Kingston College

Department of Physics
CSEC LAB MANUAL

Name: ______________________________________
Grade: _______________________________________
Teacher: ________________________________________
Academic Year: ____________________________________

Prepared by Sir Colstock edited by Regeina Johnson-Kennedy, Jhadae Leslie and Roldane Arnett
 Laboratory Policies

Students MUST take part in all laboratory experiments as planned. They must get
permission from the teacher for absence, which will be granted only under justifiable
conditions. In cases like this, students must make arrangements for a make-up session to
do the experiment, which will be scheduled at an available time agreed upon by the Head
of Department and the Laboratory Technician. There will be penalties for late submission
with zero being the worst case scenario.

Food and beverages are not allowed in the laboratory at any time. Follow the
instructions of your teacher and the laboratory technician when doing any experiment.
Safety is most important and should be your first concern.

Preparation for the Laboratory Session

Read to understand the descriptions and procedures of the experiment in the lab
manual. Familiarise yourself with the concepts and topics related to each experiment. In
carrying out the experiment, please proceed carefully, maintain silence, maintain order
and discipline inside the lab. Any injuries no matter how small MUST be reported to your
teacher or the laboratory technician immediately. Your teachers will inform you about
bringing the necessary materials if needed for an experiment.

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 Presentation of Physics Lab Experiments

Development of personal understanding and recording of Method, Observation format

and Discussion are to be done in accordance to demonstrate personal thoughts and
decisions.

Conclusion to an experiment must relate to the aim of the experiment and relate, in
summary, to the findings.

All experiments are set to confirm the theory taught and or to explore/investigate for
further understanding. (The practice of using other student’s opinions is highly
discouraged.)

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 Format of Experiments

DATE/ EXP.#This is the written order for each experiment to be completed.

TITLE The Theory of Physics being challenged e.g. Mechanics,Heat, Light/Optics, Electricity.

AIM This objective is specified with each experimental theory. Ex. To prove Archimedes
Principle.

THEORY This is also specified for each experiment. Ex. The Law of Floatation.

APPARATUS Equipment supplied that are required to complete the aim of each experiment.

DIAGRAM A clear diagram of the set up equipment of the experiment.

AN ADDITIONAL DIAGRAM is required of the actual experiment done.

METHOD/ PROCEDURE Instructions for which the experiment to be conducted which is

generally done upon doing the experiment.

EXAMPLE OF REQUIRED METHOD: -Required: Triple beam balance to determine the mass
of an object in use (mass). A three quarter filled measuring cylinder of liquid substance in order
to record volume (v). The solid is then immersed into the liquid and recorded as the new
volume of the liquid substance.

EXAMPLE OF REPORTED METHOD

The mass of the solid was measured and recorded by the beam balance. The cylinder three
quarters filled as volume is recorded then with mass immersed. The new volume is then
recorded.

OBSERVATIONS/ CALCULATIONS- For information gathered from experiment a TABLE

FORMAT with appropriate units is required unless stated.

IT IS RECOMMENDED TO AVERAGE ALL READINGS IN AN EXPERIMENT

PRECAUTION A minimum of two precautions are required as it describes

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the best way to reduce possible errors or/and avoid. Room condition , table level are NOT
regarded as precautions.

DISCUSSION Based upon what you have observed and recorded and what is

to be proven from the experiment is the basis of the discussion.

GRAPH In most experiments a graph is required. The graph MUST extend beyond and
above the last points to touch each axis. When finding the slope or gradient of the graph it is
best to use the largest possible triangle for more accuracy.

GRAPHS SHOULD APPEAR AFTER OBSERVATION/CALCULATIONS

CONCLUSION Based on the experimental findings and the aim, the theory

has been confirmed or otherwise. An indication of actual data value included.

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 Kingston College Physics Department

YEAR 1: GRADE 10 LABS

Exp Lab Period Title Skill

# Tested
1 Sept 12- 23 Measurements of a wooden block MM

2 Sept 26-Oct 7 Density of Irregular object (Stone) MM

3 Oct 10-21 Center of Gravity MM

4 Oct 24-Nov 4 Simple Pendulum AI

5 Nov 7-18 Principles of Moments (Weight of an Object) ORR

6 Nov 21-Dec 2 Hooke’s Law: Spring Constant ORR

7 Dec 7 - 16 Rebound of a Tennis ball AI

8 Dec 17-20 Archimedes Principle ORR

9 Jan 8 Planning & Designing: Personal Power P&D

10 Jan 23-Feb 3 Personal Power: Implementation AI

11 Feb 6 – 17 Planning & Design: TOPICS P&D

12 Feb 20- Mar 3 Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law AI

*
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 YEAR 2: GRADE 11 LABS
Exp Lab Period Title Skill
# Tested
13 Sept 12- 23 Cooling Curve ORR

14 Sept 26-Oct 7 Laws of Reflection MM

15 Oct 10-21 Laws of Refraction MM

16 Oct 24-Nov 4 Lenses ORR

17 Nov 7-18 Specific Heat Capacity (Methods of Mixtures) MM

18 Nov 21-Dec 2 Specific Latent Heat of Ice (Methods of Mixtures) MM

19 Jan 9 - 20 Planning & Designing: Radioactivity P&D

20 Jan 23–Feb 3 Ohm’s Law: IV Characteristics AI

21 Feb 6-17 Series & Parallel Circuits AI

Unless specified ALL LAB DUE DATES ARE FINAL.

