Domain 2.

0
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
• Classify common types of input/output device interfaces
• Given a scenario, set up and install common peripheral devices to a
laptop/PC
• Explain the purpose of common internal computing components
• Compare and contrast common Internet service types
• Compare and contrast storage types
• Compare and contrast common computing devices and their purposes
• Explain basic networking concepts
• Given a scenario, install, configure and secure a basic wireless network
Domain 2.1
Classify common types of input/output device interfaces
Networking
• Wired
• Telephone connector (RJ-11)
• Standard for the POTS, Plain old telephone systems
• Not the descriptor for the cable, but for the connection type
• 4 wires connectors for the wires internally
• Can pass data and voice traffic
Networking
• Ethernet connector (RJ-45)
• Standard connector for Cat3 through Cat 6
networking cable
• RJ-45 is NOT the descriptor for the cable, it
is for the connection type
Wireless
• Bluetooth
• NFC
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth allows users to create a PAN, personal area network
• Bluetooth is just about everywhere you look today
• Headphones, cars, speakers, mice, keyboards, wearables
• Shorter range that WiFi or cellular
• 0 – 300 feet depending on device and interference
• Uses the 2.4Ghz frequency band
• 79 channels used
NFC
• Near Field Communication is another low power, small footprint, type
wireless like Bluetooth…but closer
• Near field communication is an offshoot of radio-frequency
identification (RFID) with the exception
that NFC is designed for use by devices
within close proximity to
each other
• NFC work by touching the devices
together or extremely close
• According to the NFC website, it’s
about 20cm
Peripheral device
• USB
• FireWire
• Thunderbolt
• Bluetooth
• RF
USB
• Universal Serial Bus
• Amazing little connector
• Can carry audio, video, power, data
FireWire
• Popular by Apple
• IEEE 1394
• Standard for a serial bus for high-speed
communications and isochronous real-
time data transfer
Thunderbolt
• Extremely fast connections
• Thunderbolt 2 gives you two channels on
the same connector with 10Gb/s of
throughput in both directions
• 20Gb of throughput!!
• USB 2.0 gives about 500 Mb
• USB 3.0 gives about 5 Gb
• Firewire gives 800 Mb
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth
• Headphones, cars, speakers, mice, keyboards, wearables
• RF – Radio Frequency
• Remotes, speakers
Graphic Device
• VGA
• HDMI
• DVI
• DisplayPort
• Mini DisplayPort
VGA
• Video Graphics Array
• Refers to only 640x480 pixels officially
• 16 or 256 colors
• Very common still
HDMI
• High Definition Multimedia Interface
• Can carry video and audio
• De facto for Digital entertainment
DVI
Digital Visual Interface
Compatible with older VGA
Display Port
• The interface is primarily used to connect
a video source to a display device such as
a computer monitor
• Can also be used to carry audio and other
forms of data
Mini Display Port
• Delivers a pure digital connection to
external displays
• It gives you plug-and-play performance
with the Apple LED Cinema Display
• Works with single-link DVI, dual-link DVI,
and VGA displays with the appropriate
adapters
End of Domain 2.1
Classify common types of input/output device interfaces
Domain 2.2
Given a scenario, set up and install common peripheral devices to a laptop/PC
Devices
• Printer
• Scanner
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Camera
• External hard drive
• Speakers
• Display
Laser Printer
• Toner and drum with lasers
Inkjet
• Small dots shot onto the paper
Thermal
• Burning special paper
Scanner
• Used to scan or copy documents into the
computer
• Can scan pictures into a computer
• Can be used to copy documents
Keyboard
Mouse
• Can be optical or mechanical
• 2, 3, 4 multi button
Touchpad
• You touch the pad to make the cursor
move
• Some you can zoom like a on the phones
or tablets
• Some you can scroll on the right edge

