardware requirements specify the physical components needed to run the system efficiently,
ensuring optimal performance and user experience.

Servers:

Web Server: A robust web server to host the web application, ensuring it is accessible to users
at all times. The server must handle multiple concurrent connections and provide fast response
times.

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Database Server: A dedicated server to handle database operations, storing and managing user
data and real-time location information. This server should have sufficient capacity and
processing power to manage large volumes of data.

Client Devices:

Smartphones/Tablets: Users (students and teachers) need smartphones or tablets with internet
connectivity to access the web application. These devices should support modern web browsers
and have sufficient processing power to handle the application smoothly.

Driver Devices: Drivers need smartphones with GPS and internet connectivity to share their
real-time location with the system. These devices should have reliable GPS functionality and
stable internet access.

Network Infrastructure:

Internet Connectivity: Reliable internet connections for both the server and client devices to
ensure real-time data transmission and updates. High-speed internet with low latency is crucial
for maintaining the accuracy of real-time monitoring.

Router/Modem: Essential networking hardware to manage and distribute internet connectivity

to the various components of the system. A high-capacity router/modem will ensure consistent
and stable network performance.

Data Storage:

Hard Drives/SSDs: Sufficient storage capacity on servers to store user data, location
information, and other relevant data securely. High-speed storage solutions like SSDs will
improve data retrieval times and overall system performance.

Backup Solutions:

Backup Servers/Storage Devices: Hardware to regularly back up data, ensuring data integrity
and availability in case of system failures or data loss. Redundant storage solutions and regular
backup schedules will protect against data loss and system downtime.

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CHAPTER – 4

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

4.1 System Architecture

The system architecture of the real-time bus monitoring system encompasses various
components working together seamlessly to deliver accurate and timely information to users.
Below is a detailed breakdown of the architecture:

1. Client-Side (Front-End):

 User Interface (UI): The front-end of the system is developed using HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript. It includes the web pages that students, teachers, and drivers interact with.
The UI is designed to be user-friendly and responsive, ensuring a consistent experience
across different devices and screen sizes.
 Real-Time Map Display: Using Leaflet.js and Openstreetmaps API, the front-end
displays a real-time map showing the locations of the buses. Socket.io is integrated to
provide real-time updates, ensuring the map reflects the current position of buses
dynamically.

2. Server-Side (Back-End):

 Server Logic: The server-side logic is implemented using Node.js and Express.js. This
handles API requests, processes data, and manages communication between the front-
end and back-end components.
 User Authentication: PHP is used for managing user authentication processes,
including registration, login, and session management. MySQL stores user credentials
and ensures secure access to the system.
 API Layer: The system includes an API layer that handles requests from the front-end,
processes them, and sends responses back. This layer is crucial for retrieving and
sending data in real-time.

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3. Real-Time Communication:

 Socket.io: For real-time, bidirectional communication between web clients and servers.
This ensures that any changes in bus locations are immediately reflected on the user's
interface, providing up-to-date information.

4. Network Infrastructure:

 Internet Connectivity: Reliable internet connections are essential for real-time data
transmission and updates. High-speed internet with low latency is required for
maintaining the accuracy of real-time monitoring.

5. Data Management:

 Databases: The system uses two databases:

o MySQL: A relational database for storing user registration details, login
credentials, and other structured data.
o MongoDB: A NoSQL database for managing real-time location data of the
buses, providing scalability and flexibility.
 Data Storage: Efficient data retrieval and storage mechanisms ensure quick access to
information. Historical data is also stored, allowing for analysis and future
improvements.

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4.2 Data Flow Diagram

Figure 4.1 : Dataflow Diagram For Driver Module

The figure 4.1 illustrates the flow of data and actions involved when a driver interacts with a
bus tracking or management system. The process begins with the driver logging into the system
using their smartphone, typically through a dedicated web portal. This initial step is critical as
it authenticates the driver’s identity and grants access to the system’s functionalities.

Once logged in, the driver is prompted to share their location. This action involves enabling
location services on their smartphone and granting the necessary permissions for the system to
access real-time GPS data. The prompt for location sharing is essential for the subsequent steps,
as it allows the system to track the bus’s position accurately.

The system then sends a request to an Application Programming Interface (API) to retrieve the
current GPS coordinates of the bus the driver is operating. This step involves the server

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communicating with the API to gather location data. The API acts as an intermediary that
processes the request and fetches the bus's GPS coordinates from a data source, which could
be either a GPS device installed on the bus or a central server that aggregates this data.

After obtaining the GPS coordinates from the data source, the API sends the retrieved
information back to the server. The server then forwards these coordinates to the driver's
smartphone. This step ensures that the driver’s device is updated with the latest location
information, which is crucial for providing accurate real-time tracking.

