Religious Studies

Introduction

Main Religions of the World

1. Christianity Christians → Churches → Bible
2. Judaism → Jews → Synagogue → Torah
3. Islam → Muslim → Mosque → Quran
4. Hinduism → Hindus → Temple → Vedas
5. Buddhism → Buddhist → Temple → Scriptures
6. African African Oral Traditions
Traditional
Religion →

−Religion/Divine Vs Natural Science (Logical Thinking)

E.g. Darwin’s theory of Evolution Vs Genesis → In the beginning

−Pangea : The map of Africa → Deepest Africa the gene pool is the largest →
Continent drift → gene pool gets smaller and smaller the further away we move from
central deepest Africa.

** Refer to page “Human beings...”

*Did you know that in Asia, many people are influenced by more than 1 religion e.g.
Buddhism + Taoism + Hinduism

All religions have a set of beliefs about:

• The nature of humanity Referred to as Religious teachings

• The World
• The Divine
• The creation
• Other parts of our lives

What are Religious teachings? – refer act 3 page 88 paragraph 1 lines 1-3

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 VARIETY OF RELIGIONS & RESEARCH INTO & ACROSS RELIGIONS

UNIT 1 – SOME IMPORTANT CONTENTS

The main aim: What do these concepts mean:

• Religious identity
• Uniqueness
• Unity
• Similarity
• Difference
• comparability

Religious Identity

? Do you identify yourself?

? Can religion be used to define your identity?

Religious identity is a form of self-identification. Many people identify themselves as

belonging to a particular religion →thus making religious identity important.

Some people feel their lives are defined by religion → to an extent that religious identity is
placed above national identity.

Act 1.2 Page3 →LTB & Page3-4→ TG

THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS ARE:

1. Judaism
2. Christianity
3. Islam

** Human beings→ live together in harmony→ you need rules→ first rules were based
on religion→ united/unify mankind→ materialism, ego, greed→ lust for power & control→
religion becomes a ‘POWER TOOL/WEAPON’→ resulted in division, wars, strife,
disharmony, no peace.

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DEFINITIONS:

DOCTRINES - a set of beliefs/principles

ADHERENT - someone who follows/belongs to a particular religion
ATHEIST - someone who does not believe god exists
CONSERVATIVE - holding onto traditional, conventional values against change
DOGMA - beliefs people are expected to accept without any doubts
ETHIC - Moral principle
GENTILE - A person who is not Jewish/Morman
HERETIC - Someone whose opinions are against orthodox religious
teachings & beliefs
LIBERAL - Respecting/accepting opinions different from one’s own.

LITERALLY - To understand something according to its actual/basic meaning

FIGURATIVE - Metaphorical, symbolic→ not literal
ORTHODOX - The accepted view
PATRONISE - To support
PERSECUTE - To victimise/harass
PROVERB - A story/stating a general truth or piece of advice
SANCTITY - Sacredness
TABOO - Something that is forbidden through a social or religious custom

Subjective
Objective

CE – Common Era

BCE – Before Common Era

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UNIT 2 – INTERNAL DIFFERENCES WITHIN RELIGIONS

The aim of this unit: How are different religions divided internally?

Every religion has beliefs which are in common however→ interpretations of those beliefs
may differ amongst religions→ those differences are big/major→ leads to differences→ in
opinions→ leads to war.

PURPOSE/AIM

Helps you identify some differences within religions with respect to:

1. Teaching
2. Governance
3. Practice

Helps you identify some differences within religions with respect to:

• Teachings
• Governance
• Practice

Provides believers reason as to why their religion is the best.

Helps believers / adherents of a particular religion why they have chosen to follow that
religion in particular.

***It is sad to note that the differences and uniqueness of religion causes social division.
This is brought on because 1 person believes that his religion is better than the next. This is
called RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE

FEATURES OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS

JUDAISM – the central idea of a covenant [which is a deep & solemn pledge] between god
& the Jewish people. God protects His people→ those people are required to carry out god’s
rules.

CHRISTIANITY – Christians believe that Jesus fulfilled the Jewish prophecy of a Messiah.
Jesus is the universal saviour.

ISLAM – Muslims believe that Allah revealed the final truth to Prophet Muhammad.

HINDUISM – Hindus believe there is only 1 ultimate reality→ However, there exists many
paths to reach this ultimate reality. Hinduism is underpinned [central focus] by the belief of
re-incarnation.

CONFUCIANISM - Is a system of philosophical & ethical teachings founded by Confucius.

Confucianism teaches that the universe works according to a cosmic order→ humans should
live according to this cosmic order in a properly organised society.

TAOISM – Tao means the path of the universe. It is the majestic way in which the universe
works. Taoists suggest that the Tao cannot be described. Taoism proposes that humans live
their lives effortlessly with the Tao [way] of the universe.

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BUDDHISM – Buddha means ‘enlightened one’. Buddhism does not teach about goals but
encourages a way of living to end suffering caused by unfulfilled human desires. ‘If you the
decision to do something right or kind. Choose to be kind & you will always be right’.

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION – Central to is the belief in ancestral worship.

Ancestors are the creators:

1. Messengers

2. Care takers of the physical world.

Ancestors look after the well-being of the living through elderly people→ who in turn teach
the youth via:

1. Oral traditions

2. Rituals

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DIFFERENT GROUPS IN BUDDISM

Buddhism began in India in the 6th century BCE. Based on the life & teachings of
Buddhism→ real name Siddhartha Gautama.

First Buddhist scriptures written in the 1st century BCE. Buddhism was divided & early
monastic elders mainly practiced in:

- Sri Lanka
- Burma
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Laos

Theravada Buddhism’s teachings are taken from Tripikata which contains many words of
Buddhism→ passed down orally by monks.

Pali Canon – oldest form of Tripikata.

Theravada promotes:

Vibhajjarada – Definition: Teaching of analysis→ uses critical methods of investigations as

opposed to blind faith.

4 NOBLE THOUGHTS OF THE THERAVADA BUDDHISM

1. Control doctrine → Anatman: the ego/self imprisons of humans→ once humans are
free of the ego→ we become
↓
2. Enlightened & experience NIRVANIA
3. Enlightenment comes about through an individual’s efforts & NOT by:
-Intervention/intercession
-Or any gods.

4. Meditation – Is a key disciplined practice

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MAHAYANA BUDDHISM

-There are further sub-divisions of Mahayana Buddihism.

-All schools of Mahayana Buddhism claim to be based on the historical Buddha’s teachings.

-SUB-DIVISIONS OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM

1. Some are only for those who live in ministries

2. Lay people
3. Meditation practices
4. Chanting & prayer

EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS:

1. Shanyata – free from permanence & non-existence.

2. All beings are connected
3. The ideal is not individual enlightenment but collective enlightenment
4. BODHISATTVA – someone who is at the service of enlightenment of others, to help
them free themselves from the cycle of birth & death.
5. The motivation for enlightenment is compassion for all living things.

**THEN, THERE ARE 2 BRANCHES OF MAHAYANA

1. TIBETAN BUDDHISM
2. ZEN BUDDHISM

1) TIBETAN BUDDHISM

- Found in Tibet
- Has been called esoteric – it is quite secretive & special
- Secrets are revealed only to those initiated into the tradition.

PRACTISES INCLUDE:

1. Meditation rituals using objects & chanting

2. Spiritual masters go into trances to recover lost/hidden ancient scriptures to gain
more wisdom
3. Rituals & chantings are used to teach Buddhist doctrines & principles

WHAT DO THEY BELIEVE IN?

1. A pathenon (a number of gods in a particular religious tradition) of Buddhism

2. Bodhisattva – enlightenment
3. Dharma protectors – the way of higher truths & the teachings & doctrines of the
religion.

WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE BELIEFS?

1. Reincarnation of lineages (line of descent from an ancestor) of certain lamas

(teachers) e.g. Dalai Lama
2. Buddha can take the form of a human being.

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2) ZEN BUDDHUISM

- Emphasis is in meditation
- Zen practitioners meditate to gain enlightenment
- Zen tradition emphasises direct communication & not the study of scriptures HENCE
the zen teacher is very important
- Zen teachers are chosen to teach Dharma, they guide students in meditation &
perform rituals

IMPORTANT BELIEF: DHARMA TRANMISSIONS is a line of authority that goes back to

Budhha

Each master after Buddha passed on Buddha teachings to his students

These students become masters → passing it along to their students.

Ideas expressed by Buddha→ known as Bodhidharma includes:

1. A special transmission outside the scriptures

2. No dependence upon words & letters
3. Seeing yourself as a part of Buddha→ becoming enlightened & attaining
Buddhahood.

