Chapter 12 Magnetism

12.1 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

12.2 Magnetic Induction
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
12.4 Magnetic Fields
12.5 Temporary and Permanent Magnets
12.1 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to
• state the properties of magnets.
Name a few
USES OF
MAGNETISM
Use of Magnets
COMPASS

The needle in a
compass is a
small magnet
CREDIT CARDS

Magnetic strip
at the back
stores
information
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/speaker6.htm
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/speaker6.htm
Use Your PLD to Try Out the Simulation Below

https://javalab.org/en/speaker_en/
MAGNETIC
LEVITATING
GLOBE

Globe can spin

in mid air for
20 mins !
MAGNETIC
LEVITATING
TRAIN

Floats 10cm
above the track

Speed:500km/h
MAGNETIC LEVITATING TRAIN
MAGNETIC LEVITATING TRAIN
 Where it all began…
In ancient times, people have come
across “magical rocks” which are able to
attract iron. These naturally magnetic
rocks are called lodestones.

About 600 B.C., the Greek thinkers

believed that the lodestone contains a
soul that gives it the ability to attract iron
Where it all began…

Lodestone
 Where it all began…
By 100 A.D. the Chinese discovered that
the lodestone always seems to point along
the north-south direction.
 Where it all began…
The creation of the first magnet on earth is
by Shen Kua in 1088 A.D.
 Where it all began…
In 1600, William Gilbert came out with the
first scientific explanation of Magnetism in
his book, De Magnete .
Magnetic and Non-Magnetic
Which are magnetic materials?

A: iron, copper, nickel

B: iron, cobalt, nickel
C: aluminium, copper, steel
D: iron, steel, copper
Magnetic and Non-Magnetic
Magnetic Materials are materials which
can be attracted to a magnet. These
include iron, cobalt, nickel and their alloys.

Non-magnetic materials are not attracted

by a magnet. Eg wood, copper,aluminium
paper and glass.
 The Magnet
• A suspended bar magnet will always
point in a north-south direction

North

North South
Pole N S Pole
 The Magnet
• The end pointing to the north is called the
north-seeking pole (or north-pole) and the end
pointing to the south is called the south-
seeking pole or (south-pole).

North

North South
Pole N S Pole
 law of magnetism
properties of magnets
Think of the earth’s centre as having a very large magnet.
• south pole of the magnet is in the northern hemisphere
• magnetic north pole does not exactly correspond with its
geographic north-pole.
 The Earth's magnetic field
geographic
magnetic North Pole
North Pole
The earth has a weak magnetic 11.5
field.

• It is like the field around

a huge bar magnet.
Note: N-pole of compass
needle points north
 S-pole of the 'earth magnet'
is actually in the north!
 The Magnet
0.5 cm 0.5 cm
6 cm

N S Paper
-clips

The poles of a magnet ie. the two regions where

the magnetic attraction is strongest, are not
exactly at its ends. The distance between the
poles are about 5/6 th of the length of the magnet
Laws of Magnetism
 Testing for magnetism

Specimen A
How do you tell if
N
specimen A is a
magnet or magnetic S

material?
Specimen A
 Testing for magnetism

Specimen A
- If N-pole of magnet is
N
attracted to specimen,
then specimen may be S

a magnetic material
OR a magnet Specimen A
 Testing for magnetism

Specimen A
- If N-pole of magnet is
N
repelled by specimen,
then specimen is a S

magnet
Specimen A
Chapter 12 Magnetism

12.1 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

12.2 Magnetic Induction
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
12.4 Magnetic Fields
12.5 Temporary and Permanent Magnets
12.2 Magnetic Induction

Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• describe magnetic induction.
12.2 MagneticMagnetic
InductionInduction

What will happen to the paper clip

when it is brought near (but not
touching) the iron bar, which is fixed
in position? Explain your answer

iron bar
12.2 MagneticMagnetic
InductionInduction

1. What will happen to the paper clip when

it is brought near the iron bar, which is
fixed in position?

• The paper clip is attracted to the iron

bar.
2. Can you explain how this happened? S
• The iron bar is magnetised when
brought near the bar magnet. iron bar
• The iron bar in turn magnetises the
paper clip. N
S
• As a result, the paper clip is attracted
to the iron bar.
N
12.2 Magnetic Induction

Magnetic induction is the process whereby an

object made of a magnetic material becomes a
magnet when it is near or in contact with a magnet.