The driver's smartphone receives the updated GPS coordinates from the API. This data is then
processed and can be displayed on the student interface, providing real-time updates on the
bus's location. The continuous flow of data from the driver's smartphone to the server, via the
API, ensures that the bus’s location is constantly monitored and updated, providing accurate
and timely information to the users.

This systematic process of logging in, sharing location, API communication, and data display
ensures that the bus management system operates smoothly, providing real-time location
updates that are crucial for efficient bus tracking and management. The architecture’s
efficiency hinges on the seamless interaction between the driver’s device, the server, and the
API, ensuring that users receive the most accurate and up-to-date information.

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Student Module :

Figure 4.2 : Dataflow Diagram For Student Module

The figure 4.2 depicting the interactions between a student, a server, and a database outlines a
seamless process from registration to logout, ensuring efficient and real-time bus location
monitoring. Here is a detailed breakdown of the data flow and actions involved:

Student Registration: The interaction begins with the student registration process. The student
provides essential details such as their name, email address, and password. This information is
captured through a registration form on the web application and is subsequently stored in a
database. The database management system, often MySQL for structured data, securely stores
these credentials, ensuring data integrity and security. This registration step is crucial as it
creates a unique profile for each student, enabling personalized access to the system’s features.

Student Login: Once registered, the student can log into the system using their provided
credentials (email and password). During the login process, the system validates the entered
credentials against those stored in the database. This authentication ensures that only authorized
users can access the system. Successful login not only authenticates the student but also
initiates a user session, allowing continuous interaction with the system without repeated

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logins. Secure session management is maintained throughout the student's use of the system to
protect user data and privacy.

Receive Bus Coordinates: Upon successful login, the student's device, typically a smartphone,
receives the current coordinates of the bus they are tracking. This data is fetched from the
server, which continuously updates and processes real-time location information. The server
retrieves the latest bus coordinates from a central data source, ensuring that the information
provided to the student is accurate and up-to-date. This step involves real-time communication
between the server and the client device, facilitated by technologies such as WebSockets or
APIs that support continuous data streams.

Display Bus Location: The received bus coordinates are then displayed on the student's
device. The application uses interactive map interfaces, often leveraging libraries like Leaflet.js
and APIs like Openstreetmaps, to visually represent the bus's location. The map interface
allows the student to see the exact position of the bus on its route, including any stops or delays.
This visual representation helps the student to monitor the bus's movement in real-time,
providing them with the necessary information to plan their commute effectively. Additionally,
the system may offer features such as estimated arrival times and route details to further assist
the student.

Logout: When the student no longer needs to track the bus, they can log out of the system. The
logout process securely ends the user session, ensuring that their data and privacy are protected.
This step is crucial in maintaining the security of the system, preventing unauthorized access
to the user's information. Logging out removes any active session tokens and ensures that
subsequent access requires re-authentication.

The seamless interaction between the student, server, and database ensures that the real-time
bus tracking system operates efficiently, providing accurate and timely updates to the users.
This architecture highlights the importance of secure data handling, real-time processing, and
intuitive user interfaces in delivering a reliable and user-friendly service.

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4.3 Use Case Diagram

Figure 4.3: Use case Diagram

Setup of Development Environment & Tools Installation

Setting up the development environment and installing necessary tools is a crucial first step in
the development process. This ensures that developers have the appropriate software and tools
required to write, test, and maintain the code efficiently.

Visual Studio Code (VS Code): To begin, install Visual Studio Code (VS Code), a highly
versatile and popular code editor. Even though the application is a web app, VS Code is an
excellent choice for development due to its extensive range of extensions and integrated
terminal. It supports various programming languages and provides a user-friendly interface that

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enhances productivity. With features like IntelliSense for code completion, debugging tools,
and Git integration, VS Code streamlines the coding process and helps maintain code quality.

Research and Requirements Gathering

The research and requirements gathering phase involves understanding existing solutions,
defining project requirements, and setting the foundation for the development process.

Analyze Existing Solutions: The first step in this phase is to conduct a thorough analysis of
current bus tracking systems. This involves reviewing various existing systems to identify their
strengths and limitations. By understanding what works well and what doesn't, developers can
incorporate best practices and innovative ideas into the new system. This analysis may include
studying both commercial solutions and open-source projects, as well as gathering feedback
from users of those systems.

Define Requirements: After analyzing existing solutions, the next step is to define the core
features and functionalities needed for the bus monitoring system. Key requirements include
real-time updates, user interface design, and essential features like GPS tracking. This phase
involves documenting these requirements in detail and ensuring they align with user needs.
Gathering inputs from potential users, such as students and college transportation staff, through
workshops, surveys, and interviews, is crucial. This helps ensure the system meets their
expectations and addresses any specific challenges they face.

Design Phase

The design phase involves planning the overall architecture and interactions between different
components of the system. This ensures a coherent and efficient structure that supports the
intended functionalities.

