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Unit II
Writing the
Rationale/
Introduction

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Lesson 1: Parts of a Rationale

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the learners must have:

1. Identified and define key components of a rationale
2. Demonstrated understanding of how to construct a well-structured rationale

Preview

In this lesson, "Parts of a Rationale," learners will conduct a thorough examination of the key
aspects that make up a compelling argument. With specific learning objectives in mind, participants will
begin by identifying and defining key components of a rationale. By analyzing the intricate architecture
of a rationale, students will gain proficiency in identifying key parts such as issue statements, research
questions, and supporting evidence. This fundamental understanding serves as the framework for our
second objective, in which learners will actively apply their knowledge. Learners will gain the skills
necessary to produce a well-structured rationale through hands-on exercises and interesting
conversations. This hands-on approach guarantees that participants not only understand theoretical
topics but also develop the practical skills required to produce persuasive and cohesive arguments.

By the completion of this session, learners will have gained the knowledge and abilities
necessary to understand the components of a rationale and, more importantly, utilize this knowledge to
develop persuasive and well-structured arguments. The voyage promises a dynamic combination of
theory and practice, generating a greater respect for the art and science of rationale formation.

Read

What is the Study's Rationale?

The reason for the study is the rationale for embarking on a particular investigation. It describes
why the study was or should be done. This means that the study rationale should explain to the reader
or examiner why the study is/was conducted. It is sometimes known as the "purpose" or "justification"
of a study. While this is not difficult to understand, you may be wondering how the study's rationale
differs from your research question or the explanation of the problem of your study, as well as how it
fits into the remainder of the thesis or research paper.

The rationale of the study connects the study's background to your specific research issue,
justifying the latter based on the former. In summary, you first present and discuss current data on the
topic, and then you inform the reader, based on the background material you have presented, where
you noticed holes or difficulties and why you believe they are crucial to address. Finally, the problem
statement is the phrasing of the specific research issue you have chosen to study, logically coming from
your rationale and the approach you intend to take to do so.

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Parts of the Introduction to the Study

Background of the Study

The background of a study is the first portion of the paper and gives the context for the
investigation. It includes the reasoning, the major problem statement, and a summary of the research
questions addressed throughout the remainder of the study. The background serves as the study's crux
since it clearly and logically introduces an unaware audience to the research and its value. The
background may even be investigated if the study adds to or contradicts existing research findings. Any
pertinent information that readers require before digging into the document should be made available
in the background.

The length and depth offered in the background varied amongst research publications,
depending on the complexity and novelty of the research topic. Even if the study is complex, a simple
background can sometimes suffice.

Before writing and adding information in the background, consider these additional points:

1. Start with a strong beginning: Begin with a strong foundation by defining the study topic and
identifying the target audience.

2. Cover crucial components: Thoroughly explain any theories, concepts, phrases, or ideas that
the target audience may be unfamiliar with.

3. Take notice of crucial prerequisites: Thoroughly review the appropriate literature. Take
notes while reading and cite your sources.

4. Maintain a balance: Ensure that the background is focused on key elements while still
appealing to a larger audience.

5. Include historical data: Many current issues stem from historical events or discoveries. If the
research relies on historical context, include pertinent data in the backdrop.

6. Explain novelty: If the research study or approach is distinctive or novel, provide an

explanation that will assist readers in comprehending the research better.

7. Increase engagement: Increase interest by creating a story around the research's key idea.

Theoretical Framework (For Quantitative Research)

A theoretical framework is a fundamental review of existing theories that acts as a road map for
building the arguments you will employ in your research.

Researchers build theories to explain facts, establish connections, and anticipate outcomes. In a
theoretical framework, you explain the current theories that underpin your research, demonstrating
that your paper or thesis topic is both relevant and anchored in known concepts.

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In other words, your theoretical framework validates and contextualizes your subsequent study,
making it an essential initial step for your research paper, thesis, or dissertation. A well-rounded
theoretical framework prepares you for success later in the research and writing process.