With reference to the previous slide, we say that the

iron bar becomes an induced magnet when brought
near the bar magnet.
In turn, the iron bar magnetises the paper clip through
induced magnetism.
12.2 Magnetic Induction
Question
In an experiment, a piece of wood is held
between the N pole of a bar magnet and
two paper clips.

(a) Although wood is a non-magnetic

material, the two paper clips are
attracted when the wood is held
between the magnet and the paper
clips. Suggest a reason for this.
(b) It is observed that the bottom tips of the
paper clips point away from each other.
Why is this so?
12.2 Magnetic Induction

Solution
(a) The paper clips are magnetised by induced
magnetism. This process does not require
physical contact between the magnet and the
magnetic material. The magnetic material only
needs to be near the magnet.
(b) The paper clips have become induced magnets.
The bottom tips of the paper clips are like poles (N
poles) and thus they repel each other.
Chapter 12 Magnetism

12.1 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

12.2 Magnetic Induction
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
12.4 Magnetic Fields
12.5 Temporary and Permanent Magnets
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation

Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• describe methods of magnetisation and
demagnetisation.
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
Theory of Magnetism
cut cut

• If a bar magnet is cut up into three smaller pieces, each

piece becomes a magnet, with an N pole and a S pole.
• If we carry on cutting each piece into smaller pieces, we
will end up with even smaller magnets.
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
Magnetic Domains

• Magnets are made up of atoms.

• A magnetic domain consists of a group of atomic
magnets pointing in the same direction.
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation

Magnetisation
1
1 The magnetic domains in an
unmagnetised bar point in
random directions.

2 A bar magnet is brought near

the unmagnetised bar.

3 The magnetic
domains point in 3
the same direction,
producing 2
magnetism.
N and S poles of S N
5
adjacent domains
cancel each other
out.
4
4 The atomic magnets at both
the ends are free. This 5 The atomic magnets at the ends tend to fan
produces N and S poles at the out due to repulsion between the like poles.
ends.
 law of magnetism
testing for evidence of magnetism

Y
X

Y X

Magnets are strongest at the ends.

Hence X is a bar magnet and Y is just a
magnetic material.
Methods of Magnetisation
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
Magnetising Magnetic Materials

1. Stroking
 methods of magnetisation

Stroking to make a permanent magnet:

▪ stroke the steel bar several times in the same direction along its length

using one magnet using two magnets

The end of the steel bar where the strokes end always has the
opposite polarity to that of the stroking magnet’s end in contact.
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
Magnetising Magnetic Materials

2. Electrical method using direct current

12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation

Determining the Poles of a Magnet

• Grip the solenoid using the right hand.

• Curl the fingers in the direction of current flow.
• The thumb points in the direction of the north pole.
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation

Demagnetising Magnets
• The main idea in demagnetisation is to cause the
magnetic domains to point in random directions.

• This can be done in three ways.

1. Heating 2. Hammering
• When heated, the atoms • Hammering a
of the magnet will vibrate magnet in the
vigorously and lose their east−west direction
alignment. alters the alignment
of the magnetic
• Letting the magnet cool in
domains and causes
the east−west direction will
the magnet to lose
ensure that the domains
its magnetism.
do not realign.
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation

Demagnetising Magnets

3. Electrical method using an alternating current

Chapter 12 Magnetism

12.1 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

12.2 Magnetic Induction
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
12.4 Magnetic Fields
12.5 Temporary and Permanent Magnets
12.4 Magnetic Fields

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• draw the magnetic field patterns of interacting
magnets;
• describe how to plot the magnetic field lines of a
magnet using a compass.
 Magnetic Fields
• Magnetic field is the region in which a
magnetic object, placed within the
influence of the field experiences a
magnetic force.
Plotting field lines of a
magnetic field

Apparatus:

1)Bar Magnet
2)Plotting compass
3)Plain paper
Plotting field lines of a
magnetic field
 magnetic fields
A magnetic field comprises lines or paths (magnetic lines of force)
a free north pole of another magnet would travel.

