Reflection Questions (Session 1)

1. How can the application of statistical analysis in educational research influence

the development of personalized learning strategies for diverse student
populations?
 the application of statistical analysis in educational research can make
evidence-based decisions since it will show results or insights not just on a
normal classroom teacher but all school officials that making improvements in
learning strategies for diverse students can lead to a better outcome. For
example, a researcher used a performance-based analysis in his research
assessing all the students whether the diverse students in Turno NHS improve
while using a “differentiated instruction” or “traditional instruction” and through
this data it will shows how a teacher can improve their teaching while addressing
and understanding the complexities of diverse students and as an educator we
can design educational learning strategies that can effectively address the
diverse learners.

2. In what ways might the misuse or misinterpretation of statistical data in

educational research impact policy decisions and student outcomes?
 a way that a statistical data might misused when there’s an inappropriate use
of statistics and a limit on opportunity. When there is inappropriate use of
statistics of course it can lead to a misleading conclusions or results. For
example, if you get the scores of the 5 students who attend the school
intervention program who have poor performance and the other researcher get
the scores of the students who are not part of the intervention program then
comparing it and shows in your result that the intervention program is ineffective
so you discontinue this program but it clearly shows that you get the scores of
the different respondents and might be the intervention program is still effective
but the small size of the test group means that a statistical test was not likely to
give a better result. Another one is limiting an opportunity to the students, like for
instance, a department finds some students in a math major is under-performed
in one of their major subject in midterm and you email them to let them know that
they can transfer to another majors (English, Filipino), this data shows limitation
to a students performance because we cannot say directly that the probability a
student can get in the final result is a failure so you decided to let them change
their majors. A depth analysis must be performed and accurate interpretation of
statistical data is crucial upon making decisions.

3. How can the appropriate use of descriptive and inferential statistics in

educational research help identify and address inequities in student outcomes?
 in descriptive statistic we use this when we want to summarize large set of
data, and an inferential is making a conclusion about the large set of data but
using the data sample as a basis. For example, we want to know the results of
test scores of the students while there’s a pandemic, therefore an online learning
 modalities happen and it reveal a lower average test scores among students
from low socioeconomic status which clearly shows it’s a descriptive statistics,
while in inferential it confirm that this socioeconomic status greatly relevant to
factors of accessing the educational resources like students has no internet
connections and technical equipment (cellular phones). Furthermore, to address
this problem the educators and school officials focus on ways to support the
students needs in online learning like distributing learning printed modules or
implementing a blended learning. Therefore, through the appropriate use of
descriptive and inferential statistics we can identify the causes of a problem and
can led us to its interventions to solve the problem.

4. What potential consequences could arise from the misuse of data types in
educational research, leading to flawed analyses and misinformed policy
decisions?
 consequences that most likely arise in misuse types of data are inappropriate
use of statistical methods in research this will leads to irrelevant findings because
the type of data you are using is not suitable to your methods being used;
collecting incorrect data like surveys, ratings and making questions that is
significantly different from your research; and implementing ineffective
interventions, it is what we called the solution of a certain problem in research but
it cannot solve the problem when implementing these since an incorrect finding
can lead to misinterpretation and wrong conclusion. Therefore, using appropriate/
correct type of data is important thing in producing reliable and valid research.

5. How can the strategic use of statistical analysis in educational research help
identify and address systemic inequities in access to quality education across
different socioeconomic and demographic groups?
 in using statistical analysis help to address the inequities to the quality of
education because it considered the level of efficacy and shows intervention as
well as the scope in the different socioeconomic statuses of individuals. Using
these statistical analyses a researcher can identify the discrepancies in access to
quality education and how many different groups are affected and what are the
causes of these, for instance, in school setting a student can’t finish his studies
because of financial problems or always late going to school because their home
is very far from the school and the mode of transportation is just walking.
Therefore, the statistical analysis provides a wide view of understanding the
causes and come up with an effective solution.

6. In what ways might the integration of advanced statistical techniques, such as

machine learning and data mining, transform the future of educational research
and practice by enabling more personalized, adaptive, and data-driven
approaches to teaching and learning?
  advanced statistical techniques like the machine learning gives a big impact in
educational research since it does recognize patterns and mostly make an
accurate prediction from a large data. These machine learning and data mining
mostly used by the researcher to predict student performance, so we can
analyze learning preferences and also teaching effectiveness and also it can
draw a highly accurate conclusions or result than traditional statistical methods
for the researcher from the data of a machine learning upon integrating this in
teaching learning process. Therefore, these advance methods can tailor
instruction, enhance the learning practices and also shows trends in student
learning and performance.

7. How does the choice of measurement scale impact the validity and reliability of
research findings in educational assessments?
 validity and reliability is important aspect in research since one cannot say that
a research is reliable only because it needs to be valid, but if a test is valid then it
is generally reliable, these two must exist in creating a research since reliability is
consistency and validity is accuracy. For example, if you test someone and got a
perfect score, after a period of time you do it again with the same test and get the
same result then it is reliability because of its consistency but if you got different
result then that is validity. Therefore, choosing the correct measurement scale of
nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio greatly impact the result you get in your
research findings and it makes your research paper reliable and valid.

8. In what ways can improper use of measurement scales lead to misleading

conclusions in educational research, and how can researchers mitigate these
risks?
 these are the ways that mislead conclusion while inappropriate use of scales:
data using a wrong scale in your data presentation can result to irrelevant
interpretation; using two different measurement scale to show the comparison of
the result but it is not valid because the measurement scales differ from one
another. To lessen the risk in improper use of measurement we need to have a
wide understanding on different measurement scales, its uses, how it differs one
another and the implications while we use this on our research and also validate
our measurements and its effectiveness in a drawn conclusion, through this we
can say that the scale being used is correct.

9. How can understanding the differences between nominal, ordinal, interval, and
ratio scales enhance the development of effective educational interventions?
 understanding the differences of the 4 scales can enhance the development
because each scale is useful in such drawing a conclusion. It is crucial to choose
the correct scale for a specific research to stop misleading interpretations of the
data. For instance, in decision making, we used nominal scales since resource
allocation, policy making and program intervention are mostly based on the
 categorized data in nominal since it identifies the needs of a community in a
different group. Therefore, right use of measurement scales can make you
understand and give a better interpretation of the result.

10. What role does the interpretation of data from different measurement scales play
in shaping educational policies and practices?
interpreting data from different measurement scales is crucial in shaping
education policy and practices as it determines how the information of a student
achievements, outcomes and resource efficiency is understood and
implemented. Since this interpretation are all based on the data being collected
and validate to come up with a depth conclusion.