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 4. ISLAM

There are 2 major schools of thought in Islam:

1. 1590 – Sunni
2. 1590 – Shi’a

After the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632CE→ Muslims spilt into:

1. Sunni and
2. Shi’a

What caused the split? After Prophet Muhammad’s death-

- Sunni’s believed that Muhammad’s father-in-law should be the 1st caliph [Muslim religious
leader who authority is believed to be derived from Muhammad]

- Shia’s believed Muhammad’s son-in-law was the true successor.

What added to the religious split?

- Disagreements regarding interpretations of certain Hadith & laws→ resulted into

groups going to war.

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM ARE:

1. Ash-shahada – Witnessing to the belief that there is no god apart from god &
Muhammad is the messenger of god.
2. Salat – saying the formal prayers daily
3. Zakat – paying social tax
4. Hajj – making a pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Sawn – fasting during Ramadan

SHI’A MUSLIMS

- 2nd largest denomination of Muslims.

- Follow what they consider to be the true teachings of Prophet Muhammad.
- Found in Iran mostly.
- Also follow the 5 pillars if Islam.
- Believe Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) as the 1st Imam.
- Believe the Imam was given the spiritual power & responsibility to interpret the Quran
& lead the Islamic community to infallibly.

SUNNI MUSLIMS
- Historically, Sunni’s have persecuted & intimated Shi’a Muslims consider Ali to the
last of the 4 Caliphs.
- Consider the role of Caliphs to administer community offers, guard the legacy & not
try to continue to word of Prophet.

**There is a further disagreement regarding Muhammad’s companions, family members

and who has the truest version of the Hadith.

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SUFISM

- Some scholars describe Sufism as the mystical dimension of Islam.

- Other scholars described Sufism as a sect governed by different
interpretations/beliefs
- Unique rituals can be followed to a direct encounter with god.
E.g. Zikr: encounter god through meditation, chant and dance.

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CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire.

1054 split – Roman Catholic Church

– Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox)

DEFINITIONS:

CE Common Era
BCE Before
Common Era
CATHOLIC Universal,
belonging to
everyone
Roman Catholic Church thrived until the 16 th century. Reformers/protestants changed the
future of Christianity forever.

Governance students are different in Christian denominations e.g: a Catholic church is

hierarchical. Pope is the head. Bishops are in charge of local churches.

Anglican Church – The Queen of England is the hereditary head

Methodist Church – There is a presiding Bishop

Other churches are democratically non-governed with elders.

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AFRICAN INITIATED CHRISTIANS CHURCHES

African Initiated Churches (AIC) influenced by Christianity but integrated African culture,
Rituals & beliefs into their religious ceremonies. E.g.:

1. Zionists
2. Nazarenes
3. Ethiopians

Dancing & healings are important parts of Church services.

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION BELIEVES IN:

1. God is the creator

2. Ancestors – play an intermediary role
3. Rituals

Ancestors are in spirit form, found everywhere, believe animals/insects to be spiritual

messengers.

Icamagu – believe that king dead ancestors are most revered→ use their names as a clan
name. Ancestors reveal themselves to the living. Clan ancestors are intermediaries between
them & god. Believe African traditional religion is a religion on its own. HOWEVER: other
groups trace the origin of African traditional religion to Egypt using the book of dead as their
narrative source... (origin of religious teachings.)

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HINDUISM

Many believe Hinduism is not a single religion.

4 different sects

1) Shaiva
2) Vaishnava All 4 sects share common beliefs, rituals,
3) Shakteya traditions & personal deities
4) Smarta

BUT! Hold a different how to achieve liberation, moksha & how they speak about god
(Braham)

MAIN BELIEFS IN HINDUISM

1) KARMA – every action has a reaction. Consequences of your actions are

experienced either in this/ in a future life→ a person’s present life is a consequence
of what happened in a previous life.
2) DHARMA – there is order in the universe. Each person must follow principles set out
for him to keep the order in the universe.

4 CLASSES & THEIR DUTIES

1) Brahman – priestly
2) Ksatriya – ruler/ prince
3) Vaisya – traders, peasants, farmers, businessmen
4) Sudras – servant

4 STAGES WITH THEIR DUTIES:

Stage 1 Student Stage

Stage 2 Married
Stage 3 Retirement
Stage 4 Optional – Devout person resigns from society

DIFFERENCES AMONGST THE 4 SECTS:

Bhakti is a key practice – devotion to a personal god based on religious texts E.g. :

1) Vedas
2) Puranas
3) Bhagavad Gita

SHAIVISM – adherents also worship Lord Shiva. Shiva is associated with:

- Sexuality & birth

- Destruction

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SHAKITSM – includes worship of goddess devias. Brahman – sub-sect of shivaism as the
energy of Shiva.

SMARTISM – all paths lead to the source of all beings→

3 Trimurti – 1. Brahma, the creator

2. Vishnu, the preserver

3. Shiva, the destroyer.

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 JUDAISM

There are 3 major divisions in Judaism:

1. Orthodox Jews→
2. Conservative Judaism→ Different mainly in practice rather than belief.

3. Reformed Judaism→

ORTHODOX JEWS

- Believe god gave them the whole Torah in its oral & written form.
- There are 613 mitzvahs’ commandments.
- Halakhah is the Jewish law & must be strictly obeyed.
- Observe commandments pertaining to: Dress, Food, Sex and Work.

CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM

- Believe that the Torah was given by God through ideas, which human meditate (an
act between 2 parties to bring about an understanding.)
- Accept the law BUT! Believe it needs to be adapted to modern times & ways.

REFORMED JUDAISM

- Torah was written by humans over times.

- Do not accept the Halakhahas as binding.
- All Jews are equal, males & females pray in the same synagogue- no separation.
- Tikal olam – the pursuit of social justice.

BAHAI FAITH

- There is one branch of Bahai Faith.

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UNIT 3 UNIQUE FEATURES OF VARIOUS RELIGIONS

The aim of unit 3: What are some unique features of religion you have studied?

Eg. A unique feature of Hinduism is the belief in Reincarnation and Karma

Functions of Religious Identification:

• It helps members to identify who belongs and who doesn’t belong to a religion.
• Provides believers reason as to why their religion is the best.
• It helps members explain why they have chosen that religion.

African Tradition Religion

Has no founder. The Supernatural Power/God created the 1 st generation and the religion
was revealed to the 1st religion. The laws and taboos (social or religious custom that forbids
certain behaviour) was revealed to the 1 st generation.

Ancestral worship. The role of ancestral worship:

• Messenger of God
• Supervise, look after the natural world
• Through elderly people who teach the younger generation all about their tradition,
values and rituals often via oral tradition.

What do they focus on:

• Moral teachings, respect, values

• Rituals and practices
• Communal way of living, sharing, togetherness, caring
• The belief in that we are all one and there is no individual which supports the
communal way of living. Working hand in had together to survive as a clan.

The concept of UBUNTU: encompasses:

• Respect
• Care
• Empathy
• Helping

Ilima: People get together to help one another at no cost. There is a huge sense of unity.
Religion initially came about to unify people. Ancestoral worships speaks about the afterlife
(life after death).

Punishment and Death: Ancestors are all knowing and you will be rewarded by the
ancestors. You will be punished here and rewarded here. You do not take it to your death.
When you do bad, you anger the ancestors. You need to seek forgiveness. You must do an
appeasement ritual to seek forgiveness.

Clan Based Religion: (clan gives a person identity)

Maternal – mother’s side of the family

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Paternal – father’s side of the family

The clan takes the decision how to worship and how to relate to one another.

Leadership:

Respecting the elders who are the leaders of your clan.

Elderly people are wise and have life experience and are able to guide clan members.

Each elderly person in the clan has a role to play.

Leadership in the clan is a birth right.

Leadership is based on your birth right which allows you to take on a particular role and
perform certain rituals.

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Modern Hinduism

Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world and has never been a missionary religion. This
means that Hindus do not actively seek to convert people from other religions to Hinduism.

During the 18th century (1700-1799) and the 19th century (1800-1899), The British colonised
India and introduced Christianity.

There exists only 1 reality! There are different ways to see this reality and there are many
paths to reach this reality. Hinduism states the above and acknowledges that Hinduism is
not the only religion hence Hinduism practices Religious Tolerance. The main purpose/aim
of Hinduism is to overcome the lust, anger, greed of the physical world and to seek to be
reunited with the divine being. The world’s religions should stop being in conflict with one
another. We should respect other religions as all religions are grounded in the same reality.
All religious paths are valid.

Reincarnation:

The ultimate purpose of Hinduism is to rediscover the divine within oneself. Hindus belief in
the spiritual evolution and regression of the soul (the spirit). This is underpinned by the
concept of Reincarnation.

Early Judaism

Judaism is a Monotheistic (one God) religion. God is there to be worshipped and prayed to
hence God is a personal God. King David wanted to unify Israel and the idea of 1 temple to
centralise the worship of this personal God. This temple was built by King David’s son King
Solomon. God is referred to as: Yahweh.

