FORENSIC 1 – PHOTOGRAPHY

Coverage: SEMI- FINAL

`````These are the influencing factors of depth of field.
A fundamental characteristic of a lens is its focal length. A. Size of a diaphragm opening.
 Focal length – it is the distance measured from the a. The smaller the opening, the longer is the
optical center of the lens to the lens to the film plane depth of field.
when the lens is set or focused at infinity position or b. The wider the opening, the shorter is the
far distance. depth of field.
- the focal length of a lens establishes the field of - Exceptions: the rule is the presence or the effect of
view of the camera. The shorter the focal length is, diffraction when a small opening is used.
the larger the field of view.
B. The focal length of the lens.
A. Types of lenses according to focal length a. The shorter the focal length the wider or
- Wide angle lens longer is the depth of field.
- Standard lens b. The longer the focal length the shorter is
- Telephoto lens the depth of field.
- Zoom lens
B. Film holder C. Circle of confusion
- Components of a film holder a. The size of the circle of confusion which is
C. Shutter considered acceptable.
- Several types of camera shutter Circle of confusion – refers to a small circle which is
seen by the eye, not as a circle but a dot or point.
LENS DIAPHRAGM
 in between the lens D. Hyperfocal distance
component of a - it is the nearest distance at which a lens if
camera is a metal focused with a given particular diaphragm opening
diaphragm which which will give the maximum depth of field.
can be expanded or
constricted by 3. Diaphragm As Controller Of Definition.
moving a turning - The term “definition” is the ability of the lens to
ring on the lens form clear images of fine details.
mount or barrel. - decreasing the lens aperture improves definition as
 The diaphragm serves as controller of speed, depth it removes the small amount of haze caused by
of field and definitions. residual aberrations.

1. Diaphragm As A Controller Of Speed FOCUSING

- By expanding or constricting the diaphragm, it is  Is defined as the setting of the proper distance in
possible to regulate the amount of light passing order to form a sharp image.
through the lens.  It is the main factor that will determine the
- The diaphragm serves as a speed throttle. sharpness of the images on a photograph. (aside
from the motion of the subject)
The lowest number of f-numbers is the widest opening
which gives the most amount of light.

The highest number of f-numbers is the smallest opening

which gives the least amount of light.

2. Diaphragm As Controller of Depth of Field

Depth of field – is defined as the distance between the

nearest and the farthest object in apparent sharp focus
when the lens is set or focused on a given distance.
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Methods of Focusing 3. Groundglass – this method of focusing is
1. Scale-bed or focusing scale – on the mount or the accomplished by direct observation of the image of
barrel of the camera lens there are 2 sets of pre- the subject on a glass with finely grounded surface
setted distance expressed in ft. and in m. These known as groundglass.
distances correspond to the distance from the - the point of focus is where the image is sharpest.
camera lens to the subject. If the image appears to be blurred, fuzzy or not
sharp, it is out of focus.
a. To focus on this method, one has to use a Parallax – it is the change of appearance and orientation of
measuring device and actually measure the objects when seen from two viewpoints. It is also used to
distance from the lens of the camera to refer to the distance between the viewpoints themselves.
the subject.
b. If not possible, estimation, calculation or
approximation of this particular distance
can be resorted.
Note: the accuracy of the focus is dependent
upon the accuracy of estimation, calculation,
or approximation.

2. Rangefinders – is a mechanism used to measure

the angle of convergence of light as seen from two
apertures or opening but viewed at the same time.
- In modern cameras, the rangefinder is coupled Types of a Camera
with the viewfinder. 1. View Camera – light comes directly through the lens to
- rangefinder camera allowed the photographer to the viewing screen. Photographers’ sees exactly what
make a quick expxosures because they focus using will be on the negative. Sheet film (large format) is
a dual-image range finding device used.

2 Types of Rangefinders
a. Split image - to determine the focus of this
type, pick a straight line in the subject and
view it on the circle. If the straight line is
cut and separated from each other, the
focusing is not correct.
- This type of focusing is standard for single
lens reflex camera
Solution:
- rotate the barrel of the lens until the said
straight line is viewed as straight and the
lens are in focus.

b. Co-incidence image – these are used on

compact cameras with fixed lens.
- to focus on this method, pick a single
detail in the subject for viewing in the
viewfinder. If the single detail chosen
appears with double image, the distance or
focus is incorrect.
Solution:
- rotate the lens barrel until the 2 images
viewed will coincide with each other and
the subject is now in focus.
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2. Twin Lens Reflex – two lenses with same focal length,
one of the lenses is the photographic objective or
“taking lens” (the lens that takes the picture), while the
other is used for the viewfinder system, which is
usually viewed from above at waist level.

3. Viewfinder/ Rangefinder – 35mm, roll film,

separate viewing and picture taking lenses

4. Single Lens
Reflex – uses a
mirror and
prism to view through the picture taking lens
- it uses the lens for composing and focusing and it is
the best way to take a photo.
- there is no reverse or inversed image (pabalikatad na
image)
- 35mm roll film
- removable lens which can be changes
depending
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5. Digital Camera – is a hardware device that captures
photographs and stores the images as data on a
memory card. Instead of recording the images on film,
they are recorded digitally. Once a picture has been
taken, it can be downloaded to a computer system,
manipulated with a graphics program, and printed.

Advantages:
1. Save time and resources
- Can store a huge amount of pictures.
- There is no need to wait to process the film and
risk to damage it.
- You can access your photos using your computer
or any tv monitor
- Can be edited with the use of any existing
programs nowadays.
- Can produce a soft copy, and hard copy of
pictures through printing.
2. There are a lot of functions that can help such as face
detection, night vision, and motion detection and so on
depending on a camera model.
- these features makes the photo better and allow
the photographer to take pictures on night with sa
the same quality as on day.
2. There is a video function which can record and also
take pictures on the same camera.

Disadvantages:
1. This type of camera need more energy in order to use
all those functions and this is sometimes expensive
when you need to make many pictures
2. The price is higher for the digital cameras.

Accessories of a camera
1. Tripod
2. Cable release
3. Flash units
4. Light meter
5. Extension tube
6. Filter classification of filters
7. Lens hood

Shutter speed control

Diaphragm control
F – numbers
Depth of field
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What are the several factors that may affect the depth of field?
Exposure (bracketing, exposure meter, flash photography, on camera flash, off camera flash, umbrella flash, ring flash)
Photographic filters (optical and particle or solution filter)
- Color filter
1. Filter factor
2. Types of filter (light balancing filter, color compensating filter, neutral density filter, polarizing filter\
3. Special application of filter (enumerate)
Camera Care (enumerate)
FORENSIC 1 – PHOTOGRAPHY