Epistemological and Theoretical Perspectives (For Qualitative Research)

Qualitative research gives a plethora of information, generally in a natural setting with little
manipulation, to provide spontaneous results (Merriam, 2009 in Lisa Hautly Wellness, 2016). The
information acquired may be used to improve quantitative outcomes or to enrich background
knowledge that would otherwise be difficult to get using quantitative designs (Muntaner & Gómez, 2003
in Lisa Hautly Wellness, 2016). The advantages of employing qualitative data can be best appreciated by
looking at the underlying philosophical perspectives, particularly from an epistemological standpoint, as
the nature of knowledge is defined and classed by purpose and design. By doing so, "it allows us our
insight and our blindness, and on a primary level cuts our research into what is acceptable and
unacceptable" (Tennis, 2008 in Lisa Hautly Wellness, 2016).

An epistemological viewpoint offers a framework for predicting, describing, empowering, and

deconstructing population-specific worldviews, broadening the basis of knowledge and leading to a
better understanding of the aim of qualitative research (Merriam 2009 in Lisa Hautly Wellness, 2016).

Merriam (2009 in Lisa Hautly Wellness, 2016) lists four major epistemological perspectives:
positivist/postpositivist, interpretive/constructivist, critical, and postmodern/poststructural. The
positivist/postpositivist approach seeks to examine and quantify reality, whereas the
interpretive/constructivist approach seeks to investigate populations' various realities, descriptions, and
experiences (Merriam, 2009). A critical method seeks to empower and identify emancipatory
information, whereas a postmodern/poststructural approach deconstructs past facts and rationales
(Merriam 2009 in Lisa Hautly Wellness, 2016).

On the other hand, a theoretical perspective contributes to a framework for understanding the
topic under research. It can assist the researcher in identifying relevant concepts and variables and
understanding how they may be related to one another.

Choosing a theoretical perspective, for example, might be critical for psychological qualitative
research because it defines how a researcher approaches and comprehends the many mental processes
and human behaviors being studied. A well-chosen theoretical perspective serves as the foundation for
the research, guiding the selection of research topics, methodology, data collection, and data analysis
procedures. Furthermore, it places the study into the greater context of psychological theories and
understanding, ensuring that the findings add meaningfully to the current body of knowledge. By
adopting an appropriate theoretical perspective, such as cognitive, behavioral, or psychodynamic, the
researcher can address potential biases and assumptions, increasing the credibility, validity, and
reliability of psychological findings.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework depicts the link you expect to see between your variables, or the
features or properties you intend to investigate.

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Conceptual frameworks can be written or visual, and are typically created based on a survey of
previous research on your issue.

When developing a conceptual framework, consider these steps:

1. Choose a research question: Your research question directs your efforts by specifying
precisely what you want to discover, giving your research approach a clear focus.

2. Select your independent and dependent variables: To move forward with your research
question and test a cause-and-effect relationship, you must first identify at least two key
variables: your independent and dependent variables.

3. Visualize the relationship: Now that you've determined your research topic and variables,
the first step in developing your conceptual framework is to visualize the expected
relationship.

4. Identify more influencing variables: It is critical to find other variables that may influence the
relationship between your independent and dependent variables early in the research
process. Moderating, mediating, and control variables are examples of often-used variables.

Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem is one of the first things that a coworker or potential client will
read. With the immense amount of information available at one's fingertips in the online9 world, your
work may only have a few seconds to entice a reader to take a closer look at your proposal before
proceeding to the next alternative. It rapidly informs the reader about the topic at hand, the necessity
for research, and how you intend to conduct it.

A strong, unambiguous description of the topic that motivated your research must be basic,
easy to understand, and, most importantly, relevant. Why are you concerned about this problem? How
would fixing this problem affect the world? The problem statement allows you to express why you care
about the problem and what you intend to do to explore it.

It is expected to be brief and succinct, without study findings or extensive data. The average
length of a research statement is one page. It will define the problem, which can be regarded of as a gap
in the knowledge base. There may be various solutions to this knowledge gap, but the problem
statement is not concerned with that. Its objective is to consolidate current information and identify
areas where a lack of understanding may produce an issue that requires further investigation.