The Nature of God in Judaism

There are 5 ways in which Jews see God:

• He is God with human qualities (Anthropomorphism). God is seen as father, king,

shepherd. God is wrathful, pleased and judging.
• God is (Transcedental) (going above and beyond).
• God is everything (Immanenetism)
• God is the God of Israel (Particularism)
• God is the God of all creation (universalism)

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Christianity

Transcendence – going beyond and above

Omnipotent – all powerful

Jesus Christ is the son of God – this is central to Christianity. This is different from the other
2 Abrahamic religions, both Islam and Judaism believe that God of Transcendental (going
beyond or above). In Islam & Judiasm, God cannot be depicted in pictures as this is limiting
but in Christianity God takes the form of a human being.

Sin is the barrier between man and God. Jesus is the messiah, the saviour who was born to
save mankind from sin and receive salvation. Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, that is
Father, Son and Holy Ghost/Spirit. All believers come to God via Jesus Christ who was
crucified on the Cross at Calvary and paid the price for our sins.

When the Unique Meets the Unique: Christianity and Hinduism

The relationship between Hinduism and Christianity dates back to when Britain colonised
India in the 18th century. Britain managed to colonise most of the sub-continent through the
policies of ‘divide and rule’. Basically, Indian rulers (rajahs) were encouraged to wage war
against rival rajahs. With the help of the British army they were able to conquer their rivals
and Britain gained by taking over the defeated rajah’s empire.

In 1948 India gained independence from Britain and was divided into 2 separate countries,
India and Pakistan. Missionaries played a vital role in bringing Christianity to India but were
not as successful as in Africa.

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UNIT 4 INTER-RELIGIOUS RELATIONSHIPS PAST AND PRESENT

What is the aim of Unit 4: How do religions relate to one another- in South Africa,
Africa and Globally?

Exclusivism – from the word exclusive. The adherent believes his religion is the best, true
and valid religion. He is intolerant of other religious beliefs.

Inclusivism – from the word Inclusive. The adherent believes that other religions are valid
but his own religion represents the full truth.

Pluralism – All religions and paths represent the truth, is valid.

Syncretism – Believers take the best out of existing religions and create their own religion.

South Africa was first colonised by the Dutch in the 17 th century. In the 19th century South
Africa was colonised by the British. In 1804 the Dutch government granted religious
freedom in South Africa. This lead the way for Christian missionaries from other
denominations to spread the word of Christianity.

Many missionaries referred to the African Traditional religion as primitive and superstitious.
The negative impact was that some parts of the traditions and rituals was lost. The positive
impact was that the missionaries learnt the different African languages and translated the
Bible, Western medication and education was introduced and this increased the literacy
levels. Many Africans decided to combine both Christianity and African Traditional religion
and thus this led to the formation of the African Initiated Churches.

Relationships between religions since democracy

The democratic constitution of South Africa guarantees religious equality. Although leaders
attempt to develop positive relationships between the different religions, this has been
somewhat unsuccessful as most citizens choose to practice religious exclusivism. However,
when a humanitarian crisis erupts then adherents set aside their differences and join forces
to work together for the better of mankind.

Christianity, Islam and African Traditional religion in Africa

During the 20th century (1900-1999) and 21st century (2000-2099) Christianity and Islam
increased in Africa. Both religions are vying to convert as many people as possible and it is
presumed that this is the cause of the religious tension between Christians and Muslims.
North African countries were traditionally Christian but may have converted to Islam. In
South Africa syncretism is popular where Africans practice both Christianity and their African
Tradition religion.

The Global Picture

Historically, many wars have been waged due to religious differences. Whilst there existed
periods of warfare there also existed periods of peace. In the 16 th and 17th century Hinduism
and Sikhism cooperated, so too did Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism, as did Judaism,
Christianity and Islam cooperate in medieval Spain.

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Some Global dynamics between religions today

In 2000, Pope John Paul spoke of the need to bring peace in the Middle East and
emphasised the need for inter-religious harmony to bring about peace and inter-religious
cooperation.

Effects of humanitarian crises on global relationships between religions

Tsunamis in Indonesia – we can be dogmatic (stubborn) and say that the religion we
practice is valid and true. However, during a time of crisis people from different religions get
together to help the needy. In South Africa, The Gift of the Givers a humanitarian aid
foundation founded by Dr Imtiaaz Suleman assists on a worldwide scale across all races and
religious groups.

Organisations promoting inter-religious relationships

3 Organisations in Africa have been established to develop cordial relations between

different religions. These organisations are:

1. PROCMURA – The programme for Christian-Muslim Relations in Africa. Founded in

1959 in was established to:
• Witness the gospel within an interfaith environment
• Constructive engagement with Muslims for peace.
2. IFAPA- The Inter-faith action for peace in Africa. Founded in 2002 the intention is for
various religious groups in Africa to work together for peace on the continent.
3. ACRI – The African Council of Religious Leaders. Vision is to bring together
religious leaders and their communities in a common commitment to peace.

If you were asked the question: Discuss religious co-operation on Africa. You will
include in your discussion the guiding principles which ACRI follows:

• Respecting religious differences

• Preserving the identity of each religion
• Honouring the different ways each religion is organised in Africa

Organisations which promote Inter-Religious dialogue globally

1. World Conference of Religions for Peace

Convened for the 1st time in Kyoto Japan in October 1970. The aim is to take action towards
achieving peace. More than 1000 religious leader from every continent representing all
religions were present.

2. World Parliament of Religions

The 1st Parliament of the World’s Religions was held in 1893 in Chicago. The aim was to
create a global dialogue of faiths.

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 3. The Charter for Compassion

Is a global network initiated by Karen Armstrong in collaboration with the Council for
Conscience, a multi-faith, multi-national group of religious thinkers and leaders. Goal is to
mobilise local and national initiatives around the principle of compassion. With the intention
to create a just economy and peaceful global community.

What is the Spirit of Compassion?

It lies at the heart of all religious, ethical and spiritual traditions, calling us to treat all others
as we wish to be treated ourselves.

An Interview on Inter- Religious Dialogue: Cosmas Desmond

The 4 Stages of Report Writing

Stage 1

Frame the issues and plan

Stage 2

Gather information

Stage 3

Analyse the information

Stage 4

Write the report

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Parts of a Report

1. Aims/ purpose/objectives
What issue did you investigate? What are you trying to find out? Starts off with a
research question
2. Literature review
You will conduct research, searching for information. You will use various
sources to gather information. You will critically analyse the information found
when you conducted the research.
3. Methodology
Explain the methods you used to conduct your research. How did you collect data
which helped you answer your research question? Egs, Interviews, surveys,
research of written articles, books, journals.
4. Results/Findings
What did you find out? Give a clear presentation of your results. You may
include tables, graphs and figures.
5. Analysis and Discussion
Interpret your results from your investigation. How can you compare your results
to work previously conducted?
6. Conclusions
Briefly summarise the main conclusions which you discussed under ‘Results’.
Remember you cannot draw conclusions if you cannot back it up with evidence
which must be presented in your report.
7. Recommendations
Make recommends, positive of negative to action of for further research.
8. Appendix
Is needed if you conducted a survey of interview, include your survey and
interview question guide.
9. Bibliography
You will always list the sources of your information – acknowledgement!

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UNIT 5 RELIGION IN AREAS OF CONFLICT RESEARCHING
What is unit 5 about? How do we research religion’s involvement in local and global
conflicts?

• Determine whether this is a political or religious conflict.

• Ascertain who are the parties in conflict.
• Find out reasons for the conflict
• If religious, decide whether it is an intra or inter-religious conflict?
• Examine what religious leaders and organisations are doing, whether they are
contributing further to the conflict or to peace efforts

We have learnt that religion was supposed to bring about peace, unity and tolerance.
However, taking into consideration past & present we realise that the concept of religion has
become somewhat ‘wayward’. The initial aim has been lost and religion has lost it’s true
identity to the extent that sometimes religion has become part of the problem and at other
times it has been part of the solution! In this unit we will learn about examples of different
conflicts involving religion. Some inter & some intra-religious conflicts. We will then study in
depth the conflict in Darfur, a region of western Sudan and the role religion is playing there.

