https://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.

html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaGj0DjX8W8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsVsdHeTXIE

Note: In degrees decimal format, a positive value reads as North /East and a negative indicates west/south

Latitude Indicate as Y-coordinate of the earth axis. It measures starts 0 deg at equator, 90deg at no
Longitude Indicate as X-coordinate of the earth axis. It measures starts 0 to 180 deg from prime mere

Example: The philippines is located above equator, hence its Lattitude is on Northern part, between a positive angle 0 to 9
It is also on the Eastern part. Hence it's Longitude value is between 0 to 180deg shall be read as positive value.

Philippines territorial boundary is somewhere

6 to 18 degrees Latittude Northern Hemisphere
117 to 129 degrees Longitude Eastern Hemisphere

Convert Deg-Min-Sec to Degrees

Ex: Latitude: 40 degrees, 42 minutes, 51 seconds N
Convert DMS to Degrees
Deg Min Sec
40 42 51
40 0.7 0.0141666666666667
Degrees Decimal Format
40.7141666666667

GPS Coordinate in Degrees Decimal Format (DD)

Point 1 Point 2
Lat 14.33417900 N 14.33417815 N
Lon 121.07888380 E 121.07889270 E

Coordinates in Radians
Point 1 Point 2
Lat (φ) 0.25017862 N 0.25017860 N
Lon (λ) 2.11322518 E 2.11322533 E

R = 6,371 Kilometers as Radius of Earth

Pythagorean Approximately
x = Δλ ⋅ cos [(φ1+φ2)/2] -0.0000001505
y = Δφ 0.0000000148
d = R ⋅ √x² + y² 0.0009634729 Km
0.9634729038 m
963.47290378 mm

Spherical Law of Cosines

d = acos( sin φ1 ⋅ sin φ2 + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ cos Δλ ) ⋅ R

sin φ1 0.247577021591261
sin φ2 0.247577007217812
cos φ1 0.968868215176863
cos φ2 0.968868218849742
cos Δλ 0.999999999999988
d 0.0009634880450502 Km
0.963488045050198 m
963.488045050198 mm

dLat/2 0.00000000742 Δφ/2

dLon/2 -0.00000007767 Δλ/2

sin²(Δφ/2) 0.00000000000
cos φ1 0.968868215176863
cos φ2 0.968868218849742
sin²(Δλ/2) 0.000000000

a 0.00000000000 sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2)

√a 7.5613946302189E-08
√(1−a) 0.999999999999997
c 3.1415925023619
d 20015.0858325477

METHOD 1
Equirectangular approximation
If performance is an issue and accuracy less important, for small distances Pythagoras’ theorem can be used on an equi­re
Formula
x = Δλ ⋅ cos φm
y = Δφ
d = R ⋅ √x² + y²

Similarly :
x = (λ2-λ1) * cos((φ1+φ2)/2);
y = (φ2-φ1)
d = sqrt(x*x + y*y) * R;

METHOD 2
y = Δφ
d = R ⋅ √x² + y²
Similarly :
x = (λ2-λ1) * cos((φ1+φ2)/2);
y = (φ2-φ1)
d = sqrt(x*x + y*y) * R;

METHOD 2
Law of cosines:
This makes the simpler law of cosines a reasonable 1-line alternative to the haversine formula for many geodesy purposes
processor, coding context, available trig func­tions (in different languages), etc – and, for very small distances an equirecta

d = acos( sin φ1 ⋅ sin φ2 + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ cos Δλ ) ⋅ R

where
Δλ = (λ1 + λ2)/2
R = 16,371 km

METHOD 3
This uses the ‘haversine’ formula to calculate the great-circle distance between two points – that is, the shortest distance
points (ignoring any hills they fly over, of course!).
Haversine formula:

a = sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2)

c = 2 ⋅ atan2( √a, √(1−a) )
d=R⋅c
where φ is latitude, λ is longitude,
R is earth’s radius (mean radius = 6,371km);
note that angles need to be in radians to pass to trig functions!

φ1 = lat1 * Math.PI/180; φ, λ in radians

φ2 = lat2 * Math.PI/180;
Δφ = (lat2-lat1) * Math.PI/180;
Δλ = (lon2-lon1) * Math.PI/180;

a = Math.sin(Δφ/2) * Math.sin(Δφ/2) + Math.cos(φ1) * Math.cos(φ2) * Math.sin(Δλ/2) * Math.sin(Δλ/2);

c = 2 * atan2[Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1-a)];
d = R * c; // in metres
Longitude
 tive indicates west/south

ures starts 0 deg at equator, 90deg at north or -90deg at south

ures starts 0 to 180 deg from prime meredian. A positive value indicates that point islocated on Eastern part and negative as Western p

ern part, between a positive angle 0 to 90deg

hall be read as positive value.

3.141593
Degrees to Radian
Enter Degrees 90
Radian 1.570796
 4

φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2)

goras’ theorem can be used on an equi­rectangular projec­tion:*

rsine formula for many geodesy purposes (if not for astronomy). The choice may be driven by programming language,
nd, for very small distances an equirectangular approxima­tion may be more suitable.

wo points – that is, the shortest distance over the earth’s surface – giving an ‘as-the-crow-flies’ distance between the

Δλ/2) * Math.sin(Δλ/2);
Longitude Latitude
part and negative as Western part of earth
ing language,

between the
Time Gravity (m/s²) Y (m)=-1/2 g t² dY(m) dY/dt (m/s)
0 -9.8 0.00 0 0
1 -9.8 -9.80 -9.80 -9.8
2 -9.8 -39.20 -29.40 -19.6
3 -9.8 -88.20 -49.00 -19.6
4 -9.8 -156.80 -68.60 -19.6
5 -9.8 -245.00 -88.20 -19.6
6 -9.8 -352.80 -107.80 -19.6
7 -9.8 -480.20 -127.40 -19.6
8 -9.8 -627.20 -147.00 -19.6
9 -9.8 -793.80 -166.60 -19.6
10 -9.8 -980.00 -186.20 -19.6

Chart Title
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-200.00

-400.00

-600.00

-800.00

-1000.00

-1200.00

Column C Column D Column E