The goal of the problem statement is to identify the issue that is causing concern and focus it in
such a way that it can be studied in a methodical manner. It identifies the problem and suggests a
method for researching a solution, or it explains why more information is required before a solution can
be implemented.

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Hypothesis (For Quantitative Research)

A research hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected
outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). To constitute a quality hypothesis, the
statement needs to have three attributes – specificity, clarity, and testability.

A hypothesis is a guess or suggestion that you make to see if it is true. A research hypothesis is a
statement that raises a question and anticipates what may occur.

It plays a vital role in the scientific method and is utilized in experiments to solve problems.
Essentially, it's an informed assumption about how things are related in the research.

A research hypothesis often includes identifying the independent variable (what they're
changing or researching) and the dependent variable (the outcome they're measuring or monitoring). It
aids in the planning of data collection and analysis to determine whether evidence exists to support or
refute the expected relationship between these variables.

There are different types of research hypotheses:

1. Null Hypothesis
2. Alternative Hypothesis
3. Directional Hypothesis
4. Non-Directional Hypothesis
5. Simple Hypothesis
6. Complex Hypothesis
7. Associate Hypothesis
8. Causal Hypothesis
9. Empirical Hypothesis
10. Statistical Hypothesis

Assumption of the Study (For Qualitative Research)

One of the first and most critical steps in drafting a thesis is to determine what assumptions
your readers are likely to make. Assumptions are the foundation of research, which is why they are
critical to the validity and credibility of your findings. The research problem cannot exist in the absence
of assumptions, because these assumptions have a direct impact on the kind of inferences that can be
drawn from your research.

Assumptions are beliefs that are accepted as true. They are often implicit, which means we are
not consciously aware of them. Assumptions can be founded on our own experiences, opinions, or
knowledge.

For example, we might believe that the globe is round, that all individuals are created equal, or
that customers prefer high-quality products and services. Assumptions can be useful since they allow us
to make quick decisions without having to consider everything carefully. However, they can be harmful
since they cause us to make mistakes.

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Definition of Terms

The definition of terms portion of a research paper gives a clear and succinct explanation of
essential concepts, variables, and terminology utilized throughout the study.

In the definitions section, researchers often include exact definitions for specific technical
words, acronyms, jargon, and any other domain-specific language used in their research. This
component improves the overall quality and rigor of the research by laying the groundwork for effective
communication and comprehension.

Loosely speaking, a conceptual definition explains what to measure or observe (what a word or
a term means for your study), and an operational definition defines exactly how to measure or observe
it.

For example, in a study of stress in students during a university semester, a conceptual

definition would describe what is meant by 'stress'. An operational definition would describe how the
'stress' would be measured.

Significance of the Study

A study's significance stems from its importance. It refers to the study's contribution(s) and
impact on a certain scientific field. The relevance also indicates who will gain from the research findings
and how.

A study’s significance should spark the interest of the reader. Researchers will be able to
appreciate your work better when they understand the relevance and its (potential) impact. Peer
reviewers also assess the significance of the work, which will influence the decision made
(acceptance/rejection) on the manuscript.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

All scientific research has boundaries, regardless of how precisely the authors explain them. The
scope and delimitations of your investigation are the portions in which you outline the research's broad
parameters and boundaries.

The scope of your study specifies what it will investigate, such as the target population, extent,
or study period. Delimitations are characteristics and variables that were not included in the study.

Scope and constraints are not methodological flaws; they are always within your control.
Discussing them is vital since it demonstrates that your idea is manageable and scientifically sound.

Implement

Classroom Activity: Research Introduction Puzzle

Objective: To reinforce understanding of the components of a research study introduction in a fun and
interactive way.

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Materials:

Index cards or small paper squares

Markers
Large poster paper or whiteboard
Tape
Instructions:

Introduction

Briefly review the key components of a research study introduction with the class.
Emphasize the importance of each component in setting the stage for a research study.
Preparation

Write down the names of the components (e.g., Background, Theoretical Framework, Statement of the
Problem, etc.) on individual index cards or paper squares.
Create multiple sets of these cards (one set for each small group).

Group Formation:

Divide the class into small groups (3-5 students per group).