Intra-religious conflict. Examples:

1. In Northern Ireland 2 groups of Christians namely the Protestant and Catholic were in
conflict.
2. In Irag there exits religious conflict within Islam

Inter-religious Conflict. Example:

1. In Palestine there exists religious conflict between the Jews and Muslims

SPOTLIGHT ON CONFLICTS INVOLVING RELIGION

1. Northern Ireland is part of the UK. The population is split between Protestants and
Catholics. For many decades the Catholics have been fighting with the UK for
independence. However, the Protestants did not support this effort which resulted in
a long slow civil war which ended fairly recently.
2. After WW2, it was decided that the Jews have their own country. Land in the Middle
East was bought up and also conquered which became adopted and known as
Israel. In 1948 many Jews migrated from Europe and other Islam countries to Israel
(the Middle East). Many Arabs moved away from Israel. Many wars have been
started by Arab countries and the Jews have continued to extend the Israeli
boundaries which led to Jews taking over the land that was originally occupied by
Muslim Palestinian people. This forced Muslim Palestinians to move to smaller
territories and to refugee camps. Muslims are angered as they believe that the entire
area should be called Palestine. The battle for this piece of land continues to rage to
date!
3. Iraq is made up pf 3 Muslim groups. Kurds occupy the North, Sunni Muslims in the
centre, Shi’a in the south.
• Kurds seeking independence from Iraq

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 • Sunnis take their lead from Saudi Arabia (Saddam Hussein was a Sunni) he
created a very secular state and a very oppressive regime in Iraq.
• Shi’a take their lead from Iran.
What is Secularism? Is the belief that government and morality should not be based
on religion. It means that the laws of the country can be influenced by religion but
religion does not have the final say.
4. Sri Lanka has both Buddhist and Tamils. Tamil Tigers (norther region) have fought a
war of liberation against the Buddhist dominated south region

CONFLICT IN DAFUR IN SUDAN

Darfur is located on the western part of Sudan on the border of Chad.

What is the history surrounding the current conflict?

This can be traced back to over 100 years. The 2 main faults are Ethnic & Cultural.

1. 2 Main groups in Darfur are Baggara (Arab) and African tribes.

2. Africans are further sub-divided into: The Fur, Masalit, Zaghawa (second set of
divisions)
3. The 3rd set of divisions has to do with culture:
• The Fur and Masalit are mostly farmers
• The Arabs and Zaghawa are mostly nomadso

However, religion doesn’t seem to be the most radical source of division in this area. The
nomads and farmers co-existed very well however due to drought food became scarce and
this lead to conflict. Conflicts were resolved by a system of multi-ethic tribal elders. We
must also consider that Darfur was the centre of slave trade. The Fur and Baggara
competed with each other to raid other villagers and capture people for the slave trade.

TRACKING THE PRESENT CONFLICT IN SUDAN

1st Civil war broke out between the emerging Muslim dominated central government and the
non-Muslims living in the southern regions.

Sudan was also colonised by Britain and gained independence in 1956.

1958 – 1972 – 14 years of civil war.

1972 – 1982 – brief period of peace

1983 – civil war breaks out again. What triggered this? Government wanted to impose
Sharia law on an area of Sudan that was not Islamic.

1989 – Murahlilin a lawless group raided Darfur villages

2003 – Sudan Liberation Movement (Fur) and the Justice Equality Movement (Masalit) start
attacking government property in an attempt to drive away the central government.
Government started bombing Darfur villages.

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2004 – Janjaweed a new Arab militia emerges

This is civil war is different as it is not the government versus the rebels, it is the armed
militia groups who target non- Arabic villages

RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

The African Union and the United Nations attempt to protect the civilians. In 2004 the AU
sent 7000 troops to monitor ceasefire agreements.

In March 2009 the International Criminal Court issued a warrant of arrest for Sudanese
president Omar Hassan al- Bashir and other militia leader for war crimes and crimes against
humanity in Darfur. The Sudanese government expelled 13 international agencies & 3 local
agencies hence making it difficult to monitor the region.

THE ROLE OF RELIGION

The war that broke out in 1983 was partly due to religion. (imposing Sharia law). People on
both sides of the conflict are Sunni Muslims. On the contrary the main role religion has
played in this war is the attempt to help.

The role of religious agencies is charitable and not political hence cannot stop the conflict.

HOW TO ANALYSE SITUATIONS OF CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF RELIGIONS

Step 1: Analyse the historical context

Step 2: Analyse the current situation

Step 3: Analyse the role of religions

Step 4: Summarise your findings

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 TERM 2 SECTION 2

TOPICAL ISSUES IN SOCIETY AND COMMOM FEATURES OF

RELIGION AS A GENERIC AND UNIQUE PHENOMENON
This section focuses our attention on:

• the relationship between religions and social problems

• the way in which religions and the media react
• Taosim
• Normative Sources

We will learn:

• How do religious people help to solve social problems?

• How does the media influence public opinion on religion?
• What are the different teachings in religions?
• What are the normative sources in different religions?
• What are the central teachings in Taosim?

UNIT 1 HOW CAN RELIGIOUS PEOPLE HELP TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS?

Intra-religious conflict. Examples: (SAME RELIGION BUT DIFFERENT

SECT/DENOMINATION)

1. In Northern Ireland 2 groups of Christians namely the Protestant and Catholic were in
conflict.
2. In Irag there exits religious conflict within Islam

Inter-religious Conflict. Example: ( 2 TOTALLY DIFFERENT RELIGIONS)

In Palestine there exists religious conflict between the Jews and Muslims

How does religions respond to local and global issues?

IDENTIFYING AND ANALYSING THE PROBLEM

Carefully consider exactly what is the problem? – identify the problem by asking the
following questions:

• What makes this a problem?

• Why is this a problem?
• For whom is this a problem?
• Decide what measures to take to solve this problem

It is important to consider what help religion can offer. Eg. Children in prisons. If this is a
secular state, religion cannot dictate how the justice system should be run, religion can be
influential but religion is not the law of the land.

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UNIT 2 HOW THE MEDIA INFLUENCES PUBLIC OPINION ON RELIGION?

Media is exceptionally influential. Due to technology, we have a myriad of social media

platforms. News is at our ‘finger tips’. Media helps people form opinions hence media
‘contributes’ to the opinions we have. Media is about sensationalism, it’s a business trying to
sell the most number of newspapers, getting the most viewers, listeners…

So no matter how hard media tries to remain objective, it communicates a particular point of
view. It is important to be selective what sort of media you tune into and to remain critical
always bearing in mind that the journalist is a human being and has certain affiliations due to
social conditioning.

How does media inform people’s views and behaviour about religion?

RELIGIOUS ISSUES REPORTED ON IN THE MEDIA

Publication of the cartoons of Mohammed

Denmark, a Danish newspaper runs a competition to draw Prophet Muhammad as ‘you see
him”. February 2006 a group of Danish imams tour the Middle East to gather support
against the newspaper and the Danish government for not taking action. The
demonstrations became widespread and Danish embassies were attacked. To make
matters worse more European newspapers republished the cartoons.

Understanding the Issue

THE IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA ANALYSIS

The purpose of media analysis is to understand in what ways the media may be influencing
us to take a particular view.

Factors which influence us:

• How does each newspaper reflect the ideology of the editor, journalist? Is there a
hidden agenda, message, are they trying to sell their opinion?
• What were the motives of the demonstrators and non-demonstrators?
• There was a long period of time between the printing of the cartoons and the 1 st
demonstrations?
• What are the social and political consequences?
• People prefer reading, listening to media that supports their view, opinion

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UNIT 3 RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS IN DIFFERENT RELIGIONS

In this unit, we will look at different concepts that all relate to religious
teachings.

All religions have a set of beliefs about:

• The nature of humanity Referred to as Religious teachings

• The World
• The Divine
• The creation
• Other parts of our lives

What are aspects of Religious teachings?

• Myths Are all aspects of religious teachings that

• Beliefs slightly different things. They all refer to
• Doctrine the intellectual; rational; or philosophical
• Dogma part of religion
• Ideology

Myths: contain historical and metaphorical material. Not always literally true, not factual
accounts but the intention is to convey spiritual truths.

The purpose of Myths: to explain events. Main aspects of concern are:

• How the world was created

• How sin and evil emerged
• What happens at the end of the world

Beliefs: are what adherents (the believers) claim to be true. Closely related to rituals. Eg.
In African Traditional Religion the belief in ancestoral worship and their ongoing role in the
lives of people.

Doctrine: (and Dogma): refers to the role of intellectuals in religious communities.

Doctrines are often contested.

Dogma: deals with the claim to absolute authority of certain teachings. They are binding &
have to be accepted to claim you are an adherent to a particular religion.

Ideology: deals with the prevailing (current) worldwide views that shape meaning and
overall patterns of existence. Asserted by dominant groups who hold power. Often
contested.

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BELIEF
Definition of Religious Belief: refers to a faith or creed (statements of set of religious
beliefs) concerning the supernatural, sacred or divine, also relates to the values and
practices based on the religious teachings.

What is belief? Beliefs form the foundation of religious groups which brings them together
for a common cause and helps create a shared identity. For eg. African Tradition Religion
their belief in ancestoral worship, in Hinduism their belief in multi-births, re-incarnation and
karma, in Christianity the resurrection of Christ. Beliefs influences the behaviour of people.

DOCTRINE (adapted from the Italian word Doctrina meaning teaching)

Definition: Are beliefs, which provide the central frame of reference for a religion. It is a
statement of the essential beliefs. It may often refer to a particular part of the belief system.
Eg. The Islamic doctrine of creation or the Hindu doctrine of reincarnation.