Only DATA can be used from another student as most labs are done in groups.

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Experiment #01

TITLE: MECHANICS - MEASUREMENT AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

AIM: TO FIND THE DENSITY OF OBJECTS

THEORY: What is density?

What is the S.I. unit for density?

Density: (a) Regular Shape

(b) Irregular Shape

(a) REGULAR SHAPE

APPARATUS: Rectangular block of wood, beam balance, Vernier caliper.

DIAGRAM: Draw a Diagram of the Vernier Caliper measuring the block width.

PROCEDURE: Use the beam balance to find the mass of the block.

Measure the dimensions of the block using the vernier caliper.

Record all observations.

OBSERVATIONS:

Mass of block, m = ______g =_________ kg

Dimensions of block

l = ______cm = ____________m

w = ______cm =____________m

h = ______cm= ____________m

DATA ANALYSIS:

Volume of block V=lxwxh = _______cm3 = ____________m3

Density of regular object, ρ (rho) = mass / volume

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 = _______g cm -3 = ________kg m-3

(b) IRREGULAR SHAPED

APPARATUS: Small solid irregular shape (stone), beam balance, measuring cylinder, water

DIAGRAM: DRAW A DIAGRAM OF STONE IN MEASURING CYLINDER WITH WATER

PROCEDURE: Use beam balance to find mass of solid (m).

Record volume of cylinder half filled with water (V1).

Gently lower the solid into the water.

Record new volume of water. (V2).

OBSERVATION: Mass of solid m = _______ g = ________kg

Volume without solid V1 = _______ cm3 =___________ m3

Volume with solid V2 = _______ cm3 =___________ m3

DATA ANALYSIS:

Volume of solid V = V2 – V1 = ______ cm3 =___________ m3

-3
Density of solid, ρ (rho) = m / V= ______g cm = ______ kg m -3

Precautions: State at least 2 precautions taken to reduce errors.

Discussion: What do the results reveal about the objects?

Why were the precautions taken?

Conclusion: State the results of density for each object.

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For Experiment 1

Criteria Marks

Follow instructions 2

- Partially 1
- Fully
2

Correct use of beam balance 2

- Zero balance - 1
- Correct Reading with unit - 1

Correct use of Vernier caliper 2

Repeat measurement of length for diameter 1

Repeat measurement of length for thickness 1

Avoid Parallax 2

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EXPERIMENT # 02

TITLE: MECHANICS: CENTER OF GRAVITY

AIM: To find the position of center of gravity of a sheet of lamina

APPARATUS: Sheet of lamina, pin, cork, retort stand, string, plasticine

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

Make 3 holes in the lamina with a pin close to the edge and equal distances apart,
using the pin.

Label the holes A, B and C.

Tie plumb line to pin and insert into hole A on lamina, then insert it into the cork
that is mounted on the stand.

Ensure the lamina swings freely.

Allow the plumbline to come to rest against lamina.

Mark position of plumb line A (pin) to A’ (near end point on lamina)

Repeat two more positions on the lamina B&B’, C&C’

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 Remove lamina and mark lines A to A’, B to B’ C to C’

RESULTS: Glue your lamina here.

DISCUSSION:

Where is the centre of gravity located on the lamina?

Why must the lamina swing freely?

If the lines do not intersect, what does this mean?

If an object is to stand and not tip over, where must the center of gravity be?

PRECAUTIONS:

List at least two (2) precautions taken to reduce errors.

LIMITATION: List one (1) limitation.

CONCLUSION: State where on the lamina the centre of gravity is located.

Notation
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Criteria Mark

Holes bored 3

Plumb line and bob properly secured 1

Object mounted properly 1

Plumb line fixed to the nail 1

Three lines drawn properly 3

Identify the point of intersection 1

Total

13
EXPERIMENT # 03

TITLE: MECHANICS: THE SIMPLE PENDULUM

AIM: To investigate the motion of and determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple
pendulum

THEORY: 1. What is the period of a pendulum?

2. What factors affect the period of a simple pendulum?

APPARATUS: Pendulum, ruler, timer/stopwatch, retort stand

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram.

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 Set the length of the pendulum to 80cm, ensure the ruler is vertical.