Puzzle Challenge:

Give each group a set of index cards with the names of the components.
Instruct the groups to arrange the cards in the correct order to form a complete research study
introduction on a large poster paper or whiteboard.
Encourage them to discuss and collaborate on the placement of each component.

Review and Discussion:

After the allotted time, have each group present their completed "puzzle" to the class.
Facilitate a discussion on why they arranged the components in a particular order.
Clarify any misconceptions and highlight the importance of logical flow.

Interactive Feedback:

Allow other groups to provide feedback or suggestions for improvement to the presenting group.
Encourage constructive comments related to the clarity and coherence of the presented introduction.
Individual Reflection:

Ask each student to reflect on the activity, noting any challenges they faced and what they learned
about the organization of a research study introduction.
Closure (5 minutes):

Summarize the key takeaways from the activity.

Reinforce the importance of clear and logical introductions in research studies.

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Assessment:

Assess the completed "puzzles" for correctness and logical arrangement of components.
Evaluate individual reflections on the learning experience.

Mind On

1. What is the role of the study's rationale in a research paper, and how does it differ from the
research question and problem statement?

2. In the section about the "Background of the Study," what are some key considerations
mentioned for creating an effective background, and why is it considered the crux of the study?

3. How does a conceptual framework differ from a theoretical framework, and what are the steps
suggested for developing a conceptual framework in a research study?

Evaluate

Short Answer:

1. Define the term "conceptual framework" in the context of a research study.

2. Briefly explain why the background of a study is considered the crux of the research.

Application:

Imagine you are tasked with constructing the rationale for a research study on the impact of technology
on student learning. List three key components you would include in your rationale and briefly explain
why each is important.

References

AJE team. (2022, October 19). Scope and Delimitations in Research | AJE. Www.aje.com.
https://www.aje.com/arc/scope-and-delimitations-in-research/

ATLAS.ti. (n.d.). Theoretical Perspective in Qualitative Research. https://atlasti.com/guides/qualitative-

research-guide-part-1/theoretical-perspective

Collaborators, Q. (2023, November 16). Research Hypothesis: What It Is, Types + How to Develop?
QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-hypothesis/

CW Authors. (n.d.). How to write the significance of a study? | Www.cwauthors.com.

https://www.cwauthors.com/article/writing-the-significance-of-a-
study#:~:text=The%20significance%20of%20a%20study%20is%20its%20importance.

Dunn (Dunn 2021), B. on C. 2 and 4 of ’’Scientific R. and M. by P. K. (n.d.). 1.2 Conceptual and
operational definitions | STM1001 Topic 2B (Science and Health). In bookdown.org. Retrieved

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March 6, 2024, from https://bookdown.org/a_shaker/STM1001_Topic_2B_Sci_S/1.2-

OperationDefinitions.html#:~:text=Two%20types%20of%20definitions%20can

Elsevier. (2022, April 4). What is a Problem Statement? With Examples | Author Services Blog. Elsevier
Author Services - Articles. https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/research-
process/what-problem-statement-examples/

Elsevier. (2022, August 17). What is the Background of a Study and How Should it be Written? | Elsevier
Author Services. Elsevier Author Services - Articles. https://scientific-
publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/manuscript-preparation/what-background-study-and-how-
should-it-be-
written/#:~:text=The%20background%20of%20a%20study%20is%20the%20first%20section%20
of

Jansen, D. (2020, June 8). What Is A Research Hypothesis? A Simple Definition. Grad Coach.
https://gradcoach.com/what-is-a-research-hypothesis-or-scientific-
hypothesis/#:~:text=A%20research%20hypothesis%20(also%20called

Jax, C. (n.d.). How to Form a Theoretical Study of a Dissertation | Synonym. Classroom.synonym.com.

https://classroom.synonym.com/form-theoretical-study-dissertation-12142.html

Journey, A. L. (2023, October 21). Assumptions and hypotheses: The difference and why it matters.
Medium. https://alearnerjourney.medium.com/assumptions-and-hypotheses-the-difference-
and-why-it-matters-b363ad4dfe00