Properties of magnetic lines of force in all magnetic fields:

• outside the magnet, the lines start from N pole and end at S pole
• within the magnet, lines continue from S pole to the N pole
• lines can never cross each
other
• lines tend to shorten their
length as if under tension
• lines tend to repel each other
sideways
 magnetic fields

Properties of magnetic lines of force in all magnetic fields:

• lines are closer to each other in a stronger magnetic field,
represented by straight parallel lines of force

magnet

magnetic field is stronger

a uniform magnetic field
at A than at B
Use Your PLD to Try Out the Simulation Below

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/magnets-and-electromagnets

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/magnets-and-electromagnets
Magnetic field lines
Magnetic Field Patterns
between Magnets
magnetic fields
When two equally strong magnetic fields acting in opposite
directions meet, their magnetic effects are cancelled out.
The point where there is no magnetic effect is called the neutral
point.

magnet

point X is the neutral point

 Magnetic field patterns
What is its magnetic
N S field pattern?

uniform magnetic field

• The slab-shaped magnets produce a
strong & uniform magnetic field.
 laws of magnetism
magnetic fields

N S
N S N N
N S

N S N
N S
S N S

some possible poles with magnetic field patterns

 laws of magnetism
magnetic fields

photographs of magnetic field patterns formed by

iron filings for various arrangements of magnets
Use Your PLD to Try Out the Simulation Below

https://javalab.org/en/magnetic_force_en/
 Magnetic Shielding
• Magnetic field lines from
the N pole pass through
the iron container instead
of through the air.
• The magnetic field lines
will exit from the right-
hand side of the iron
container and enter the S
pole.
• This will protect
equipment (that are
sensitive to magnetic
fields) when they are
placed within the
container.
 Magnetic Keepers

• Magnets tend to
become weaker after
some time if not stored
properly.
• This is because the
free poles at the ends
of the magnet repel
one another.
• Soft iron keepers
ensure that the
magnetic domains
remain aligned in the
same direction.
 magnets
Question

When a piece of iron is

inserted between the two
cardboard paper clips pieces of cardboard,
some of the paper clips
When a piece of wood is
fall off. Why?
inserted between the two
pieces of cardboard, the
paper clips do not fall off.
 magnets
Question

When a piece of iron is

inserted between the two
cardboard paper clips pieces of cardboard,
some of the paper clips
When a piece of wood is
fall off. Why?
inserted between the two
pieces of cardboard, the
paper clips do not fall off.

Ans: The piece of iron acts like a

magnetic shield, shielding the
paper clips from the effects of the
magnetic field.
Chapter 12 Magnetism

12.1 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

12.2 Magnetic Induction
12.3 Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
12.4 Magnetic Fields
12.5 Temporary and Permanent Magnets
12.5 Temporary and Permanent Magnets

Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• distinguish between temporary magnets (e.g. iron)
and permanent magnets (e.g. steel) in terms of
their properties and uses.
 Comparing the Magnetic Properties
of Iron and Steel

Iron is a stronger
induced magnet
1 than steel.

Iron loses its

2 magnetism
easily, but
steel does
not.
temporary and permanent
magnets
Temporary magnet Permanent magnet
(e.g. Iron) (e.g. Steel)
Soft magnetic material
Hard magnetic material
• easier to magnetise
• difficult to magnetise
Properties
• loses its magnetism
• retains its magnetism
easily when removed
for a long time
from a magnetic field
• compasses
Magnetic effects required • magnetic door catches
only for specific intervals
of time: • loudspeakers
Uses
• electromagnets • electric meters
• motors
12.5 TemporaryUses
and Permanent
of MagnetsMagnets
Permanent magnet Temporary magnet

Electromagnets are
used to separate
magnetic materials from
non-magnetic materials
in a scrapyard.

The magnetic door catch

of a refrigerator ensures it
is airtight.
 applications of the magnetic effect
magnetic relay of a current
• a device using an electromagnet in one circuit to switch on another circuit
• used in telephone exchanges and for starting cars

magnetic relay
 applications of the magnetic effect
electric bell of a current

▪ a device using an
electromagnet to
sound a bell

electric bell
THE END