The Function of Doctrines: to safeguard what is essential to a religion (the essential pillars
of the religion).

DOGMA

Closely linked to doctrine. Refers to a set of beliefs that is taken to be absolutely true and
fixed. They are beliefs that are not open to interpretation & not up for discussion.

If you cannot accept the dogma of the religion you cannot claim to be an adherent of the
religion.

Dogmas can be set out (written) in a statement of faith Eg. In Islam the dogmatic principles
are contained in the Aqidah.

IDEOLOGY

Literally means: the science of ideas. A way of looking at things.

Ideological differences refers to a difference in opinion that can lead to extreme reactions.

Can be used neutrally to describe a set of beliefs or

Can be used negatively to suggest a set of beliefs which are very strict, rigid and possible
fanatical. Eg. The Nazi Ideology was to create the perfect Aryan Race. Jews were
perceived to be ‘impure’ which led to almost 6 million Jewish people being persecuted during
World War 2.

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PARABLES

A parable is a story with a deeper meaning than the obvious surface story. Often
demonstrates a moral point. It is a story that is designed to teach a spiritual truth. Parables
speak about God, the world, human relationships and the nature of things etc.

What roles does parables play?

They are powerful teaching tools and are a rich source of wisdom.

What do parables contain?

Religious beliefs, ideas, morals and warnings.

MYTHS

Religion deals with realities that are greater and beyond the human realm (ability) to:

• See
• Touch
• Understand

Myths are similar to parables with the intention to teach people about their culture.

Myths are generally stories / narratives about the divine or heroic beings.

Myths are symbolic ways of explaining how the world began, natural phenomena or anything
that does not have a simple explanation.

BUDDHIST PARABLE: The blind men and the elephant

It is up to one’s perception. What is your view / opinion on the issue?

Illustrates that a person does not have the complete.

We need everybodys versions of the truth to form a complete picture, therefor no-one is
completely right or wrong.

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION: Religion Parable

This parable is about God and the ancestors are omnipresent – all over and always with us.

Reminds people of the consequences of foolish behaviour. In particular, not listening to the
instructions of your elders / parents. It also reminds us to have compassion for those in
need.

The importance of paying respect and listening to our ancestors.

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HINDU PARABLE: Lord Krishna and the Kings

Discuss the difference between the findings of Duryodhana and King Dhammaraj.

Again, it is the perception. What do you want to see. Supports the lesson of the Buddhist
parable. It was not possible to find on truly good or evil man, hence we realise that everyone
has some measure of good & evil in them.

MUSLIM PARABLE: Parable of His Light

Similarities between the different religions with regards to the concept of Light.

In Christianity, Christ says “I am the way, truth and light.” In hinduism the significance of the
light, the soul is represented as a point of light.

The light of Allah is a reference to spiritual enlightenment. Allah is portrayed as all powerful
over heaven and Earth.

The light of Allah shines brilliantly and all powerfully. Allah wishes all people to be guided
by this light and the truths we can learn.

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UNIT 4 THE CENTRAL TEACHINGS OF TAOSIM

Background information on Taosim

Developed in China about 500BCE

Main scripture is the Tao-te-Ching

Founder Lao-tzu

Influences both Buddhism and Confucianism

WHAT IS THE NATURE OF DIVINITY IN TAOISM?

Tao is a word roughly translated as ‘The Way’.

Tao means the path of the universe – is the majestic way in which the universe works.

Taoism is an ancient tradition of philosophy and religious belief that is deeply rooted in
Chinese customs. Humans at their core are divine.

TAOISM PROMOTES

• Achieving harmony or unity with nature

• The pursuit of spiritual harmony
• Being virtuous
• Self-development

TAOISM PRACTICES INCLUDES:

• Meditation
• Feng Shai
• Fortune Telling

THE DIVINE IS GREAT, CREATION HAPPENS IN IT

‘Being’ – everything there is

‘Non-Being’ – everything in between

Most things come from something, children come from parents. The important question is,
what is the source of everything? The Taoist answer is: Being comes from Non-Being.
There is more space than matter.

EVERYTHING CONSISTS OF 2 FORCES: YIN AND YANG

Whilst most religions believe that everything comes from something, Taoist believe that
being comes from Nothing! The basic nature of creation is emptiness.

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YIN & YANG

There are 2 forces that make up the world’s processes:

Yin – is passive, dark, yielding and female

Yang – active, light, forceful and male

Egs, Night & Day; War & Peace; Birth & Death. The creative processes swings from 1 side
to the other (Oscillation).

Yin =1 Creation is full of pairs, which makes a 3

Yang = 1

Eg.

Yin = 1 Male Pro-create and a child is conceived = 3

Yang = 1 Female

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TAOSIM

1. Flexibility
2. Spontaneity
3. Simplicity
4. Harmony
5. Peace
6. Gentleness

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ABRAHAMIC TRADITIONS AND TAOIST VIEWS

ABRAHAMIC

• God is the master and we obey his commands

• God punishes the wicked
• You must find out what God wants and do it
• You must follow God’s commandments and views

TAOIST VIEW

• The Tao does not command you to live in harmony with it. The choice is yours.
• If you live in harmony you will be fine. If you don’t you will find that life cruches you.
There is nothing more powerful than Tao.
• There is nothing that the Tao specifically wants. So be prepared to be flexible and
don’t try to push & control.
• There are no laws, only a flexible method of living.

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TAOIST VIEW ON HARMONY

There is a difference between harmony and order.

Order is eg. Alphabetical order, Harmony is eg. Members of a team respect each other,
there is cooperation, they make an effort to ensure the team’s success.

TAOIST VIEW ON POWER

Most people think of power as a force which is big, strong and obvious. In the East, their
perception of power may be viewed as ‘weak’ by the West. In Taoism the belief is power is
gentle and flexible… water eventually erodes the hardest of rocks.

*The real power is to recognise when to yield to ensure survival.

TAOIST VIEWS ON COMMUNITY & GOVERNMENT

Why do Taoist rate that the best rulers are those whose existence is merely known by the
people is higher that the next best are those who are loved and praised?

Answer: Taoist believe in not trying to force people to do anything. There is a difference
between respect and reverence… In most instances, respect is earned out of fear and the
ego. Reverence is pure and based on actions.

Taoist believe that the best way to lead is to do so by action as opposed to force. Taoist sat
the ideal government is ‘merely known’.

ABRAHAMIC VIEWS ON COMMUNITY & GOVERNMENT

People have free will. People are constantly caught between doing good and doing evil.

Government sets down rules / laws that must be obeyed.

TAOIST

Human beings are good & prefer harmony but can cause suffering & pain.

The best way to encourage harmony is to set a gentle example as opposed to being forceful.

THE PLACE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF HUMANITY IN THE WORLD

Taoist believe that irrespective of what manking does to Mother Earth, Earth is so powerful it
will continue to survive. Consider Global Warming, The Ice-Age – Earth will always heal
itself!

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THE ORIGIN AND ROLE OF EVIL AND HOW TO OVERCOME IT?

Taoist say the evil does not exist, only suffering exists hence Taoism teachings concentrate
on how to live a life that minimises suffering.

How does Human suffering arise?

When you want something but unable to get it, this causes dis-harmony which leads to
suffering.

Taoist say that there is no reason for us to be in conflict with things. If we cannot get what
we want then we should re-examine our desires. This ‘giving way’ & finding alternatives is
key to helping us cope with suffering & disappointment.

IT TAKES 2 TO CAUSE SUFFERING:

1. What is happening
2. What you want

Give up on what you want and what is happening will no longer have the power to make you
suffer.

LIFE AFTER DEATH

When we appreciate life, you don’t mind death. Death transforms into life and life into death.
We are all (all forms of life) is part of the universe and the cycle of life & death continues. So
don’t be afraid of death, it is part of the process.

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 UNIT 5 NORMATIVE SOURCES OF RELIGION
WHAT ARE NORMATIVE SOURCES

Normative sources are mostly based on teachings that were passed down from generation
to generation via oral tradition. A normative source is a religious text, eg. Vedas, Bible,
Quaran etc

Normative sources do not always come to followers in a direct way. Due to the fact that in
ancient times most adherents were not literate hence the teachings were not written down.

What is a Norm? means a standard pattern of behaviour that is considered normal in a

particular society.

Religious Norms – are patterns of behaviour that followers of a particular religion follow,
take for granted as being part of what it means to belong to that particular religion.

Normative – can be defines as setting / creating/ laying down standards.

Descriptive statement – can be proven true / false by observation eg. Hindus pray to idols.

Normative statement – affirms how things should be done. Not need to prove if a
statement/ritual is true / false – it simply is! Also tells us how to value things, good / bad;
right / wrong. Eg. Muslims are only allowed to eat food that is Halaal.