Kevin. (2022, January 16). What Does “Rationale” Mean in a Research Paper? Wordvice.
https://blog.wordvice.com/rationale-of-the-study/

Lisa Hautly Wellness. (2016, February 9). Qualitative, I. Lisa Hautly Wellness.
https://lisahautly.com/blog/epistemological-perspectives-in-qualitative-research

Pedada, S. (2023, November 20). Confusion to Clarity: Definition of Terms in a Research Paper. Mind the
Graph Blog. https://mindthegraph.com/blog/definition-of-terms-in-research-paper/

Swaen, B., & George, T. (2015, December 7). Constructing a conceptual framework. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual-
framework/#:~:text=A%20conceptual%20framework%20is%20a

Vinz, S. (2022, October 14). What Is a Theoretical Framework? | Guide to Organizing. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/theoretical-
framework/#:~:text=A%20theoretical%20framework%20is%20a

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Lesson 2: Organizing the Rationale

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the learners must have:

1. Identified and categorize key components of a rationale

2. Demonstrated the ability to sequence the identified components of a rationale in a logical and
coherent manner, emphasizing the importance of a structured and systematic approach to
organizing information within the rationale section of a research paper or study

Preview

In our forthcoming session on "Organizing the Rationale," we will go over the critical parts of
creating a well-structured and cohesive justification for a research study. The first goal is to improve the
students' capacity to identify and categorize key components such as the study's purpose, background
information, and issue statement. Through interactive exercises and discussions, students will get a
thorough understanding of the fundamental components of a rationale. The second purpose will help
students apply their knowledge to efficiently organize these components. Emphasizing the importance
of logical order, students will investigate how a well-organized rationale contributes to the overall clarity
and coherence of a research report.

Students will learn how to write a convincing and well-organized reasoning for a successful
research project through practical exercises and applications. The goal of this workshop is to provide
students with the tools they need to negotiate the complexities of reasoning construction and improve
their ability to establish a solid basis for their research projects.

Read

When Is the Rationale Written

The research rationale is the "why"

underpinning all academic research. It not only
defines the study, but also its aims, questions,
and expected results. It also helps to identify
the study's potential shortcomings. It acts as a
lighthouse for researchers, guiding them
through data gathering and analysis while
keeping their efforts focused and purposeful.

Typically, a rationale appears at the

opening of a research proposal or article. It is a
crucial component of the introduction part and
serves as the foundation for the entire study.
Furthermore, it gives readers a clear grasp of the research's objective and significance before digging
into the specifics of the study. In certain circumstances, the rationale appears before the technique,
data analysis, and other components. It also justifies the research and its contribution to the area.

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5 Important Elements of a Research Rationale

Certain components must be included in the research rationale to increase its impact. Here are
the main components of a research rationale:

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How to Write a Rationale

Writing a rationale necessitates careful examination of the grounds for carrying out the
investigation. It is typically written in the present tense.

Here are some steps to walk you through the process of drafting a research rationale:

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Basic Components of the Rationale

Every research reason should incorporate at least one of the following:

1. An overview of your findings from the literature review

2. Existing knowledge gaps
3. Previous investigations yielded inconclusive or controversial findings.
4. The desire to expand on prior studies (e.g., unsolved questions, updating concepts in light of
new results and/or technological improvements).

Importance of a Good Introduction

Consider the introduction to be a mental road map that answers the following four questions for
the reader:

What do I study?
Why is this topic worth investigating?
What do we know about this topic before I conduct this research?
How will this research increase our understanding?

A well-written introduction is essential because, quite simply, you never have another chance to
make a good first impression. The first paragraph of your paper will provide your readers an immediate
idea of the logic of your argument, your writing style, the general quality of your research, and, finally,
the legitimacy of your results and conclusions. A vague, disorganized, or error-filled introduction will
leave a bad impression, whereas a concise, engaging, and well-written introduction will make your
readers think highly of your analytical abilities, writing style, and research strategy.

Implement

Building a Story with a Clear Rationale

Enhance creativity, storytelling skills, and understanding of the importance of organizing ideas.