• Can disable them if necessary

Webcam
• Allows you to display yourself on
someone else’s computer screen
• Good for online meetings (online
presence)
• Good for telecommuting
• Online dating sites
• Instant Messaging
• Skype
External hard drive
• Like a thumb drive but much more
capacity
• Require power to work unlike a thumb
drive
• Can be used for backup purposes
• File archiving
• Transporting large files
Speakers
• Allow you to hear audio
Flat screen Display
• Thin, light weight, portable, better picture
Installation Types
• Plug-and-play vs. driver installation
• Other required steps
• Permissions, registration, other software for the device
• IP-based peripherals
• IoT, web cams, network printers/scanners, doorbells, thermostats
• Web-based configuration steps
• Access points, smart TVs, Internet Printers
End of Domain 2.2
Given a scenario, set up and install common peripheral devices to a laptop/PC
Domain 2.3
Explain the purpose of common internal computing components
Motherboard or
System Board
Where it all comes together
All internal components pass through or are
connected to the mother board
Holds it all together – the traffic cop of the
system (Hardware wise anyway)
Depending on the mother board will depend
on what type of CPU (processor) you can
have – choose wisely

I want to take a closer look at a mother

board on the next slide – important for you
to understand and know what’s going on
BIOS/UEFI Settings & Firmware
• Basic Input/Output Settings / Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

• Boot Options
• Firmware Updates
• Security Settings
• Interface Configurations
Boot Options
• When you system first turns on, it will begin the boot process
• Runs a POST, then find the OS and loads it into RAM
• Where did it find the OS?
• You can interrupt the boot process and select a different device to boot from
• USB drive, external HD, different internal HD, DVD
• Different boot options allow you to start a different operating system
totally
• Reasons vary why
Boot Options
• Other options
Firmware Updates
• Remember firmware is the instructions for specific pieces of
hardware
• Your motherboard and chipsets are hardware
• Can update the firmware on the ROM chips for your system
• Updated security
• Updated functionality
• On Windows
• Type System Information
in the search box
• On Linux
• look for a folder /sys/firmware/efi
Security Settings
• You can protect the system prior to booting in to the OS
• With UEFI we also get a
Secure Boot option no available
with the legacy BIOS
• Click UEFI Firmware Settings > Find
Secure Boot setting
• On or Off
Interface Configurations
• You can use the Shift+Restart to access the UEFI menu as seen below
• The boxed area is the are to
configure your UEFI firmware
settings
• Navigation and options are a little
different per OS
• Secure Boot; TPM; Boot Config
Hard disks
RAM
• Random Access Memory
• Lots of options here but some more
common ones are DIMMs and SODIMMs
• Dual inline memory modules (DIMMs),
used in desktop PCs
• Small-outline dual inline memory
modules (SODIMMs), used in portable
PCs
CPU
• Central Processing Unit
• Sometimes called the brains of the
computer
• Nothing more than a very powerful
switching mechanism
• Capable of doing millions of things at
once
• Works on binary, 1 and 0, on and off,
highs and lows
• Intel or AMD these days
• Many different types and designs
CPU
• ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) (reduced instruction set computer)
• Mobile phone
• Tablet
• 32-bit
• Laptop
• Workstation
• Server
• 64-bit
• Laptop
• Workstation
• Server
Optical drive
• Read/Writes to CD/DVD and/or BlueRay
discs

