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Chapter 13
Nuclei
Q. Give composition of nucleus.
Ans. Every object is made of molecules and molecules made of atoms. Proton and neutron exist in
nucleus. These are called nucleons, and the total number of protons and neutron is called mass
number (𝑨). It is also called nucleon number. Number of neutrons represented by A-Z
Any nucleus represented by ZXA
For example, for 2He4
Number of protons Z = 2
And number of neutrons A – Z = 4-2 = 2
Q. Give short note on size of nucleus
Ans. nuclei remain spherical, and volume of nucleus remains proportionate to mass number.
𝟒
𝝅𝑹𝟑 ∝𝑨
𝟑
Where R is radius of nucleus
𝑹𝟑 ∝ 𝑨
𝟏
𝑹 = 𝑹𝟎 𝑨𝟑
Here R0 is a constant
Its value is 𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 m.
Q. Explain decay, decay, decay.
Ans. decay: - if particles emit in a radioactive process, then its mass number A decreases 4
unit and atomic number decreases 2 units.
Example: - 92U
238
→ 90Th 234 + 2He4
decay: - if particles emit in a radioactive process then there will be not any change in mass
number A but atomic number Z increases 1 unit.
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Example: - 88Ra
226
→ 89Ac226 + -1 +
decay: - when particles emit in a radioactive process and there will be not any change in mass
number and atomic number. In this process nucleus emit rays and moves back to its fundamental
state.
Q. Find relation between eV and amu.
Ans. By Einstein’s equation, ∆𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐
We know that,
𝟏𝒂𝒎𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈
𝟐
Therefore, ∆𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 × (𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 )
∆𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝟏.𝟒𝟗×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
∆𝑬 = 𝟏.𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗
𝒆𝑽
∆𝑬 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
∆𝑬 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝑴𝒆𝑽
Q. What is mass defect? Explain.
Ans. The real mass of nucleus remains lower than sum of mass of nucleons this defect is called
mass defect. It means,
Mass defect = (mass of protons + mass of neutrons) – real mass of nucleus
In ZXA nucleus if mass of proton is MP and mass of neutron is Mn
Then mass defect,
∆𝑴 = (𝒁𝑴𝒑 + (𝑨 − 𝒁)𝑴𝒏 ) − 𝑴
For example: - for deuteron (1H2) real mass is 2.01352 amu and mass of one proton is
1.00727 amu and mass of one neutron is 1.00865 amu
Then mass defect
∆𝑴 = (𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟓) − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟐
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∆𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒂𝒎𝒖
Q. Explain binding energy.
Ans. Mass defect released in the form of energy. This energy is called binding energy. So, binding
energy is an energy which is produced by the nucleus in the process of formation of nucleons.
We know that.
∆𝑬 = ∆𝑴𝒄𝟐
Here, binding energy represented by B
𝑩 = [𝒁𝒎𝒑 + (𝑨 − 𝒁)𝒎𝒏 − 𝑴]𝒄𝟐
Ex: - for deuteron mass defect
∆𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒂𝒎𝒖
Therefore, binding energy
𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟎 × 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝑴𝒆𝑽
𝑩 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟎𝑴𝒆𝑽
Q. Draw binding energy curve and explain this curve.
𝑩
̅ = ) and nucleon number ‘A’
Ans. If graph between per nucleon binding energy (𝑩 𝑨
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by that graph It is clear that: -
1. Binding energy of each nucleus remains positive.
2. At the lower nucleons number area (A < 20) binding energy change irregularly. But He4,
Be8, C12, O16, Ne20 consist peak values. It means these nuclei are more stable than their
closer nucleus.
3. At approximately A = 56 binding energy remains maximum (8.8 MeV) it means stability of
nucleus remains maximum.
4. As nucleon number increases from 56 binding energy decreases slowly and for heavy
nucleus (A >200) binding energy became 7.6 MeV it means stability of nucleus became
lower.
5. For A<20 and A>200 binding energy remain lower so when heavy nuclei divided in light
nuclei, binding energy increases, and this binding energy emits (nuclear fission). Or when
two light nuclei produce heavy nuclei than binding energy also increases, and this energy
emits (nuclear fusion).
Q. What is nuclear fission? Find energy released in this process.
Ans.
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A process in which heavy nucleus divided into light nucleus is called nuclear fission.
When neutrons incident on 92U235 then this neutron absorbed by uranium and converted into 92U236
and 92U236 divided into Ba144 and Kr89 and 3 new neutrons produces, and huge amount of energy
released. This equation is as follows: -
0n
1
+ 92U235 → 56Ba144 + 36Kr89 + 30n1 + 𝒉𝝂
Here, mass defect = mass of U235 + mass of neutron – (mass of Ba144 + mass of Kr89 + mass of 3
neutrons)
Mass of neutron = 1.01amu
Mass of U235 = 234.99amu
Mass of Ba144 = 143.87amu
Mass of Kr89 = 88.90amu
Therefore, ∆𝑴 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟗 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 − 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 − 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑 × 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏
∆𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒖
Therefore, binding energy = 𝟎. 𝟐 × 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 ≈ 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑴𝒆𝑽
Q. Explain chain reaction of nuclear fission.
Ans.
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When neutron incident on U235 then uranium divided into Ba144 and Kr89 and 3 new neutrons
produces and each neutron incident on U235 individually and again 3 neutrons produce by each
nucleus this process is called chain reaction of nuclear fission.
There are two problems related to chain reaction.
1. Neutrons emitted by nuclear fission of U235 sometimes completely absorbed by U238 present
in uranium, so chain reaction stops. Therefore, it is necessary to detach U235and U238. This
process is called participation.
2. Sometimes the process of chain reaction becomes uncontrolled. So, it is necessary to control
the produced neutrons and this controlling is done by cadmium which absorbed 2
oremains3 neutrons so chain reaction remain controlled.
Q. what is nuclear fusion?
two or more light nuclei joined together and produce heavy nuclei than this process is called
nuclear fusion.
For example: -
1H
2
+ 1H2 → 2He3 + 0n1 +𝒉𝝂 +3.3MeV
2He
3
+ 1H2 → 2He4 + 1H1 +18.3MeV
Therefore, a total of 21.6 MeV energy released.
Q. Explain C-N cycle for nuclear fusion on the sun.
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Ans.
C-N cycle is as follows: -
6C
12
+ 1H1→ 7N13
7N
13
→ 6C13+ 1𝜷0+ 𝜸
6C
13
+ 1H1→ 7N14
7N
14
+ 1H1→ 8O15
8O
15
→ 7N15 + 1𝜷0+ 𝜸
7N
15
+ 1H1 → 2He4 + 6C12
In resultant form: -
1H
1
+ 1H1 + 1H1 + 1H1 → 2He4 + 2 1𝜷0 + 2 𝜸
Q. Explain p-p cycle for nuclear fusion on the sun?
Ans.
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p – p cycle is as follows: -
1H
1
+ 1H1 → 1H2 + 1𝜷0 + 𝜸
1H
2
+ 1H1 → 2He3
1H
1
+ 1H1 → 1H2 + 1𝜷0 + 𝜸
1H
2
+ 1H1 → 2He3
2He
3
+ 2He3 → 2He4 + 1H1 + 1H1
In resultant form: -
1H
1
+ 1H1 + 1H1 + 1H1 → 2He4 + 2 1𝜷0 + 2 𝜸