Materials Needed:
1. Large paper or whiteboard.
2. Markers or colored pencils.
3. Story prompt cards (pre-prepared with simple ideas or characters).
4. Chart paper or poster board.

Duration:

Instructions:

1. Introduction
- Begin by discussing the concept of storytelling and its structure. Emphasize that a good story has a
clear beginning, middle, and end.
- Introduce the idea that stories often have a purpose or reason behind them, just like how researchers
have a rationale for their studies.

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2. Story Prompt Cards and Rationale Introduction

- Show the class a few examples of story prompt cards, explaining that these will help kickstart their
creativity.
- Introduce the concept of a rationale as the "why" behind a story or research. Explain that just like a
story needs a purpose, research studies need a clear rationale to guide them.

3. Group Activity - Brainstorming

- Divide the class into small groups and provide each group with a story prompt card.
- Instruct the groups to discuss and come up with a short story based on the prompt, focusing on
identifying the purpose or message of the story (the rationale).

4. Story Building with Rationale

- Each group will present their story to the class, emphasizing the purpose or rationale behind their
narrative.
- As each group presents, write down key points of their rationale on the chart paper or poster board.

5. Discussion on Organizing Ideas

- Lead a discussion about the importance of organizing ideas, both in storytelling and in research.
Relate the rationale of a research study to the purpose of a story.
- Emphasize that organizing ideas helps keep the story (or research) focused and understandable to
the audience.

6. Interactive Story on the Whiteboard

- As a class, build a collaborative story on the whiteboard, ensuring that each addition to the story
aligns with the overall rationale discussed earlier.

7. Conclusion
- Conclude the activity by reviewing the collaborative story and its rationale. Discuss how organizing
ideas helped in creating a coherent and purposeful narrative.
- Encourage students to think about how they can apply the concept of organizing ideas in their own
writing and academic work.

Homework Assignment:
Ask students to write a short paragraph explaining the rationale behind their group's story. They should
identify the purpose or message of the story and how it influenced the plot and characters. This
assignment reinforces the connection between storytelling and organizing ideas, preparing students for
future writing tasks and research projects.

Mind On

1. Why is the research rationale considered the "why" underpinning academic research?

2. In what ways does the rationale serve as a lighthouse for researchers?

3. What are the four questions that a well-written introduction should answer for the reader?

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Evaluate

Matching Exercise:

Objective: Identify and categorize key components of a rationale.

Task: Provide a list of components (e.g., aims, questions, existing knowledge gaps) and ask students to
match each component with its description or function within a rationale.

Sequencing Activity:

Objective: Demonstrate the ability to sequence components of a rationale in a logical and coherent
manner.
Task: Present students with a jumbled set of rationale components and ask them to arrange the
components in the correct order. This can be done through a hands-on activity, online drag-and-drop
exercise, or written response.

Concept Mapping:

Objective: Visualize the relationships between components in a rationale.

Task: Ask students to create a concept map illustrating the connections between different elements of a
research rationale. This visual representation can help assess their understanding of the relationships
and hierarchy among the components.

Role-play Presentation:

Objective: Demonstrate the importance of a structured and systematic approach to organizing

information within the rationale section.
Task: Assign each student a role, either as a researcher presenting their rationale or as an audience
member evaluating the presentation. Students presenting should emphasize the structured approach,
and audience members should assess the clarity and coherence of the rationale.

Group Discussion:

Objective: Discuss and analyze the significance of a well-written introduction in the context of a research
rationale.
Task: Divide the class into small groups and provide a set of discussion questions related to the
importance of introductions in academic writing. Encourage groups to share their insights and present a
summary to the class.

References

Charlesworth Author Services. (2021, November 19). How to write the rationale for your research | CW
Authors. Www.cwauthors.com. https://www.cwauthors.com/article/how-to-write-the-
rationale-for-your-research

Nair, A. (2023, August 25). How to write rationale in research. Enago Academy.
https://www.enago.com/academy/rationale-in-research/

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Sacred Heart University. (2010). Research Guides: Organizing Academic Research Papers: 4. The
Introduction. Sacredheart.edu. https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185916

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