Set the pendulum oscillating with small amplitude in one plane.

Using the countdown method and timing from a mid reference point, take the time,
T, for 20 oscillations.

Oscillate pendulum from a small angle in one plane.

Observe time for 20 oscillations

Repeat the above procedure twice for each length for lengths 80 cm to 10 cm for
accuracy.

VARIABLE: State the Manipulate, Controlled and Dependent Variable, explaining why each is which.

OBSERVATION:

LENGTH, Time 1 for 20 Time 2 for 20 Average Time Period, Time Periodic Time
l Oscillations in sec Oscillations in for 20 (s) Squared, T2/s2
(cm) (s) sec (s) Oscillations in
sec (s)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

PRECAUTIONS: List no less than 3 precautions in obtaining accurate results for the lab.

(N.B.: Precautions are to be explained, stating how it would affect the experiment)

DATA ANALYSIS:

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 2
● Plot a Graph of Period Squared (𝑇 ) vs. Length (L)
● What does the shape of the graph tell you about the relationship between Length and the Period of
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the Pendulum? Is (𝑇 ) proportional to L?
● Why were these precautions taken?
● From the table analysis is T squared proportional to length.
● Find the time period when the length is 35 cm.
● Calculate the gradient of the graph, S.
2
4×π
● Given 𝑔 = 100×𝑆
, find g.
● Write an equation for Time period squared and length.

CONCLUSION: State the relationship between Length and Period of the Pendulum and state the value
obtained for acceleration due to gravity.

Notation
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Criteria Mark

Follow instruction 2

Measure appropriate length /cm 2

Measure appropriate T 1 /cm 2

Measure appropriate T 2 /cm 2

Correct measurement of oscillation 2

Total

EXPERIMENT # 04

TITLE: MECHANICS- THE PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

AIM: To find the weight of an object using the principle of moments.

THEORY: What is the moment of a force?

How do we decide if a moment is clockwise or anticlockwise?

What does the principle of moments state?

Write the formula associated with the principle as well.

If the mass is in grams and the weight is in Newtons, what factor do we need to
multiply the mass by converting it to weight?

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APPARATUS: Slotted masses, meter rule, retort stand, stone.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Place the rule into the overhead suspension point (Pivot) and adjust until the rule
balances.

Record this position.

Put two small loops on both ends of the ruler.

Hang two slotted mass hangers from two small loops fitted on the ruler.

Set the object at affixed distance from pivot (d2).

Slide the slotted mass along the ruler until the ruler is balanced at some distance
from the pivot (d1).

Record values for d1, and d2.

Repeat to get at least six pairs of values.

DATA COLLECTED: Record your data in a suitable table?

CALCULATION: By the principles of moments,

Wt of the stone x d2= Wt of 50g mass x d1

Calculate the weight of the stone.

DATA ANALYSIS: Plot a graph of d1 vs d2 and calculate the gradient.

Discuss whether or not the data collected verifies the principle of moments.

PRECAUTIONS: State two (2) precautions taken.

CONCLUSION: State the weight of the stone obtained.

Notation

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Criteria Mark

Appropriate format 2

Label clockwise moments and d 2 on correct side of pivot 2

Label anticlockwise moments and d 1 on correct side of pivot 2

Use of table/ unit 2

Correctly drawn and labeled diagram 2

Total

EXPERIMENT # 05

TITLE: MECHANICS: HOOKE'S LAW

AIM: Investigate Hooke's laws using a stretched spiral spring.

THEORY: 1. What does Hooke’s law state?

2. Is it valid for all materials?

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 3. What is the difference between mass and weight? What are their standard units?

4. How do we convert mass to weight?

5. What is the elastic limit?

6. What is a permanent set?

APPARATUS: Spiral spring, ruler, retort stand. clamp stand, slotted masses.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Arrange retort stand with the ruler close to the spiral spring.

Attach a pointer to the spring and read a zero scale before being stretched.

Hang the slotted mass hanger to end of spring and record the reading 𝑙0

Continuously add masses, m, and each time record the pointer position 𝑙1(loading).

Obtain at least 8 readings for 𝑙

Remove the masses in the same order and re-chec k, the pointer position 𝑙2(unloading).

DATA COLLECTED:

Tabulate results for m- mass added in grams

F- weight added in Newtons

𝑙1- pointer position loading

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 𝑙𝑠- pointer position unloading

e - extension

Mass/kg g/Nkg
−1 Weight/N L1/cm L2/cm Average Extension
L/cm

DATA ANALYSIS: 1. Plot graph of Force(y-axis) against Extension(x-axis)

2. Find the gradient of the graph.

3. What force produces an extension of 1.3 cm?

4. Is F proportional to E? Justify your answer.

5. Does your system obey Hooke’s law?

DATA ANALYSIS: 6. Use your graph to determine the spring constant, k.