System Architecture: The system architecture outlines the structure and interaction between
various components, such as the database, server, client interface, and APIs. The architecture
should ensure seamless data flow and real-time updates between the server and client devices.
Key considerations include scalability, performance, and security. The architecture must be
designed to support future growth, handle large volumes of data, and provide robust security
measures to protect user information. This involves choosing the right technologies and

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frameworks, such as Node.js for server-side logic, Express.js for handling API requests, and
MySQL/MongoDB for database management.

Transfer Data: Data transfer is a critical aspect of the system's design, particularly for real-
time applications like bus monitoring. The design must define how real-time data will be
transferred from the driver's device to the client's (student's) interface. Efficient communication
protocols, such as WebSockets or Socket.io, will be used to ensure minimal latency and
accurate updates. The system should be capable of handling continuous data streams,
synchronizing data across devices, and ensuring consistency. This includes implementing
strategies for real-time data processing, error handling, and data validation to maintain the
integrity and reliability of the information provided to users.

4.4 Module Description

The real-time bus monitoring system is composed of several interconnected modules, each
responsible for specific functionalities. These modules work collaboratively to provide an
efficient and seamless user experience. Below is a detailed theoretical description of each
module:

User Management Module: This module handles all user-related activities, including
registration, login, authentication, and session management. It allows users such as students,
teachers, and drivers to create accounts by providing necessary details like name, email, and
password. The module securely stores these credentials in a database and validates them during
login to ensure only authorized access. It also maintains user sessions, allowing continuous
access to the system without repeated logins until the user logs out. Furthermore, it
differentiates access and functionalities based on user roles, ensuring that each type of user has
the appropriate permissions and capabilities within the system.

Location Sharing and Tracking Module: This module is responsible for capturing and
processing the real-time location data of buses. It prompts drivers to enable location services
on their smartphones and share their GPS coordinates. The module retrieves this real-time GPS
data from the driver's device and processes it through an API to ensure continuous and accurate
updates of bus locations. By interacting with external APIs, this module efficiently manages
the location data and keeps the system updated with the current positions of the buses. This
real-time tracking is crucial for providing accurate information to students and teachers.

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Map and Visualization Module: This module provides a visual representation of the bus
locations on an interactive map interface. Using technologies like Leaflet.js and the
Openstreetmaps API, it displays the real-time positions of buses. The module ensures that the
map is dynamically updated to reflect the current locations and movements of buses. Users can
interact with the map by zooming, panning, and viewing route details, which helps them
monitor bus movements and plan their commutes effectively. The visual interface makes it
easy for users to understand the real-time data and make informed decisions.

Data Management and Storage Module: This module manages the storage, retrieval, and
processing of user data and real-time location information. It integrates with databases such as
MySQL for storing user registration details and MongoDB for managing real-time location
data. The module ensures efficient data retrieval and storage, allowing quick access to
information when needed. It also maintains historical data for analysis and future
improvements, enabling the system to learn from past data and enhance its performance over
time. Proper data management is crucial for the reliability and efficiency of the system.

Real-Time Communication Module: This module facilitates real-time communication

between the server and client devices. By integrating Socket.io, it enables bidirectional
communication, allowing for instant updates of bus locations. This ensures that any changes in
bus locations are immediately reflected on the user's interface, providing up-to-date
information. The module also handles data synchronization across multiple devices, ensuring
consistency and accuracy. Effective error handling mechanisms are implemented to manage
communication errors and ensure reliable data transmission. Real-time communication is vital
for maintaining the accuracy and responsiveness of the system.

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CHAPTER – 5

SUMMARY

The real-time bus monitoring system project aims to develop an efficient and user-friendly
platform that provides accurate and up-to-date information about the location of college buses.
The system is designed to enhance the commuting experience for students and teachers by
offering real-time monitoring of bus locations through a web-based application.

The project begins with the setup of the development environment and installation of essential
tools. Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is chosen as the primary code editor due to its versatility
and extensive range of extensions. This setup ensures that developers have the necessary tools
to write, debug, and maintain the code efficiently.

The next phase involves thorough research and requirements gathering. This includes
analyzing existing bus tracking systems to identify their strengths and limitations, which helps
in incorporating best practices and innovative features into the new system. The core
requirements are defined, focusing on functionalities such as real-time updates, user interface
design, and role-based access control.

In the design phase, the system architecture is planned to ensure seamless interaction between
various components, including the database, server, client interface, and APIs. Data transfer
mechanisms are established to ensure real-time updates from the driver’s device to the student’s
interface. Efficient communication protocols like WebSockets or Socket.io are used to
minimize latency and ensure accurate data synchronization.

The system comprises several key modules, each responsible for specific functionalities. The
User Management Module handles registration, login, authentication, and session
management, ensuring secure and personalized access to the system. The Location Sharing and
Tracking Module captures and processes real-time location data from the drivers, utilizing GPS
and API integrations for continuous updates.