• CD – 700 Mb
• DVD – 4.7 to 9.4 Gb
• Blueray – 25 to 128 Gb depending on
technology
Hard drive
• Internal to the computer
• Where all the data is stored for later use
• Where the operating system is stored
• Where the computer looks for
instructions upon booting
• Sealed stack of metal platters
• Each with a read-write head on a
retractable arm that reads data from and
writes data to the platters by magnetizing
bits of iron oxide particles on the platters
in patterns of positive and negative
polarity
Solid state drive
• Static RAM
• Nonvolatile Flash RAM
• No moving parts
• Extremely fast and efficient
GPU / Video Card
• Allows the graphics to be displayed on a
monitor
• Can increase overall performance and
resolution depending on the card you get
• More expensive cards have more bells
and whistles and more on board RAM
Cooling
• Case Fans
• CPU Fans
• Air vs Liquid cooling
Case Fans
• Fans that are attached to the case
• Keep a good flow of fresh, cooler, air
flowing throughout the case internally
• Heat is BAD for computer components so
a good air flow is essential
CPU Fans
• These are fans directly on top of or
beside the CPU
• ESSENTIAL!
• Do not run a desktop computer without a
CPU fan and heat fins
• This is designed to pull heat off of the
CPU so it doesn’t damage the processor
• If the CPU Fan goes out – the computer
has built in safety that will (or should)
shut off the computer before any real
damage is done
Liquid Cooling
• Next generation of cooling for our
systems
• Very efficient and does a great job in
keeping a system cooler
• Liquid is actually moving through the
system in tiny tubes that draw the heat
away from the critical components
• Hope you don’t ever have a leak though –
liquid and computer components don’t
mixed well. J
NIC
• Network Interface Card
• Wired vs Wireless
• On-Board vs Add-on Card
Network Card
• If your system requires multiple network
cards for network communications
• Most mother boards have on board
network cards that are good enough for
everyday use
• Network cards allow the communication
to the network and possibly out to the
Internet
End of Domain 2.3
Explain the purpose of common internal computing components
Domain 2.4
Compare and contrast common Internet service types
Compare and contrast common Internet
service types
• Fiber Optic
• Cable
• DSL
• Wireless
• Radio Frequency
• Satellite
• Cellular
Fiber
• Fiber is becoming one of the fastest growing connection types for
Internet connectivity
• Can get 1Gbps and more to your house
• Very fast speeds and pretty much the same cost of cable connections
• Your ISP will need to install a converter in your home or SOHO though, so the
fiber link can be converted to a CAT 6 cable
• Ethernet is what you probably run in your home/SOHO
Cable Internet
• Cable internet is one of, if not, the most popular forms of internet
services available
• Uses the existing coaxial cable that has been laid for video/cable tv
• Not all coaxial cable, implement some fiber in there as well
• Very fast speeds up to 1Gbps
• Can bundle with your home TV and maybe even VoIP
• Share connection from head end with rest of customers
• Cost isn’t too bad and varies from region to region
DSL
• Digital Subscriber Line
• Not as popular as it once was due to cable and fiber internet connectivity
• Might see usage in the rural areas or areas outside the coverage area of cable
and fiber
• Not super fast, but fast enough for surfing and normal traffic
• Depending on provider and package, might have more issues streaming and large
downloads
• Cost isn’t too bad, but maybe a little higher for the extended access
Satellite
• For our very rural users, satellite has saved the day
• Before residential satellite Internet, folks out in the country, or
outside the normal service area for cable, dsl and fiber, would be just
out of luck
• No connectivity except for dial-up (very slow)
• Pretty decent speeds, but the cost is pretty
high compared
• If you need the speed, then you will pay
the costs
Cellular
• We talked about different cellular connections like 3G, 4G, LTE, etc…
and we can use that connection to provide internet connectivity to
our device
• Tethering or using a hotspot
• Tethered connections we can have a wired or wireless connection to
our mobile devices and all the traffic flows through that mobile device
• Hotspots allow us to connect multiple devices to our mobile device
that is “serving” up an Internet connection
End of Domain 2.4
Compare and contrast common Internet service types
Doman 2.5
Compare and contrast storage types
Compare and contrast storage types
• Volatile vs. non-volatile
• Local storage types
• RAM
• Hard drive
• Solid state vs. spinning disk
• Optical
• Flash drive
• Local network storage types
• NAS
• File server
• Cloud storage service
Volatile vs. non-volatile
• Power vs No Power needed
• Volatile data
• Needs power to save the settings and data
• Non-Volatile
• Constant power isn’t necessary
to maintain the state
Local Storage Types
• RAM
• Hard drive
• Solid state vs. spinning disk
• Optical
• Flash drive
SODIMM
• Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module
• Often used in systems that have limited
space, which include laptops, notebooks,
small-footprint personal computers such
as those based on Mini-ITX motherboards,
high-end upgradable office printers, and networking hardware such
as routers and NAS devices
DDR2 / DDR3 / DDR4
• Double Data Rate
• SODIMM Sizes • DIMM Sizes
• DDR2 – 200 pin • DDR2 – 240 pin
• DDR3 – 204 pin • DDR3 – 240 pin
• DDR4 – 260 pin • DDR4 – 288 pin