7. What would one expect to see in L1 and L2 if the spring had a permanent set?

8. Has the elastic limit been exceeded?

9. Identify two precautions you took in order to get good readings.

PRECAUTIONS: List no less than precautions.

CONCLUSION: Write a suitable conclusion based on the aim of the experiment.

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 Notation
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Criteria Mark

Gradient of the graph & unit 2

What force produces an extension of 1.3 cm 2

(1 mark for indicating on graph; 1 mark for answer)

Justification of F proportional to e 2

( 1 mark for saying proportional & 1 mark for explanation)

Deduce spring constant 1

Calculate extension & unit 2

Precaution/ source of error 1

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EXPERIMENT # 07

TITLE: MECHANICS- ENERGY CONVERSION

AIM: To investigate the relationship between Height of release (Ho) and Height of rebound (Hr)
for a tennis ball.

THEORY: State the principle of conservation of energy.

Explain the energy transformation that takes place when an object falls.

APPARATUS: Table tennis ball, metre rule, retort stand, clamp.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Arrange the rule in the clamp with one end resting on the desk.

Hold the tennis ball approximately 80 cm above the bench (Ho) and release
observing the rebound height.

Repeat several times and then record the most recurring height (Hr) along with the
release height.

Repeat the experiment changing the release height to obtain six sets of values for Ho
and Hr respectively. [NOTE for each release height used, release the ball several
times and record the average rebound height.]

VARIABLES: Manipulated variable: ______________ Responding variable: __________________

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 Controlled variable: _______________

OBSERVATION: Tabulate your values for Ho and Hr

Height of release Ho Height of rebound Average height Hr Ratio Hr/Ho

1 2

PRECAUTIONS: List no less than two precautions.

DISCUSSION: From your values plot a graph of Hr against Ho. Find the gradient of the graph.

What will be the height of rebound when the height of release is 200cm? Show on
the graph.

Give a brief discussion of your observation. What can you say about the relationship
between Ho and Hr? What can you say about the graph drawn?

CONCLUSION: Tell what relationship exists between the two variables.

Notation
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Criteria Mark

Calculate Avg. Hr 2

Calculate 2

Gradient of graph 2

Discussion (comment on graph) 2

Answer Data question 2

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EXPERIMENT # 08

AIM: TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UPTHRUST AND

THE WEIGHT OF FLUID DISPLACED.

APPARATUS: Spring balance, rubber bung, beaker, Eureka can, water, wood block, stand,

beam balance.

THEORY: Define upthrust.

State the Archimedes principle.

Write an equation showing the relationship between upthrust, apparent weight and
weight in air.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Hang spring balance from stand to weight rubber bung in air.

Record weight of rubber bung in air.

Fill the Eureka can with water to the spout level just before spill.

Record the empty beaker weigh in grams

Slowly submerge rubber bung into water and record weight of rubber bung in

water.
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 Record weight of water in beaker from the spill of the Eureka can.

CALCULATION: Weight from spring balance with the rubber bung in air ______ N

Weight from spring balance of rubber bung in water ______ N

Weight of beaker without water ______ N

Weight of beaker with water ______ N

Weight of water displaced _____N

PRECAUTIONS: List no less than two precautions.

DISCUSSION: Account for the change in the apparent weight of the object in water.

What did you observe about the weight of the fluid displaced and the apparent
weight loss?

Explain floating and sinking in terms of the buoyancy law.

How is a submarine able to sink and rise to the surface?

CONCLUSION: What is the relationship between upthrust and weight of fluid displaced?

Notation
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(Cooling Curve) Criteria Mark

Select appropriate observations/unit 2

Record accurate readings/unit 2

Presentation 1

Expression/language (correct grammar & 2

spelling)

Graph (plot points - 1, label/scale - 1, best curve/ 3

line- 1)

Total 10

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EXPERIMENT # 09

PLANNING and DESIGN OF AN EXPERIMENT (See the format of writing a PLAN and DESIGN
EXPERIMENT)

Name:
Title:
Problem Statement:
Hypothesis:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Diagram:
Procedure:
Variables:
Expected Results:
Precautions:

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THE EXPERIMENT: Calculating your PERSONAL POWER

In this experiment. you are to plan and design an experiment to evaluate your body`s power during
physical activity. These are walking, running and jogging. These activities are normally done on a
staircase.

The work done= force x vertical height (number of steps x average height of 1 step).

The personal power= work done/ time taken

EXPERIMENT # 10

IMPLEMENTATION OF EXPERIMENT # 09 (continuation to the format of the PLANNING and

DESIGNING EXPERIMENT)

Discussion(any trends/Interpretations):

Limitations:

Source of error:

Reflection:

Conclusion:

P&D

Criteria Mark

Hypothesis 2

Aim 1

Materials and Apparatus 1

Method 2

Controlled Variable 1

Expected Results 2

Assumptions / Precautions/Limitations 1

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 IMPLEMENTATION

Criteria Mark

Method 1

Results 4

Discussion 5

Limitation 3

Reflection 5

Conclusion 2

EXPERIMENT # 11

PLAN and DESIGN

Choose one of the experiments from the list and plan and design an experiment related to these
experiments.