The Map and Visualization Module provides a visual representation of bus locations on an
interactive map interface, allowing users to monitor bus movements in real-time. This module
uses Leaflet.js and the Openstreetmaps API to display accurate and dynamic map updates. The

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Data Management and Storage Module manages the storage, retrieval, and processing of user
data and real-time location information, using MySQL for structured data and MongoDB for
real-time data.

Real-time communication is facilitated by the Real-Time Communication Module, which

integrates Socket.io to enable bidirectional communication between the server and client
devices. This ensures that any changes in bus locations are immediately reflected on the user’s
interface. The Security and Privacy Module implements robust security measures, including
data encryption and role-based access control, to protect user data and ensure privacy.

Administrative tasks are handled by the Administrative and Management Module, which
provides tools for managing user accounts, monitoring system performance, and generating
reports on system usage and bus movements. This module ensures that the system is well-
maintained and can adapt to changing requirements.

Throughout the development process, rigorous testing is conducted to ensure the system’s
reliability, performance, and usability. Unit testing verifies the functionality of individual
components, while integration testing ensures seamless interaction between the front-end,
back-end, and database. User testing gathers feedback from students and teachers to further
refine and improve the system.

The final deployment phase involves deploying the web application on a live server, making it
accessible to users. Comprehensive documentation is provided, detailing the system
architecture, codebase, installation instructions, and usage guidelines. A final review is
conducted to ensure the system meets all specified requirements and delivers a reliable and
user-friendly service.

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CHAPTER – 6

SNAPSHOTS OF THE RESULT

6.1 User login Code Snippets:

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6.2 Real-time location tracker Code Snippets:

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6.3 Results:

Figure 6.3.1 :- User registration page to securely create accounts by entering

name, email, and password.

Figure 6.3.2 :- Sign-in page for users to securely log in using their email and
password

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Figure 6.3.3 :- Select your role: driver or student, to tailor the system's
features to your needs

Figure 6.3.4 :- Displays the current location of the bus in real-time on an

interactive map.

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CONCLUSION

The real-time bus tracking system project successfully developed a robust and efficient
platform to improve the commuting experience for students. By providing accurate bus location
updates, the system ensures that students and teachers have reliable information about bus
arrivals and movements, reducing uncertainty and enhancing daily schedules.

The system's integration of GPS tracking allows for real-time monitoring of bus locations,
significantly improving the accuracy of the updates. The backend, powered by PHP and
MySQL, ensures efficient data management and secure user authentication, providing a reliable
foundation for the application's operations.

Utilizing Openstreetmaps and Socket.io, the system displays real-time bus locations on an
interactive map interface, allowing users to visualize the exact position and movement of their
buses. This web-based application not only improves commuting efficiency but also enhances
the overall reliability of the college transportation system.

Looking ahead, the project envisions several enhancements to further improve the system.
Mobile application integration will expand accessibility by offering iOS and Android versions,
providing users with even more convenience. Advanced analytics will leverage predictive
algorithms for route optimization and real-time traffic-based adjustments, ensuring efficient
and timely bus operations. Implementing real-time notifications will keep users informed about
bus arrivals, delays, and schedule changes, enhancing the system's responsiveness and user
satisfaction.

Moreover, AI-based bus scheduling will dynamically optimize bus schedules based on demand
and traffic conditions, further streamlining the transportation system. Finally, integrating user
feedback mechanisms will allow for continuous improvement of the system based on real user
experiences and suggestions, ensuring that the platform remains user-centric and responsive to
evolving needs.

Additionally, environmental impact analysis will be a future focus, assessing and minimizing
the system's ecological footprint by optimizing routes for fuel efficiency and reducing overall

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emissions. This aligns with sustainability goals and promotes environmentally friendly
practices in college transportation. Furthermore, integration with public transportation
networks can provide comprehensive travel planning for students, incorporating both college
bus schedules and public transit options. This holistic approach will enhance connectivity and
convenience, making it easier for students to navigate their commutes efficiently.

In summary, the real-time bus tracking system has laid a solid foundation for enhancing the
reliability and efficiency of college transportation. With planned future enhancements, the
system will continue to evolve, providing even greater convenience and efficiency for its users.

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REFRENCES

Kumbhar, M., Mastud, P., Survase, M. D., Salunke, A., & Sirdeshpande, S.
(2015). Real time web based bus tracking system. Proceedings of Research
Conference.

Singh, P. M. S. (2021). Real time bus tracking system. International Research

Journal of Engineering Sciences, 7(2), 39-41.

Ingle, A. (2022). Bus tracking system with live location and passenger
information. Transportation Technology Journal.

Rahman, M. M. (2020). Real time Google map and Arduino based vehicle
tracking system. Vehicle Tracking Research Proceedings.

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