• Peak Transfer Rate

• DDR2 – about 2100 MB/s
• DDR3 – about 2600 MB/s
• DDR4 – about 3200 MB/s
Single/Dual/Triple Channel
• Single, Dual, Triple and even Quad are all ways the motherboard
processes the RAM
• This isn’t a “memory” or “RAM” thing, it’s a motherboard/CPU thing
• Single
• 1 RAM chip
• Double When added in pairs, they claim it’s faster
• 2 RAM chips and better though benchmarks have
• Triple proved otherwise
• 3 RAM chips
Optical Drives
• Think optics
• Lasers, light, etc…
• These devices use laser light to read and write to the discs
• They spin extremely fast inside the drive like a fast record
• Can have many different types
• Faster
• More capacity
• CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW, DVD-RW DL, Blue-Ray, BD-R, BR-RE
Solid-State Drives
• No moving parts
• Very fast, very quiet
• Less power consumption
• M2 Drives
• 22mm wide, length can vary
• Built for smaller form factors
• Laptops, notebooks, etc…
Solid-State Drives
• NVMe
• Non-volatile memory express
• Host controller interface and storage
protocol created to accelerate the
transfer of data between enterprise
and client systems and SSDs over a
computer's high-speed PCIe bus
Magnetic Hard Drives
• Hard Disk Drives
• HDD
• Moving parts
• Cheaper than their counterpart, SSDs
• Many different speeds they rotate
• 5,400 rpm
• 7,200 rpm
• 10,000 rpm
• 15,000 rpm
Magnetic Hard Drives
• Now days we have can have different size hard drives
• 2.5
• 3.5
• Older drives are 3.5 inches wide
(the picture on the previous slide)
• Newer drives try to save space and
are down to 2.5 inches wide
Hybrid Drives
• Best of both worlds with Hybrid
• Speed and capacity
• Combine both SSD and HDD where
the SSD is used as a cache between
Hard Disk and RAM
Flash Drives
• Just like with the SSDs, Flash memory is very fast
• Cheaper it seems daily
• Different options depending on needs
• SD Card
• Compact Flash
• Micro-SD card
• Mini-SD card
• XD
Flash Drives
• SD Card
• Secure Digital is a non-volatile memory card format
developed by the SD Card Association for use in portable
devices
• Has become the industry standard
Flash Drives
• Compact Flash
• flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices
• Not as popular as it once was
• Larger than it’s counter parts, SD and
Micro SD cards
Flash Drives
• Micro-SD Card
• Like “regular” SD Cards, just much smaller
• 0.43 in. x 0.59 in. x 0.039 in