1. Plan and design an experiment to simulate radioactive decay. (dice, cardboard, bag)
2. Plan and design an experiment to verify the principle of conservation of linear momentum using
inelastic collisions
3. Test the claim “ the specific heat capacity of syrup is greater than that of motor oil”
4. During a lunch break at school Craig, Cory and Ben notice that the pendulum in an old clock was
moving pretty fast. Craig now claims that is because the bob is very heavy, Cory claims it`s the
amplitude and Ben suggests it`s the length. Design an experiment to prove or disprove these
students.
5. Using a method of the mixture, design an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion
of ice.
6. Plan and design an experiment to find the acceleration due to gravity using free fall method

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 7. Plan and design an experiment to determine if water is a better coolant than a mixture of other
liquids using specific heat capacity
8. Carlos pondered over the fact that dams are usually built with the base of the dam walls usually
thicker than the top. After discussing with his friend, his friend told him it was due to the fact that
the pressure of the water there is greater than at the top. Plan and design an experiment to justify
Carlos` friend claim
9. Plan and design an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water
10. Plan and design an experiment to determine the upthrust on an object rather than float.

EXPERIMENT # 12

TITLE: HYDROSTATICS- Gas laws

AIM: To investigate the relationship between pressure and volume.

THEORY: State Boyle's Law.

Write the formula associated with Boyle's Law.

APPARATUS: Boyle's law apparatus, vacuum pump, Fortin’s Barometer.

DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: Attach the pump to the gauge of the apparatus with rubber tubing.

Using the vacuum pump, increase the height of the oil in the tube at a rate of 0.1 x
5 2 5 2
10 N/𝑚 or 0.2 x 10 N/𝑚
5 2 5 2
Take six readings between 1 x 10 N/𝑚 to 2 x 10 N/𝑚 .

Tabulate readings to construct graphs of Volume vs 1/Pressure.

DATA COLLECTED: Table consist of V Volume, 1/Volume, P Pressure, 1/ Pressure

V/c𝑚
3 5
P/(x 10 Pa) PxV 1/V(1/c𝑚 )
3 5
1/P(1/ x 10 Pa)

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DATA ANALYSIS: Calculate by graphical methods the gradient of the graph.

Identify the relationship between pressure and volume.

3 5
From the graph, determine the pressure of 5 c𝑚 and the volume at 4 x 10 Pa

PRECAUTIONS: List at least two (2) precautions taken.

DISCUSSION: When the pressure in the tube is raised by ________________, the initial__________

of the gas ____________ by ____________. This verifies the principle that as

pressure ____________ the volume of gas will _______________ provided that

______________ remains ____________.

CONCLUSION: State whether or not Boyle's law was verified. Give a reason for your answer.

Notation
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Criteria Mark

Calculate P α V 1

Calculate 1/V (unit) 2

Calculate 1/P (unit) 2

Graph (shape , scale) 2

Boyle's law stated 2

Conclusion 1

EXPERIMENT # 13

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TITLE: THERMAL PHYSICS AND THE KINETIC THEORY

AIM: To plot the cooling curve of naphthalene

THEORY: Define latent heat.

Describe what happens during a phase change.

APPARATUS: Boiling tube, thermometer, naphthalene, beaker, water, heater, timer, retort stand

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Fill a boiling tube with naphthalene until it is about quarter full.

Half fill the beaker with water to be used as a water bath.

Bring water to boil then insert a test tube with naphthalene and allow it to melt.

Insert thermometer when naphthalene melts to liquid state.

Record the melting point of naphthalene.

Remove the boiling tube from the water and clamp it.

Start the stopwatch and record the temperature for 0 minutes.

Record the temperature of the naphthalene for every minute for 15 minutes.

Plot a graph of temperature against Time.

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 On the graph, indicate the melting/ freezing point of naphthalene.

OBSERVATION: Table format for time and temperature of cooling naphthalene.

Time elapsed/ mins Temperature of naphthalene/℃

10

11

12

13

14

15

PRECAUTIONS: List two (2) precautions taken.

DISCUSSION: Why is a water bath used and what happens when the melting point is above 100 °c.

CONCLUSION: The cooling curve of naphthalene end results.

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Criteria Mark

Select appropriate number of observations (greater than or 2

equal to 15 – 2 marks & less than 15 one mark)

Record accurate readings 2

(accurate reading one mark, one make for including zero)

Presentation 1

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 Expression/language (correct grammar & spelling) 2

Graph (plot points – 1, label- 1, best curve/line – 1) 3

EXPERIMENT # 14

TITLE: LIGHT – REFLECTION OF LIGHT

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

THEORY: When is reflection said to occur.