Normative religious sources – are origins of religious teachings, sourced from oral
tradition.

Canon- Oral traditions have been written in sacred books.

*Translation – many sacred books were written years after the event took place. Some
words were mis-interpreted, mis-translated

WHAT IS ORAL TRADITION?

Before the development of the written language, literacy and the technological advances,
oral tradition was popular and formed part of a person’s daily experience.

Christianity and the Oral Tradition

The New testament which is the 2 nd part of the Bible was written by evangelists (authors of
the 4 gospels) detailing Jesus’ life and teachings. However, we must remember that the
evangelists were not witnesses to Jesus’ life and teachings and were writing from stories
that was passed down via oral tradition.

African Traditional Religion and Oral tradition

African tradition religion is the religion of the indigenous (the first people who inhabited the
land of Africa) and was handed down from generation to generation by the forebears (people
who lived before them). It is essentially an oral tradition religion. A few facts about African
tradition religion:

• Originated from the people’s environment and on their soil

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 • It is neither preached to them or imported by them
• Africans are not converted into African Tradition religion
• Each person is born into it, practises it and makes it their own
• African tradition religion is preserved in:
➢ arts and crafts,
➢ symbols
➢ emblems
➢ shrines
➢ sacred places
• Reflected through:
➢ Myths
➢ Legends
➢ Stories
➢ Folktales
➢ Songs and dances
➢ Rituals
➢ Proverbs
➢ Sayings
➢ Riddles

CONCERNS SURROUNDING ORAL TRADITIONS

Many texts were translated and translators made errors / interpreted words which are still
being contested. The authors of these texts many not be perfect or infallible.

Definition: Infallible – perfect, without mistake / error

Fallible – imperfect, to err

Fundamentalist – some-one who believes every word of the sacred text, literally,

Are the direct words of God and are eternally true.

SACRED TEXTS

Most religions have their roots in oral tradition. When writing began, the teachings were
written down and forms part of the canon (a collection of written sacred books).

THE VEDAS

A large body of literature originating from ancient India and is one of the main spiritual
sources of Hindus. It is estimated that the Vedas were written done between 2500 BCE 500
BCE. The Vedas were compiled by the sage Krishna Dwipayana, whose goal was to put
together a standardised version of Hindu teachings. The ancient Rishis who transmitted the
Vedas orally accepted that the knowledge of the universe can never fit into any book, there
will always be a need to discover new things and this is what makes Hinduism so tolerant.

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The 4 Vedas are:

1. Rigveda
2. Yajuveda
3. Samaveda
4. Atharveda

THE PALI CANON

Is the sacred literature of Buddhism. It was originally passed down via oral tradition but was
written down in Prakrit, a form of Sanskrit. The Pali Canon is particularly important to
Theravada Buddhism. The Pali Canon is fairly poetic and beautifully written and contains
many truths.

THE BOOK OF MORMON

Is a sacred text containing the normative sources for a religion sect that did not begin with
oral tradition. So this makes it a modern new religion… It is the sacred book of the Latter
Day Saints. It was published in 1830 and the truthfulness of this book stands as the central
dividing doctrine of the denomination of the Latter Day Saints from the traditional Christian
faiths.

The book declares that its purpose is to testify of Jesus through the writings of ancient
prophets of the western hemisphere who travelled there from ancient Israel. To convince
both Jews and Gentile (non-Jewish) people that Jesus Christ is the Eternal God.

39
 TERM 3 SECTION 3
Common features of religion as a generic and unique phenomenon, Research
into and across religion and Topical issues

What are we going to learn in this section?

• Analysis of a secular worldview

• Explore the relationship between religion and natural science
• Religious freedom, human rights and responsibilities

What will be covered in this section?

• How does one examine secular worldviews?

• What is involved in interpreting a normative source?
• How do you explore religion and the natural sciences?
• What should one consider about religious freedom, human rights and
responsibilities?

UNIT 1 INTERPRETING A NORMATIV SOURCE

Definitions:

Normative source – origins of religious teachings, originating mostly from oral tradition.
When it was written down it became a canon – a collection of sacred texts.

Hermeneutics – the interpretation of sacred texts.

Literalist – some-one who understands something exactly as it is written, without being

open to interpretation.

Figurative – symbolic meaning

Liberal – respecting and accepting opinions different from one’s own.

Conservative – holding onto traditions, conventional values, against change

Detractor – a critic, some-one who is against something

Yahweh- The Hebrew name of God.

Taboo – something that is forbidden through a social or religious custom.

The aim is for students to interpret a sacred text on their own.

*For exam purposes you will be required to interpret an important normative source in
religion.

40
What is Hermeneutics? Is derived from the word hermeneuein which means to interpret.

What does hermeneutics involve? Looking at a spiritual text in it’s context. What is context?
Taking into consideration the:

• Conditions
• Circumstances

A further explanation of Hermeneutics

It is an attempt by Men and Women who hold either a Secular of Religious

Viewpoint to interpret a scripture primarily:

✓ In light of his/her own beliefs

✓ In it’s historical context

PRINCIPLES OF HERMENEUTIC INTERPRETATIONS

It is important to note that we should all use the same principles when interpreting texts.

1. Grammar and historical context – use the rules of grammar and historical facts.
Rules of grammar, look at the exact meaning of the word. Facts of history – consider
the context ie. What was happening in the world at the time the text was written.
2. Clearest Meaning – the aim of all writers is to communicate his thoughts and ideas
as clearly as possible. When interpreting a sacred text / normative religious source,
take the meaning which is clearest to you.
3. Plan, Purpose and Context – consider what is the form of the text. Context –
relevance of time /era.
4. Meanings of words – find out the meaning of the word at the time the text was
written.
5. Figurative Language :
✓ Simile – ‘like’; ‘as’
✓ Metaphor – indirect comparison
✓ Personification – giving life like qualities to an inanimate object
6. Other sacred texts – use other sacred texts to interpret the dame topic.

MAKING SENSE OF RELIGIOUS SOURCES

INTERPRETING CHRISTIAN SOURCES

Activity 3.3

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INTERPRETING AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION SOURCES

In the African tradition, God or the Creator:

✓ Has supernatural powers

✓ Is the creator of life and Earth
✓ Is spirit and made all the laws that regulate life
✓ Is not female / male

The supernatural spirit is everywhere and began in the spirit world.

The spirit world is:

✓ Holy
✓ Laws, rituals and taboos control the world

INTERPRETING MUSLIM SOURCES

The 3 verses from the 1st Sura is considered to be the key to the Qur’an.

Activity 3.7

MISINTERPRETING SACRED TEXTS

People often use / mis-use sacred texts to cause harm, oppress others. They use the
sacred text by misinterpreting the texts to justify their bad and cruel behaviour. A good
example is how the Nationalist Government in SA during the apartheid era used Joshua
19:20 – 7 to oppress non-whites. It is also dangerous to accept biblical verses out of hand
without understanding the context.

Activity 3.8

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UNIT 2 EXAMINING SECULAR WORLDVIEWS

*For exam purposes you are required to specialise in at least 2 worldviews:

• Atheism
• Agnosticism
• Humanism
• Materialism

with reference to:

• Their origins
• Purpose
• What has influenced them?

Definitions

Ethic – is a moral / principle

Secular – concerned with the affairs of the world. Not spiritual / sacred / religion / religious
beliefs. Not bound by religious views / rules

Secularism – government and morality should not be based on religion. Religion does not
have the final say.

Doctrine – a set of beliefs or principles

Divisive – something that divides. Opposite of unity

Agnosticism – is the belief that it is not possible to prove either way

Atheism – refers to the belief that there is no divine reality / God

Materialism – is a worldview view that matte is the only reality and denies the existence of a
spiritual / supernatural realm. Incompatible with religious worldviews.

Capitalism – is an economic, political and social system based on private ownership and
property, businesses. The main aim is to make a profit.

Communism – is a political system. Individuals are not allowed to own property. The idea
is that everything belongs to everybody.

Calvinism – is a system of Christian theology. It emphasises the rule of God over all things.

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What is secularism?

Is the belief that government and morality should not be based on religion. Religion can
influence the way the country’s laws are made however religion does not have the final say.

What is a secular state?

Eg. USA there is a separation between the church and state. In the USA, there is no official
religion. Religious institutions have no constitutional right in the development of civic law.
Religious institutions in democratic countries can express their views about laws but cannot
interfere over overturn the laws passed by the government. In western secularism,
conventional religion is excluded in the adoption of laws which are made.

THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF WESTERN SECULAR THINKING

In Europe, various Christian groups fought for dominance.

Europe was not democratic, ruled by emperors, kings, queens etc. Hence, human rulers are
subject to God.

The church represented God. The church was very influential both politically and socially.

Most people thought that society will be at peace once everyone believed in the same
religion.

Europeans were trying to impose on each other one or other form of Christianity.