• Mini-SD Card
• Just like Micro, but a little larger, still
smaller than SD cards
• 0.84 inches x 0.78 in. x 0.05 in
Flash Drives
• xD cards
• Extreme Digital
• Picture cards
• Mainly used in digital photography
• No longer relevant for storage today
• Yay Micro-SD Cards
Local Network Storage Types
• NAS
• File Server
Network Attached Storage
• A NAS is a great little device for homes and SOHOs
• Not saying bigger organizations can’t use them, just not geared for them
• Use them for media storage and streaming locally
• Can use them for backups/archive purposes
• Local file storage for sharing data
• It is a storage device, so I would recommend tons of drive space
• Maybe think about a RAID array for fault tolerance/redundancy
• Decent NIC cards help as well, lots of input and output
File Server
• File servers are nothing more than just computers with lots of storage
space
• They may support multiple protocols for moving data back and forth
• SMB, FTP, SCP, WebDav
• Can be used for daily storage or backup purposes
• If scripted in an enterprise environment, when a user logs in, their “my
documents” folder might actually point to a file server in a centralized
location
Cloud Storage Service
• Synchronization Apps
• Google Drive, Drop Box and OneDrive just to name the big players out there
• These apps can be installed on your desktop, laptop, tablet or other
mobile devices
• The information is cloud based, so all the devices “have” the same
information
• Really have access to the same information – its on a cloud server at the moment
End of Domain 2.5
Compare and contrast storage types
Domain 2.6
Compare and contrast common computing devices and their purposes
Compare and contrast common computing
devices and their purposes
• Mobile phones • IoT
• Tablets • Home appliances
• Home automation devices
• Laptops • Thermostats
• Workstations • Security systems
• Modern cars
• Servers
• IP cameras
• Gaming consoles • Streaming media devices
• Medical devices
End of Domain 2.6
Compare and contrast common computing devices and their purposes
Domain 2.7
Explain basic networking concepts
Explain basic networking concepts
• Basics of network communication • Basic protocols
• Basics of packet transmission • HTTP/S
• DNS • POP3
• URL-to-IP translation • IMAP
• LAN vs. WAN • SMTP
• Device addresses • Devices
• IP address • Modem
• MAC address • Router
• Switch
• Access point
• Firewall
DNS
• Domain Name Server (Domain Naming Service)
• Port 53
• TCP and UDP
• Used to resolve hostname to IP address, A records
• MX, SOA, SRV, PTR
LAN
• Local Area Network
• This is your private network
• Home, office or business
• The network inside your environment
• Usually private IP addressing, but not always
• Small geographical area
• Usually a building or floor of a high rise
• Very fast data transfers
WAN
• Wide Area Network
• Used to connect our LANs together
• Provides the Internet connectivity
• Usually goes out over longer distances (miles/kilometers)
• Slower speeds than LANs (not always today)
• Can be expensive to implement
IP Addressing
• When it comes to IP Addressing, I could spend all day going over the
different classes, subnetting, supernetting and IPv4 vs IPv6, but I will
try to keep it shorter than that
• It’s not a network+ course
• IP Address is the addressing we use at layer 3 for our routing
• Path determination and where the traffic will flow
• We need to look at static vs dynamic IP addressing, APIPA and a link
local address
IP Addressing
• Static IP addresses are addresses that an end user or network admin
manually puts into a system or device
• We explicitly tell the device, this IS your IP address
• Might use static IPs for better, more strict control over the network
• You will know who has what address
• More overhead by keeping up with the addresses, creating a method to keep
track and designing it in the first place
• To use static addressing you will need to understand subnetting and
subnet masks
IP Addressing
• Dynamic IP Addresses are addresses that can change
• Fluid and dynamic in nature
• You might not get the same number as last time when you connect to the
network
• Much less daily over head for network admins
• They do have to setup a server first
• DHCP server
IP Addressing
• Usually, at least right now, when they mention IP Addressing, they are
talking about IPv4
• 32 bit numbers in dotted decimal notation
• 192.168.44.22; 216.69.20.50; 8.8.8.8
• Again, IP Addresses are layer 3 addresses and show the way through
the network to the distant end
• Classes of IP Addresses, A, B, C, D, E
• Private Ranges
• 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255; 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255;
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
IP Addressing
• APIPA
• Automatic Private IP Addressing
• 169.254.X.X
• Also heard it called Windows Addressing
• When the OS doesn’t see or can’t obtain an IP Address it will self assign one
• Always starts with 169.254
• If you see this address in the network, it cannot surf the web or work
properly, and is having issues communicating with the DHCP server
IP Addressing
• IPv6
• All IPv4 Public IP addresses are taken/gone
• Much larger address space
• Hexadecimal
• 128 bits long
• 8 areas or hextets separated by colons

2001:1234:5678:abcd:ef90:4321:aaaa:bbbb
IP Addressing
• Link Local
• This is an IPv6 term and address type
• On valid for communications within the network segment
• On your LAN
• Data won’t pass over the router (hence local)
• Usually automatically assigned
• Like the APIPA addresses in IPv4
• Always starts with FE80
MAC Addressing
• Media Access Control
• 48-bit hexadecimal digits
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access
• CSMA/CD (Collision Detection)
• CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)
• Switched networks
• Half and full duplex
HTTP
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Port 80
• TCP
• Used to surf the web – view websites

• http://www.google.com
HTTPS
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
• Port 443
• TCP
• HTTP using a secure protocol like SSL or TLS to encrypt the connection
• For privacy and security