Draw a fully labelled diagram showing the boundary, normal, incident ray, reflected ray,
angle of incidence, angle of reflection.

Where are the angles measured from?

VARIABLES: Manipulating variable: angle of incidence.

Responding variable: angle of reflection.

APPARATUS: Paper, tacks, four optical pins, optical board, mirror, mirror support (block), protractor,
sharp pencil.

DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Tack the paper onto the board and draw in a line ( mirror line) close to the edge of the longer edge
of the paper.
2. Use the protractor to draw in a normal in the middle of the mirror line.
3. Use the protractor to measure out lines at angles of incidence 15°, 30°, up to 75°.
4. Place the mirror on the line so that the silvered edge is on the line you have drawn.
5. Place two pins on the first incident line (15°), one (A) close to the mirror and one (B) as close to the
edge of the paper as possible.
6. Observe the images of pins A and B in the mirror and place a third pin(C) close to the mirror so
that it is in line with the images of A and B.
7. Place a fourth pin (D) as close to the edge of the paper as possible so that it is in line with pin C
and the images of pins A and B.
8. Remove all the pins and place an X or over the holes you have used.
9. Draw a line through the pinholes of C and D and extend back to the mirror line ( reflected ray).
Draw in arrows to indicate the ray paths.
10. Use the protractor to measure the angle of reflection, r, and record both r and its corresponding
angle of incidence, i.
11. Repeat for all the other incident lines.

DATA COLLECTED: Record your results in a suitable table.

DATA ANALYSIS:

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 1. Why are the pins placed as far apart as possible?
2. Why are common pins better to use than optical pins?
3. If the rays do not intersect at one point, what does this indicate?
4. List any precautions and sources of error.
5. Discuss the results you have obtained, stating clearly what you have found out about the
relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

CONCLUSION: Within the limits of experimental error, it was found that

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Criteria Mark

Follow instructions 2

Set up apparatus 2

Correct use of pins P 1 and P 2 (angle of incidence) 2

Correct use of pins P 3 and P 4 (angle of reflection) 2

Measuring the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection 2

EXPERIMENT # 15

TITLE: LIGHT – REFRACTION OF LIGHT

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the corresponding angles
of refraction for glass.

THEORY/RESEARCH:

1. What is refraction?
2. Draw a fully labelled diagram showing the boundary, normal, incident ray, refracted ray, angle of
incidence, angle of refraction.
3. Where are the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction measured from?

VARIABLES: Manipulating variable: angle of incidence

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 Responding variable: angle of refraction.

APPARATUS: Glass block, ruler, paper, protractor, 4 optical pins, 2 tacks, a sharp pencil, optical board.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Tack the paper onto the optical board. place the glass block in the centre of the paper and draw
the outline of the glass block in pencil.
2. Use the protractor to draw in a normal on the middle of the long side of the block. Label the
intersection of the normal and the glass block as point O.
3. Use the protractor to measure out and draw in angles of incidence, i, of 10°, 20° up to 60°. Extend
the lines to the edge of the paper.
4. On the 10° line, place two pins A and B upright; so that A is as close to the block as possible and B
is as close to the edge of the paper as possible.
5. Looking through the glass block at the images of A and B, turn your head in the position where
the image of B is directly behind the image of A. Place a pin C close to the block so that it appears
to be in line with the images of A and B.
6. Place a fourth pin D close to the edge of the page, so that it is in line with C and the images of A
and B.
7. Remove the pins and place an X over the holes for pins C and D that have the correct alignment.
Remove the block as well.
8. Draw a line through the pinholes and extend it back to the glass block (point R). This represents
the emergent ray.

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 9. By connecting point O to point R, draw in the refracted ray. draw arrows on incident and
emergent rays indicating the direction in which the light travels. Use the protractor to measure the
angle of refraction, r, and record r and its corresponding angle of incidence, i.
10. Repeat procedure for all the angles of incidence drawn.
DATA COLLECTED: Draw a table showing the values of i, r, sin i and sin r.

DATA ANALYSIS: How do your observations show that light is refracted?

1. Plot a graph of sin i (y-axis) against sin r (x-axis).

2. Does your graph show proportionality? justify your answer.
3. From your graph, find the value of the angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 25°.
4. What is the gradient equal to in terms of the quantities on the axes?
5. Give the name of the scientist who has a law with this term and state his law.
6. What is the connection between the gradient and the refractive index, n?
7. Use your graph to find the refractive index of glass.
8. Given that n= 1/sin c, where c is the critical angle of glass, find the value of the critical angle of
glass.
9. Discuss any precautions and sources of error in this experiment.