This resulted in many religious wars over Europe. Eg in the Netherlands, William of Orange
was Protestant. He was fighting for independence from Catholic Spain. He was
assassinated and his son took over the fight. In 1648 the treaty of Westphalia was signed
and Netherlands became an independent country. This was a landmark event as it was the
1st time a country was recognised independently of religion!

William of Orange was the founder of the notion that a country can be established free of a
particular religion. Many intellectual people in Europe at that time were of the view that
religion was socially divisive as opposed to uniting.

A particular set of religious belief and values was no longer the core of society. An
alternative was needed.

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The Christian religion favoured tolerance, non-violence and the concern for human rights
and religious freedom should be at the heart of society.

But intellectuals also believed that social harmony and governance should be based on
reasoning and the understanding of human nature and not take it’s lead from religious
principles.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECULARISM AND THE RELIGIOUS RESPONSE

The USA was the first 1st Western country which adopted a constitution whose doctrine (set
of beliefs) was separated from the church. Why?

Religion was viewed as being divisive (dividing people) and exploitative (taking advantage
of).

What assisted secularism in the USA? The invention of printing made education more
accessible hence it created a class of well educated, self confident and more powerful
people with the ability to reason and renounce religious authority.

What are the results of secularism?

1. Freedom of thought and conscience

2. Religious freedom
3. It became a definitive feature of modern western countries whereby secular law
became the highest law of the land.

UNDERSTANDING SECULAR HUMANISM

What is Humanism? It is concerned with:

1. Human rather than supernatural matters

2. Seeks only rational ways to solve human problems
3. Concerned with humankind being responsible and intellectual beings.

What is Philosophy? It is when reason and argument is used in seeking the truth and
knowledge of reality.

Who is a Philosopher? A person who has practised a particular from of philosophy and
have become learned.

Humanism attaches prime importance to human rather than the divine /supernatural.

Definition of Liberal: open-mined, not prejudice, not strict / rigorous, favours individual
liberty.

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How did Secular Humanism develop?

It developed in the direction of liberal views on human rights. It is not anti-religion. Based
on people’s spiritual and emotional needs which can be fulfilled without following a religion.

It provides a framework of principles and ethical guidelines for life and adding value to
society in the absence of religion.

UNDERSTANDING ANGNOSTICISM

It is the belief in the existence / non-existence of God – the existence of God cannot be
proved either way. ‘A’ means without and ‘Gnosis’ means knowledge. Hence it is uncertain
about God’s knowledge therefor does not attach any importance to religious ideas. This is
further collaborated by the Rig Veda.

UNDERSTANDING ATHEISM

Is the belief that no divine reality / God exists. Different degrees of atheism are:

1. Some atheists simply doubt the existence of any divine reality. But they are not
concerned with proving that existence of God / the Divine.
2. Other atheists actively seek to disprove supernatural explanations.

*According to Ludwig Freuerbach human beings created the idea of God. They took the
most admirable almost perfect qualities of human being and created this notion of God!

UNDERSTANDING MATERIALISM

Derived from the word material. Something that is tangible, you can hold, feel, see, hear.

What is materialism? Matter is the only reality. It denies the existence of the supernatural,
spiritual realm ( a sphere / domain). It goes against the worldviews which are rooted in belief
in either a deity, prophet, saint or some kind of spiritual reality.

Material cannot explain subjective experiences which includes:

• Religious experiences
• Spiritual experiences

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UNIT 3 EXPLORING RELIGION AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES

CE – Common Era

BCE – Before common era

In this unit we will explore historical development of scientific ideas about the universe.

We will look at different views which natural scientists and religious leaders have on creation
and the theory of evolution.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCES

Definition of the word Precede: happened before

Natural sciences in the eastern countries preceded (happened before) the western countries
by centuries!

In the 14/15th centuries Europeans discovered Greek classics and Arabic maths.

In the 16th century printing was invented by the Chinese and modern science developed in
earnest.

Why was the invention so important? Printing made it easier to produce and spread
knowledge.

BEGINNINGS OF THE CLASH BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION IN THE WEST

Religion and science has always co-existed. The stars and planets (planetary movements)
were the most reliable indicators of the seasons and religious festivals celebrated both the
winter and summer solstices. Humans used the science of astronomy by following the stars
and planets to plan agriculture.

16th CENTURY CHURCH AND ASTROLOGY – IT IS THE EARTH THAT MOVES

Nb. The Earth orbits (moves around) the Sun and the Moon orbits (moves around) the
Earth.

Ptolemy and Aristotle were founders of the Geocentric Theory of the Universe. It was based
on Christianity and both the Protestant and Catholic Christian leadership agreed with this
Christian view of creation.

The Geocentric Theory consisted of 2 key elements:

1. The Earth is the centre of the universe and everything revolves around the Earth.
2. The Universe is fixed and perfect as it is.

Why did the Geocentric Theory fit perfectly with the Christian view of creation?

1. The Earth was the centre of the Universe

2. God put human beings at the centre of His creation
3. God, who was Perfect had created the perfect universe which was unchanging.

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THE CONCEPT OF PERFECTION

Quote: I have always strived for perfection only to realise that perfection is only
attained by God. However, excellence is within my means to achieve!

The idea of perfection goes with ‘not changing.’ If something changes, it exists in 2 states

1. A ‘Before’
2. An ‘After’

If it was perfect Before, it should not change.

If it was not perfect Before, then it was not perfect when it was created.

Perfect exists in 1 state only!

Quote: The fool will turn astronomy upside down. But as Holy Writ declares, it was
the Sun not the Earth that Joshua commanded to stand still.

At the time when Copernicus entered the scene, astronomers were already experiencing
problems with the Geocentric Theory and Christian based views about the universe. Why?

The Geocentric Theory was unable to accurately explain the movements of the planets.
What was the result?

Copernicus attempts to produce a theory of the solar system which could more accurately
predict the movements of the planets caused tension between religion and science.

He came up with the Heliocentric Theory, which is, The Earth is motionless at the centre of
the universe BUT the Sun is the centre of the universe.

Copernicus wrote a book entitles De Revolutuonibus orbium coelestium (the Revolution of

the Heavenly Spheres) however publication of the book was delayed and was published
shortly before his death.

MARTIN LUTHER’S OPINION OF THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

Who was Martin Luther? A German priest.

Why did he become famous? He helped inspire the Protestant Reformation which was a
reaction to the political power and wealth of the Catholic Church and also to abuses and
corruption among the clergy.

Why was Luther against the Heliocentric Theory? It went against the word of the Bible. God
commanded the Earth to stop and not the Sun. This proves that the Sun revolves.

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TYCHO BRAHE

He never agreed with the Heliocentric Theory. However, he gathered evidence to disprove
the Geocentric Theory.

During his time he established the most advanced observatory in the world and collected a
lot of information on the movements of the planets and stars which indicated that the
Universe was not constant and subject to change.

JOHANNES KEPLER

He was a mathematician and Brahe’s assistant. Together with Brahe they worked on the
planetary motion of Mars.

Upon Brahe’s death, Kepler had all the information that they both worked on.

Kepler observed that Mars orbited around the Sun.

Kepler demonstrated that all planets orbited the Sun in an Elliptical (oval) rather than circular
movement.

This disproved the theory that the Earth was the centre of the universe.

GALILEO GALILEI

He invented the telescope which enable him to discover new stars, mountains on the moon
and spots on the sun etc.

His experiments on moving objects in space demolished Aristotleian physics.

In 1623 he published the Assayer which attached conventional physics and astronomy.

The Catholic Church condemned the Heliocentric theory as false and viewed the new
sciences as a threat to orthodoxy.

In 1623 Galileo published Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. The Catholic church
put him on trial as a heretic (someone whose opinions are against orthodox religious beliefs)
and was ordered to recant (take back) his ideas.

WHY ALL THE FUSS?

The Christian religion was highly influential in Europe. The new theories were based on
observations rather than religious beliefs and challenged conventional orthodox Christian
religious beliefs.

The new astronomical findings disproved that God put humans in the centre of all creation.
Astronomy proved that the planets moved in and oval rather than the perfect circular way.
This proved that the universe was not perfect.

The imperfections challenged the Christians view of Go’s perfection and his reasons for
creation.

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The new astronomical views went against the literal words in the Bible and the Bible states
that the Sun moved around the Earth and not vice-versa.

Copernicus, Brahe, Galileo, Kepler were all Christian Europeans who proved the Geocentric
Theory of Ptolemy and Aristotle who were not Christians incorrect.

The Christian church in Europe eventually won the battle as science proved that the Earth
was not the centre of the universe.

RELIGIOUS AND SCIENTIFIC ACCOUNT OF CREATION

“We must stop confusing religion and spirituality. Religion is a set of rules, regulations and
rituals created by human which were supposed to help people spiritually. Due to human
imperfection, religion has become corrupt, political, divisive and a tool for power. Spirituality
is not theology or ideology. It is simply a way of life, pure and original as given by the most
High. Spirituality is a network linking us to the most High, the Universe and each other.”