• https://www.google.com
POP3
• Post Office Protocol version 3
• Port 110
• TCP
• Touched on this earlier
• Used to retrieve emails from email servers to the client device
IMAP
• Internet Message Access Protocol
• Port 143
• TCP
• Use to retrieve emails from the server to the client device
SMTP
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• Port 25
• Protocol responsible for moving our emails
• Delivers the email
• TCP
Cable/DSL Modem Configuration
• For your cable/DSL modem, the information you will possibly need is
the username and password for your account and knowing if you
have a static IP address
• Most home users/SOHOs don’t have static IP addresses
• This is the user/pw you have with your ISP
• You will need to be hardwired into the modem to make changes and
you will also need the IP address for the device
• Will access it with a web browser like the AP configuration
Routers
• Layer 3 devices
• Based off of IP addressing
• IPv4 or IPv6
• Have the job of moving data from one network to another network
• Disjoin or join networks
• Create tables for moving
data from interface to
interface
Switches
• Layer 2 devices
• Based off of hardware addressing
• Hard coded addressing built into the hardware like the NIC
• Extends the network and broadcast network
• Managed
• Also network admins to configure ports, security, VLANs, etc…
• Has an IP for remote management
• Unmanaged
• Usually we call this a hub
• No decisions are made by the device
Access Points
• Allow users or devices to attach to the wired network infrastructure
• We use access points where we want to supply mobile devices like
phones, laptops and tablets, network access
• Most small office or home users have access point/wireless router
combos
• Wireless routers have much more functionality
than a regular AP
Firewalls
• Filter the traffic coming into and leaving a network
• Hardware firewalls vs software

• Packet Filtering
• Stateful
• Application layer firewall
• NGFW
• WAF
End of Domain 2.7
Explain basic networking concepts
Domain 2.8
Given a scenario, install, configure and secure a basic wireless network
Given a scenario, install, configure and
secure a basic wireless network
• 802.11a/b/g/n/ac • Best practices
• Older vs. newer standards • Change SSID
• Speed limitations • Change default password
• Interference and attenuation • Encrypted vs. unencrypted
factors • Open
• Captive portal
• WEP
• WPA
• WPA2
802.11a
• Ratified 1999
• 5 GHz frequency band
• 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz wide channels available
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) carrier scheme
• Up to 54 Mbps
802.11b
• Also ratified 1999
• 2.4 GHz frequency band
• Up to 11 Mbps
• 11 channels in North America (but only 3 non-overlapping available)
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) carrier scheme (same as
original 802.11 standard) plus Complementary Code Keying (CCK)
modulation
802.11g
• Ratified 2003
• 2.4 GHz frequency band
• Up to 54 Mbps
• 11 channels in North America (but only 3 non-overlapping available)
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) carrier scheme (same as
original 802.11 standard) plus Complementary Code Keying (CCK)
modulation
• Backwards compatible with 802.11b
802.11n
• Ratified 2009
• Can use both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands
• Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)
• AxB:C (A=transmit; B=receive, C=simultaneous streams)
• Can use bonded (40 MHz) channels
• Up to 150 Mbps per stream over 40 MHz channel
• Longer range (almost double previous standards)
802.11ac
• 5 GHz frequency band
• Data rates similar to Gigabit Ethernet
• 4x4:4 with 80 MHz channels means 1.7 Gbps nominal data rate
• Wider (80 or 160 MHz) channels
• Up to 8 spatial streams
• 4x4:8 with 160 MHz channels would give about 6.93 Gbps (nominal)
Frequencies
• 2.4Ghz vs 5.0Ghz
• These are the 2 frequencies we have to work with, right now, on our Wi-Fi
infrastructures
• 5.0Ghz is much less congested and allows faster data throughput
• 2.4Ghz is a flatter radio wave and can travel further
Channels
• Along with limited frequencies, we have limited channels as well and
it depends on the frequency band you are utilizing
• 2.4Ghz has 11 channels (14 total, but 11 in the US)
• Only 3 don’t overlap; 1, 6, 11
• No interference from the other channels
• 5.0Ghz has 23 non-overlapping channels
• Much more flexibility and less congestion on this frequency
Best practices
• Change SSID
• Change default password
• Encrypted vs. unencrypted
• Open
• Captive portal
• WEP
• WPA
• WPA2
Wireless Encryption
• We need the data in our wireless communications to be secure as
well, so we need to look at WEP, WPA and WPA2
• WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy
• Based on RC4 algorithm
• Not secure anymore
• Uses same key over and over eventually leading to programs being able to
crack the password
• Have to collect enough data
Wireless Encryption
• WPA – WiFi Protected Access
• Improvement over WEP
• Uses a mechanism called TKIP
• Rotates the key every so often so it’s not susceptible to replay attacks

• WPA2
• Best we have right now
• Uses AES encryption compared to RC4
• Replaced TKIP with CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining
Message Authentication Code Protocol)
End of Domain 2.8 and all 2.x
Given a scenario, install, configure and secure a basic wireless network