CONCLUSION: Write an appropriate conclusion stating what you have found out from this lab.

Notation
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Criteria Mark

Follow instructions 2

Set up apparatus 2

Correct use of pins P 1 and P 2 (angle of incidence) 2

Correct use of pins P 3 and P 4 (angle of refraction) 2

Measuring the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection 2

• Correct sin I (3 s. f) – 2

• Correct sin R (3 s.f) – 2

Presentation-1

Conclusion-1

Gradient-2

Title/label/scale -2

EXPERIMENT # 16

TITLE: LENSES

AIM: To measure the focal length of converging lens (Lens formula)

THEORY/ RESEARCH

● What are the three rules governing light passing through a converging lens?

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 ● What is magnification? Write 2 formulae that show how magnification can be
obtained.

VARIABLES: Manipulating variable: object distance

Responding variable: image distance

APPARATUS: Converging lens, lens holder, object (cross wires), screen, ruler, light source

DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Secure light source (with object) to one end of the bench

For various positions of the screen, move lens until image sharpens on screen

To confirm distance adjust lens to be in and out of focus

DATA COLLECTED: Record your data in a suitable table but include calculated values of 1/u and 1/v as
well.

DATA ANALYSIS: Calculate two values for the magnification from your results. Which method do you
think is more accurate? Justify your answer.

Plot a graph of 1/u against 1/v ( u is the object distance, v is the image distance).

What kind of relationship exists between 1/u and 1/v?

Calculate the gradient m and determine the intercept c for your graph

Given that c= 1/f, find a value for f.

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 The general form of this relationship is given by y=mx+c where y is the quantity on
the y-axis, x is the quantity on the x-axis, m is the gradient and c= 1/f.

By making appropriate substitutions, formulate an equation connecting u, v and f

only. show clearly how you have deduced your answer. ( Hint: round off m to one
sig. fig.).

CONCLUSION: Write an appropriate conclusion to sum up what you have learnt.

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EXPERIMENT # 17

TITLE: THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY ( THE METHOD OF MIXTURES )

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AIM: To find the specific heat capacity of a metal or liquid using the method of mixtures.

THEORY/ RESEARCH

What is the specific heat capacity?

Write the formula associated with a specific heat capacity change.

List the precautions that apply to this heating system

APPARATUS: Metal, liquid, styrofoam cup, water, stirrer, thermometer, balance, beaker, tripod, gauze,
Bunsen burner, string.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Find and record the mass, 𝑚𝑠, of the metal using the balance.

Tie a string to the metal

Place the metal in a beaker of water and allow the water to boil with metal in it for
at least 5 minutes.

Find the mass, 𝑚1, of the liquid placed in a styrofoam cup by finding the mass of the cup

alone and the mass of the cup and liquid using the balance.

Record the initial temperature, θ of the metal.

Transfer the metal as quickly as possible from the beaker to the styrofoam cup with
liquid and begin to stir.

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 Record the highest temperature , θ1 of the liquid obtained after the metal was placed in
the styrofoam cup.

DATA ANALYSIS: Why must the transfer of metal be done quickly?

After a while the temperature falls from its maximum value. Why Is this?

Why is a styrofoam cup a good choice as a container?

Given the assumption: Heat energy gained by liquid = heat energy lost by metal.

Find the S.H.C of metal and the S.H.C of liquid

Why is this assumption not strictly true?

State two possible sources of error in your experiment.

Compare the experimental value obtained for the specific heat capacity with the
theoretical value.

CONCLUSION: Write a suitable conclusion based on your objective.

Notation
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EXPERIMENT # 18

TITLE: THE SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF ICE ( METHODS OF MIXTURES)

AIM: To determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice

APPARATUS: Ice, filter paper, water, styrofoam, thermometer, balance, immersion heat.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Find the mass, 𝑚𝑐, of the styrofoam cup using the balance.

Warm some water in a beaker to about 10°C above room temperature and carefully
pour it into a styrofoam cup.

Find the mass, 𝑚1of the water and the styrofoam cup.

Measure the initial temperature , θ1, of the water.

Dry some small pieces of ice using the filter paper and slowly add them to the water.

Stir until the ice is completely melted and note the final temperature, θ𝑓, of the water.

Find the final mass, 𝑚𝑓, of the water in the styrofoam cup using the balance.

DATA COLLECTED: Assuming the initial temperature of the ice is 0°C

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 −1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 j k𝑔

Mass of styrofoam cup 𝑚𝑐

Initial mass of water and cup 𝑚1

Final mass of water 𝑚𝑓

Initial temperature of water θ1

Final temperature of water θ𝑓

DATA ANALYSIS: Write an equation that equates the heat loss to the heat gain in this experiment
How much thermal energy did the original mass of water lose?

