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Algorithm Design & Analysis Notes

The document provides an overview of algorithms and their analysis, focusing on time and space complexity, as well as growth functions using Big-O, Omega, and Theta notations. It details various sorting algorithms, their time and space complexities, and introduces advanced data structures like Red-Black Trees, B-Trees, and Fibonacci Heaps. The notes emphasize the importance of performance measurements and include linear time sorting methods such as Counting Sort and Radix Sort.

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14 views3 pages

Algorithm Design & Analysis Notes

The document provides an overview of algorithms and their analysis, focusing on time and space complexity, as well as growth functions using Big-O, Omega, and Theta notations. It details various sorting algorithms, their time and space complexities, and introduces advanced data structures like Red-Black Trees, B-Trees, and Fibonacci Heaps. The notes emphasize the importance of performance measurements and include linear time sorting methods such as Counting Sort and Radix Sort.

Uploaded by

shivanklaur
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms (DAA) Notes

I. Introduction

Algorithms and Analyzing Algorithms

- Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

- Analyzing Algorithms: Evaluating an algorithm's performance in terms of time and space complexity.

Complexity of Algorithms

- Time Complexity: Amount of time taken by an algorithm to run as a function of the input size.

- Space Complexity: Amount of memory space required by an algorithm.

Growth of Functions

- Big-O Notation (O): Upper bound of an algorithm's growth rate.

- Omega Notation: Lower bound of an algorithm's growth rate.

- Theta Notation: Tight bound of an algorithm's growth rate.

Performance Measurements

- Execution Time

- Memory Usage

- Input/Output Operations

Sorting and Order Statistics

Sorting Algorithms

1. Shell Sort: Sorting using incrementally smaller gaps.

2. Quick Sort: Divide and conquer; pivot-based partitioning.

3. Merge Sort: Divide and conquer; merging sorted subarrays.

4. Heap Sort: Using binary heaps for sorting.


Design and Analysis of Algorithms (DAA) Notes

Comparison of Sorting Algorithms

- Time Complexity:

- Quick Sort: Average - O(n log n), Worst - O(n^2)

- Merge Sort: O(n log n)

- Heap Sort: O(n log n)

- Space Complexity:

- Quick Sort: O(log n)

- Merge Sort: O(n)

- Heap Sort: O(1)

Sorting in Linear Time

1. Counting Sort: Assumes a range of integer keys; O(n).

2. Radix Sort: Sorts by processing digits; O(nk).

3. Bucket Sort: Divides data into buckets and sorts individually; O(n).

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II. Advanced Data Structures

Red-Black Trees

- Self-balancing binary search tree.

- Properties ensure O(log n) operations.

B-Trees

- Generalization of binary search trees.

- Used in databases and filesystems.


Design and Analysis of Algorithms (DAA) Notes

Binomial Heaps

- Collection of binomial trees.

- Supports efficient merging of heaps.

Fibonacci Heaps

- Better amortized time complexity for decrease-key and delete operations.

Tries

- Prefix tree for string searching.

- Used in dictionaries and autocomplete systems.

Skip Lists

- Layered linked lists with elements sorted by key.

- Allows O(log n) search, insert, and delete.

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