What are we going to learn?

We will learn about the dominant views of the world’s religions about creation and then
compare these views with modern scientific views.

What was the burning question? Does it matter that religious views may not be in
agreement with science?

The Abrahamic scriptures were inspired by God, the word has been passed on directly by
God to humans.

They share similar view about creation:

• There is 1 omnipotent (all powerful) and omniscient (all knowing) perfect Creator
• God created human beings as the centrepiece of His creation.

Science challenges these theories and religion is being threatened.

RELIGIOUS THEORIES ON CREATION

THE HINDU VIEW

Hindus believe that the universe is the Creator

The Creator has existed for all eternity

The Creator has no limitation:

• The Creator is neither He/She

• It is simply the Creator
• The Creator exists in both the passive and active state

When the Creator stirs and becomes active, this is referred to as the Cosmic dance.
Humans are by-products of this cosmic dance and cannot escape it.

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When the cosmic dance stops the visible universe and everything in it collapses. However,
the Creator will continue to exist.

THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS VIEW

The Creator is male.

The Creator exists and created the universe from nothing.

The universe is separate

Creation took 6 days

In all 3 Abrahamic religions, the purpose of life is to strive to get back to a perfect
relationship with the Creator.

THE TAOIST VIEW

1 + 1 =3

Yin and Yang = 3 which produces 10 000

Yin – is passive, dark, yielding and female

Yang – is active, light, forceful and male

Everything in the universe is a combination of Yin & Yang.

Tao means the Path and stands for The Pattern of the Universe.

In Tao, there is not speculation about the end and beginning.

In both Taoism and Hinduism, humans are not the centre of creation.

We, humans can choose to:

• Live in harmony or Fight

COSMOLOGY: HOW SCIENCE APPROACHES ‘CREATION’

Definition of Cosmology; understanding the evolution of the Universe.

What is the current, most common theory of how creation began? The Big Bang theory.
Which happened 13,7 billion years ago. An enormous explosion happened in space and
within seconds the universe appeared. The Big Bang theory makes no mention of a
‘Creator’.

Earth started 4,5 billion years ago. In the early times life forms were very basic and over
time became more complex and eventually human beings evolved to the form we currently
are in.

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CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN RELIGIOUS AND SCIENTIFIC ACCOUNTS

Science and religion are:

1. Answering different questions To explain things pertaining to the origins

2. Using different methods the Universe and humankind.
3. Using different languages

There exists differences between scientific theories and religious accounts of creation. Most
scientists claim that scientific theories provide a better account of the universe as opposed to
religious texts.

RELIGION AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

By the 19th century the Heliocentric view had gained acceptance and popularity however this
did not prevent scientists from pursuing further research in their quest to find answers to the
eternal question – how did life forms come to be the way they are.

CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORY ON EVOLUTION

He believed that theology was steeped with dogmas (beliefs which people are expected to
believe without question). Between 1831 – 1836 he collected fossils from many natural
specimens. After studying the Barnacles (sea creatures) he concluded that the species
modified over time ie. All living things change and this contradicted religious scriptures. In
his book on the Origins of Species (1859). Charles Darwin attempted to answer this
question – how did life form begin?

Darwin’s theory of evolution consists of 4 ideas:

1. Difference species minor differences

2. Both the world and species are subject to change
3. Survival of the fittest
4. Species become more complex

THE FIRST BATTLE WITH THE CHURCH

Definitions:

Controversy – disagreement on a matte of opinion.

Conjecture – formation of an opinion on incomplete information.

The debate between Thomas Huxley (a scientist) and Samuel Wilberforce (a Bishop) took
place in 1860. The issue at hand which they debated on was Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Wliberforce criticised Darwin’s theory purely on scientific grounds. He had 3 objections on

Darwin’s ideas:

1. There was no evidence in human history of the development of a new species

2. There was no evidence of one species having developed of a new species
3. Hybrids (the offspring of 2 plants or animals of different species) cannot breed

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Why did Darwin’s ideas have such a huge impact on the church?

The natural phenomena, natural selection versus a higher power (God) who is the intelligent
designer. A natural phenomena which happened by choice versus the super intelligence of
God.

THE BROADER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION AND THE

CHURCH

What does other religions say about evolution?

BUDDHISM

Many Buddhists agree with the theory of Evolution.

1. Buddhists do not have an account of creation

2. They believe all life evolves around constant transformation and evolution
3. Buddhists believe in the continuity of all living things

HINDUISM

Hindus believe that the universe is based on evolution.

The scientific theory is limited to the physical whilst in Hinduism evolution also includes the
spiritual.

The scientific theory sees evolution as a process that happens by choice. Hindus believe
that you have control over both your spirituality and physical evolution.

JUDAISM

Mainmonides, the great Jewish rabbi of the Middle Ages argued that biblical texts should be
seen as symbolic and not merely literal. He also argued that contradictions between proven
science and Judaism could only happen due to the misinterpreting of biblical texts. The holy
scriptures are taken too literally.

ISLAM

Some reject and some accept the theory of evolution.

Rejects the theory of evolution as it contradicts holy scriptures.

Partially accepts evolution as long as Islam completes the picture.

Evolution tells us how creation works BUT not why we have creation or who created the laws
of the universe. These believers interpret the scriptures less literally.

CHRISTIANITY

Just like orthodox Jews, fundamentalist Christians interpret the Bible literally. They reject the
idea that the world came into existence over billions of years and that humans evolved from
apes. They believe that the great flood and humanity had to restart after the flood whilst

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scientists believe that there might have been localised floods but no great flood and this
brings scientists into conflict with Christians who reject the theory of evolution.

Some Christians suggest that the Bible should be interpreted symbolically and not literally.
They see science as trying to uncover the laws that God set in motion to create the universe.

Some Christians argue that certain aspects of creation are too complex to have happened
by natural selection.

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UNIT 4 CONSIDERING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, HUMAN RIGHTS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES

ACTIVITY 3.24

WHAT IS MEANT BY RELIGIOUS FREEDOM?

The western concept of religion is culturally too narrow. The Universal Declaration focuses
on your freedom to choose your religion or not to. In Hinduism, religious freedom means the
freedom not to be forced to have only one religion. According to Sharma, it is bad to impose
western views of religious freedom as it could lead to less religious freedom.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

Most religions support religious tolerance.

What is religious tolerance? Every person has the right to believe what they want and to
express their views openly without having to worry about being persecuted.

Definition: Persecute – subject a person to ill-treatment based on political and or religious

beliefs.

What are the 2 forces that pushed Europeans to propose the idea of religious tolerance?

1. People who are part of a persecuted minority group will support the idea of
religious choice and tolerance.
2. Witnesses to serious religious conflicts (with no resolution) will be supportive to
this idea.

Some areas in Europe accepted different Christian denominations, tolerated secularism but
discriminated against Jews. After World War 2, Europeans became more tolerant of the
Jewish people but now discriminate against Muslims.

The main reasons for the foundation if the western idea of human rights:

1. Create a peaceful society in a conflict- ridden and discriminating Europe.

2. Focus on the individual and give them the freedom to choose their belief, express
their ideas and not live in fear of discrimination.

EASTERN IDEAS OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

In Japan most people claim to be both Shinto and Buddhists.

In SA most African people are Christians and still believe in African Traditional religion.

RELIGIOUS BASIS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, TOLERANCE AND RESPECT

Religious conflict and persecution led to the western approach to human rights, religious
freedom and tolerance.

Definition: Humanism – a belief system that attached prime importance to human rather
than divine / supernatural matters.

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Johan Locke developed a humanist basis for human rights, which does not include religion.

What is a humanist approach to human rights?

1. Freedom of conscience is a dominant value without reference to any

2. Freedom of belief religion.

We live in a multi- cultural, racial and multi religious societies hence we have a need for
religious tolerance and freedom.

RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN ISLAM

Islam spread from Asia to North Africa to Spain. Islam was dominant across the Middles
East and southern part of Eastern Europe. Islam was a tolerant religion.

On the borders of Spain and France conflict between Islam and Christianity occurred.

WHAT IS THE BASIS OF ISLAM’S TOLERANCE?

1. It can be found in Muslim scriptures

2. Instead of imposing Islam and contradicting other religions, Muslims seek to live
in harmony with other religious groups and try to win converts.

RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN BUDDHISM

Buddhism has never used religion to wage wars.

Buddhists believe not to cause any harm to all living creatures and humans.

Buddhists use logic and example to show how we can socialise in harmony.

In China people believe in both Confucianism and Buddhism.

• Confucianism with regards to social relationships and understanding of family.

• Buddhism with respect to ideas about ultimate personal destiny.

Buddhists confront injustice with truth rather than physical force.

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