What was the gain in energy of the melted ice as its temperature rose from 0°C

Using your answer to (i) and (ii) above, find the amount of thermal energy required to melt the ice at 0°
C.
What value does your experiment give for the specific latent heat of fusion? Express your answer in J k
−1
𝑔

List the precautions that you took to ensure accuracy and explain how they increase the accuracy of your
own answer.
Compare your answer to the theoretical value for the specific latent heat of ice and account for any
differences
CONCLUSION: The specific latent heat of fusion of ice was found to be ______________________.

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EXPERIMENT # 19

PLANNING and DESIGN OF AN EXPERIMENT (See the format of writing a PLAN and DESIGN
EXPERIMENT)

Name:
Title:
Problem Statement:
Hypothesis:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Diagram:
Procedure:
Variables:
Expected Results:
Precautions:
THE EXPERIMENT: Calculating your RADIOACTIVITY

In this experiment. you are to plan and design an experiment to investigate radioactive decay using dice

as a simulation. evaluate your body`s power during physical activity. Count the dice in the box and

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record the amount, then place the dice in a large container and shake the dice. Afterwards disperse the

dice onto a large table and remove the dice with six showing on top. Count the number of dice remaining

and repeat the shaking and removal of the dice on top until there are dice with five showing on top.

Tabulate the data and plot a graph of the number of dice remaining versus the number of throws.

Criteria Mark

Select appropriate Observations 2

Record appropriate observations 2

Presentation 1

Graph (title, scale ,best curve) 3

Determine 1 st half life, 2 nd half life 2

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EXPERIMENT # 20

TITLE: OHM'S LAW (I-V CHARACTERISTICS)

AIM: To compare the characteristics (I/V graph) for metallic conductor, filament lamp, and
semiconductor diode.

THEORY/RESEARCH

1. State Ohm's Law

2. When we say a device is ohmic what do we mean?
3. List the precautions necessary for setting up the electrical circuit below

VARIABLES: Manipulating variable V

Responding variable I

APPARATUS: Metallic conductor (resistor), filament lamp, ammeter, volt meter, rheostat, battery,
connecting wires, semiconductor diode

PROCEDURE: Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram with component at X and with the
rheostat at maximum.

Record your readings of current I, on the ammeter and voltage V. on the voltmeter.

By moving the rheostat, obtain pairs of values of current and voltage ensuring that
your values spread out over the entire range.

Reverse the direction of the component and repeat your procedure but record all
current and voltage values as negative.

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DATA ANALYSIS: Plot a graph of voltage (V) against current (I) of the component.

Sketch the characteristics for all components.

For which component does changing the direction not affect the voltage and current
readings.

What is the meaning of the gradient

Which component shows as current increases (A) the resistance increases.

(B) the gradient decreases.

(C) gradient is constant.

Is the formula V= RI valid for all two components?

What special name is given to devices whose resistance remains constant as current
increases.

CONCLUSION: Write an appropriate conclusion summarizing what you have learnt from the lab.

Notation

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Criteria Mark

Select and record appropriate and accurate observations 4

(1 mark for table of results for each component )

Presentation 1

I / V graphs 4

(1 mark for each component )

(Graph must be similar to actual I/V graph for component)

Conclusion/ Discussion 1

EXPERIMENT # 21

TITLE: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT

AIM: To investigate current and voltage in series and parallel circuits

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THEORY/RESEARCH

1. Define current.
2. Define potential difference

APPARATUS: Battery, ammeter, voltmeter, three resistors of different magnitudes, rheostat, switch,
connecting wires.

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Series

Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram with rheostat set to maximum. Adjust the
rheostat until a reasonable amount of current is flowing. Record the current on the
ammeter. Place the ammeter in other positions and record the readings in these positions.

Parallel

Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram with rheostat set to maximum. Adjust the
rheostat so a large current is flowing. Record the reading of the ammeter in this position.
Change the position of the ammeter in the circuit and record the current in the position.

DATA COLLECTED: Record your data in a suitable format.

DATA ANALYSIS: In which branch B, C or D is the current flowing the largest? Why is this so?

● What is the value of the current entering junction 1?

● What is the sum of the currents leaving junction 1?

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 ● What is the sum of the currents entering junction 2?
● What is the value of the current leaving junction 2?
● What can you deduce about the current entering and leaving a junction?
● By using V= R I, calculate the voltage across each resistor in each branch.
● What can you deduce about the voltage across each branch in a parallel circuit?
● Why should the connections for domestic appliances be in parallel?

CONCLUSION: Write a conclusion summarising all that you learnt about this experiment.

Notation

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Criteria Mark

Correct connections for ammeter in series circuit– 1

Correct reading /unit for ammeter in series circuit 2

Correct connections for ammeter in parallel 1

circuit

Correct reading /unit for ammeter in parallel 2

circuit

Circuit diagram 2

Avoid parallax error 2

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